Indasitiri yeMabhatiri emagetsi muSouth Africa: Hutongi hweZvicherwa uye Kushandira pamwe neChina

Kuvhura Green Frontier: Ongororo Yakakwana yeIndasitiri yeMabhatiri eEmergent eSouth Africa, Hutongi hweZviwanikwa zveMineral, Zvinokurudzira Mutemo weAPDP, uye Kusimbisa Kubatana kweTekinoroji neMakambani eChina paKuisa Magetsi muContinental

Nhanganyaya: Nzira Yekuronga Yekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica

Nyika yemotokari pasi rose iri kuchinja zvikuru, uko kuri kudhirowa patsva mamepu esimba remaindasitiri uye kutsamira kwezviwanikwa. Sezvo nyika iri kuchinja kubva kuinjini yekupisa yemukati (ICE) kuenda kumagetsi, kutariswa kuri kuwedzera pa "Green Minerals" iyo inopa simba kushanduko uku. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, South Africa iri pamuganhu wenhoroondo wakasiyana. Yakagara ichizivikanwa senyika ine mukurumbira mukuchera migodhi yechinyakare, nyika yava kuzvigadzira patsva senzvimbo yakakosha muketani yepasi rose yemagetsi emotokari (EV).

Chishuwo cheSouth Africa hachisi chekungoramba ichitengesa simbi kunze kwenyika asi kuti ikwidze mutengo wayo, ichishanduka kuita nzvimbo huru yekugadzira mabhatiri, kugadzira masero, uye pakupedzisira, kugadzira EV yakazara. Kuchinja uku kunotsigirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda: kuwanikwa kwezvicherwa zvakawanda, nhaka yakasimba yekugadzira mota, uye chinangwa chekubvisa kabhoni mukutarisana nemirairo yemamiriro ekunze epasi rose. Uyezve, kushandira pamwe kwakasimba neChina—mutungamiri wepasi rose muhunyanzvi hweEV—kunopa mukana wekubatana kuti upfuure zvipingamupinyi zvebudiriro uye uwane chinzvimbo chepamusoro mumisika yeAfrica neyepasi rose.

Chinyorwa chino chinopa ongororo yakadzama muhurongwa hwakawanda huri kushandiswa neSouth Africa kusimudzira indasitiri yayo yemabhatiri emagetsi. Tichaongorora hwaro hwezvicherwa zvayo, marongerwo emutemo we Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP), hunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika hwekubatana kweSino-Africa, uye mapurojekiti ane chinangwa chekupa simba kune kondinendi yakakura yeAfrica. Nekuongorora njodzi nemibairo iri murwendo urwu, tinoratidza kuti South Africa iri kuzvipa sei se "Green Battery of Africa."

Chitsauko 1: Kuchinja kweGeopolitical - South Africa muNew Energy World Order

Kuchinja kune simba rakachena chiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika sezvachiri chiitiko chetekinoroji. Muzana remakore rechi20, oiri ndiyo yairatidza simba renyika; muzana remakore rechi21, iLithium, Cobalt, Nickel, uye Manganese. South Africa, senyika ine hupfumi hwakanyanya kukura muindasitiri, inozviwana iri munzvimbo ine rombo rakanaka asi isina kugadzikana. "Mutambo Mukuru" wezvicherwa zvakasvibira wakaunza masimba makuru epasi rose, rimwe nerimwe richitsvaga kuchengetedza macheni emagetsi anodiwa kumaindasitiri avo emagetsi emumba.

Kukosha kweSouth Africa kuri mukugadzikana kwayo kana tichienzanisa nedzimwe nyika dziri pedyo nayo uye zvivakwa zvayo zvemari nemutemo. Kusiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu e "musango kumadokero" anowanzobatanidzwa nekuchera zvicherwa munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga, South Africa ine nzvimbo yakarongwa inokwezva vanoisa mari kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, nyika inofanira kutarisana nemakwikwi ari kuwedzera pakati peWest neEast. Kunyange zvazvo European Union neUnited States dzichipa misika mikuru yekutengesa kunze kwenyika yemotokari dzakagadzirwa kuSouth Africa, China inopa hurongwa hwetekinoroji uye mari inodiwa pakuchinja kwemabhatiri.

Pfungwa yekuti "kuzvitonga kwakasimba" yave chinhu chikuru mumutemo weSouth Africa. Hurumende inoziva kuti kuvimba chete nekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kunze kwenyika inzira yekumira kwenguva refu kwehupfumi. Asi, nekushandisa nhengo yayo yeBRICS nebasa rayo muG20, South Africa iri kutsigira muenzaniso mutsva webudiriro—uyