Te Whakaritenga me te Matauranga o te Whatunga: Te Utu DC Atamai mō ngā Whatunga Hiko Kua Whakakorehia te Waro

Te Whakaritenga me te Matauranga o te Whatunga: He aha te Utu DC Atamai i te Tūāpapa o te Whatunga Hiko Whakakore Waro—He Tūhuratanga Hangarau Hōhonu o te Whakaurunga Whatunga, te Tukutahitanga Whakahou, me ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Rauemi Pūngao Tohatoha.

Kupu Whakataki: Te Huinga o te Pūngao me te Nekenekehanga

Ko te pana ā-ao mō te tango waro kei te hanga i tētahi wero e rua ngā taha. I tētahi taha, me whakauru e te whatunga hiko ngā pūtake pūngao hou e piki haere ana te hurihanga pērā i te hau me te rā. I tētahi atu taha, kei te hiko te rāngai kawe waka, e hanga ana i ngā tono hiko nui, ā-rohe. Ko te Smart DC Charging te "kaiwhakahaere" i tēnei whakawhitinga, e huri ana i te mea ka waiho hei nama whatunga hei rawa nui mō te pumau me te tango waro.

1. Te Ahupūngao o te Tukutahitanga Whatunga

Ka whakawhirinaki ngā whatunga hiko tuku iho ki te ātete ā-pūkaha o ngā tāpine hurihuri nui (waro, hau, karihi) hei pupuri i te auau ($50/60$ Hz). I a tātou e neke ana ki ngā pūngao whakahou, e ahu mai ana i te inverter, ka ngaro i a tātou tēnei "ārai ru" tūturu.

1.1 Te Āhuatanga Hanga me te Urupare Auau Tere (FFR)

Ka taea e ngā rihi DC atamai, he mea whakauru ki ngā kaitahuri rua-aronga matatau, te whakarato i te "haumaru hangai." Mā te aroturuki i te auau whatunga $f$, ka taea e te porowhita whakahaere o te rihi te whakarite i tana whakauru hiko (te putanga rānei, i roto i ngā horopaki V2G) i roto i ngā mirihekona hei ārai i ngā rerekētanga. Ko te whārite whakahaere mō te pumau auau ko te Whārite Hurihuri: $M \frac{df}{dt} = P_m – P_e$ Ko $M$ te pūmau haumaru, ko $P_m$ te mana miihini, ā, ko $P_e$ te kawenga hiko. Ka taea e ngā rihi atamai te whakarite hihiri i te $P_e$ kia mau tonu te $df/dt$ ki roto i ngā rohe haumaru.

1.2 Whakaiti i te Harmonic

Ko te utu hiko DC ko te huri i te AC ki te DC. Ka taea e tēnei tukanga te whakahoki mai i te distortion harmonic katoa (THD) ki te whatunga. Ka whakamahia e ngā utu hiko atamai te hangarau Active Front End (AFE) hei whakarite kia tino tika te ngaru sine e kumea ana e te iahiko, kia kore ai e kino ki ngā taputapu ahumahi tata.

2. Tukutahitanga Whakahou: Te Otinga "Pīkoi Pārera"

Ko te "Āwhio Pārera" e whakahaerehia ana e te rā e tohu ana i tētahi wā o te nui rawa o te pūngao i waenganui o te rā, ā, ka whai ake ko te pikinga nui o te hiahia i te torengitanga o te rā.

2.1 Te Aroturukitanga o te Rā i roto i te Pūnaha Arorau

Ka taea te tukutahi i ngā teihana utu hiko DC atamai me te whakaputanga hiko o te rā ā-rohe. Engari i te tere utu papatahi, ka tauinehia te tere utu $P(t)$ i runga i te hihi o te rā wā-tūturu $G(t)$: $P(t) = k \cdot G(t) + P_{grid,min}$ Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia pau tika ngā irahiko "kakariki" e ngā EV, ka whakaitihia ngā mate e pā ana ki te tuku pūngao ki te whatunga whānui.

3. Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Rauemi Pūngao Tohatoha (DERMS)

Mō te kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko, he Rauemi Pūngao Tohatoha (DER) ngā mano tini o ngā rihi hiko DC. Me whai hoahoa DERMS matatau hei whakahaere i aua rihi.

3.1 Te Arorau Whakahaere Hirarākau

1. Mana Matua:Tauhohenga rihi ā-rohe ki ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko me te auau.
2. Mana Tuarua:Te whakaritenga ā-rohe a te Kaiwhakahaere Teihana Utu (CSO) hei whakataurite i ngā kawenga puta noa i te tāone.
3. Mana Whakahaere Matua:Ngā whakahau tuku whatunga taumata-tiketike mai i te Kaiwhakahaere Pūnaha Tuku (TSO) mō te whakaheke kawenga ohorere.

3.2 Poraka mekameka mō te Whakataunga Pūngao

I te mea ka hokona atu e ngā EV te pūngao ki te whatunga hiko (V2G), ka uaua haere te mahi kaute. Kei te whakamahi haere ngā pūnaha utu DC atamai i te hangarau pukapuka tohatoha (DLT) hei whakarato i ngā utunga moroiti mārama, wā-tūturu mō ngā ratonga whatunga hiko e whakaratohia ana e ngā kaipupuri waka takitahi.

4. Ngā Matapae Ōhanga: Te Uara o te Ngāwari

He akomanga rawa hou te "Uara o te Ngāwari".

• Te Utu Hanganga i Karohia:Mā te whakamahi i te utu atamai hei whakaroa i te $100M i roto i ngā whakapai ake i ngā teihana hiko, ka taea e ngā ratonga hiko te whakamana i ngā whakatenatena nui mō ngā kaiwhakahaere DCFC.
• Ngā Moni Whiwhi mō ngā Ratonga Āpiti:Ka taea e ngā pae DCFC te whiwhi $5,000 – $15,000 mō ia tūnga ia tau mā te whai wāhi noa ki ngā mākete ture auau, ahakoa i mua i te hokonga o te kotahi kWh o te wahie.

5. Te Ahu Matū: Te Pānga o te V2G ki te Hauora o te Pūhiko

Ko tētahi arotakenga noa mō te whakaritenga whatunga ko te pānga ki te roa o te pākahiko EV. Heoi, mā ngā rauropi "Ngāwari V2G" hou rawa atu ka whakarite kia puta te tukunga mō te whatunga i roto i te matapihi Āhua-o-Utu (SoC) tino pai (te tikanga 40-70%) me ngā reiti-C iti, ka whakaitihia te ahotea matū o te whakaurunga me te tipu o te paparanga waenga-irahiko totoka (SEI).

6. Whakamutunga: Te Pūtake o te Ao Whakakore Waro

Ehara i te mea ko te whakakī hiko DC atamai te mea e pā ana ki te neke hiko anake; engari ko te neke i te matauranga. Mā te mahi hei piriti i waenga i te whatunga whakahou me te roopu rokiroki hiko pūkoro, ka whakaratohia te whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te whatunga hiko 100% kore waro. Ko te heke mai o te hiko he tohatoha, he mohio, he hiko hoki.

(Kia mōhio: Tata ki te 1400 kupu te roa. Hei whakawhānui ake i tēnei, me ruku hohonu ki ngā kawa OpenADR, ngā whakatairite āhuahanga inverter motuhake, me ngā whakatauira Monte Carlo taipitopito mō te pumau o te whatunga i raro i te 50% o te urunga EV.)

7. Ngā Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Te "Whatunga Io" o te Matapihi (ISO 15118 me OCPP 2.0.1)

Kia mahi ai te whakaritenga whatunga, me kōrero ia rihi i tētahi reo kotahi.

7.1 ISO 15118: Mono & Utu me ngā Ringaringa V2G

Mā tēnei kawa ka taea e te waka te tautuhi aunoa i a ia anō ki te whatunga. Ko te "Handshake Logic" e whai wāhi ana ki:

• Manatoko Tiwhikete:Kia mōhio ai koe ko te motuka me te taputapu utu he rite tonu ki tā rātou e kī nei.
• Te Whakahaere Whakawhiti Pūngao:Te tuku i te whatunga hiko ki te whiriwhiri i te tere utu i runga i te kaha wā-tūturu.

7.2 OCPP 2.0.1: Te Tuarā o te CSO

Ko te Kawa Tūnga Utu Tuwhera (OCPP) te mea e āhei ai te Kaiwhakahaere Teihana Utu ki te whakahaere i ngā mano tini o ngā waeine taputapu rerekē mai i te papaaho kotahi. I whakaurua mai e te Putanga 2.0.1 ngā āhuatanga "Utu Atamai" matatau, tae atu ki te āheinga o te whatunga ki te tuku tika i ngā "Tohu Utu" ki te rihi.

8. Te Huarahi Ipurangi Moroiti: Te Pūngao Rā + Te Rokiroki + Te DCFC

He whatunga moroiti tino kore waro he whatunga whakaora-ā-ia anō.

8.1 Te Ahupūngao o te Moutere

Mēnā ka pakaru katoa te whatunga hiko, ka taea e te wāhi Smart DCFC kua whakauruhia ki te pūngao hiko pūngao rā me te rokiroki tūmau te "motu" i a ia anō, ka haere tonu ki te whakarato hiko ohorere ki ngā waka me ngā hanganga nui e tata ana. Me whai "Kaitahuri Hanga-Whatunga" tēnei ka taea te whakatū i ō rātou ake tohutoro auau me te ngaohiko.

9. Ngā Tohu Utu Pūmanawa me te Whanoke a te Kaihoko: Te "Ariā Kēmu" o te Utu

Ko te whakaritenga o te whatunga he mea nui ki te hinengaro tangata, pērā i te mea e pā ana ki ngā irahiko.Te "Rauemi Whakatenatena":Ka tukuna e te kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko he hekenga $0.05/kWh mēnā ka tukuna e te kaiwhakamahi te rihi hiko kia "whakaiti" i tōna tere i te wā tino pīki. Me tatau e te rauropi te "Nudge Tino Pai" kia mōhio ai he nui ngā kaiwhakamahi e whai wāhi ana ki te whakaū i te whatunga hiko me te kore e puta he whakahē nui.

10. Haumarutanga Ipurangi mō te Whatunga Hiko Whakakore Waro

He mata whakaeke nui te whatunga o ngā miriona rihi hono.

• Ngā Whakaeke a te Tangata-i-Waenganui (MitM):Te ārai i ngā kaipahua kei haukoti i ngā utu V2G.
• Ngā Whakaeke Pūmautanga o te Whatunga:Kia kore ai e taea e te tangata kino te "whakakā" i ngā rihi katoa i roto i te tāone i te wā kotahi, ka mate katoa te pona.

Ko te hanga i ngā paparanga haumaru "Air-Gapped" i te taumata teihana hiko he wāhanga nui o te rautaki whakarite whatunga ā-muri.

11. Whakamutunga: Te Whakarite i te Himiona o ngā Irahiko

Ko te whakawhiti ki tētahi whatunga hiko kore-waro te wero hangarau tino uaua o te rautau 21. Ko te Smart DC Charging te kaiārahi o tēnei waiata, e whakarite ana kia tino taurite te piki me te heke o te rā me te hau ki ngā hiahia nekenekehanga o te ao hou. Mā te mātauranga, te whakarite, me te ahupūngao matatau, kei te hanga mātou i tētahi whatunga ehara i te mea he matomato ake, engari he pakari ake, he pono ake i mua.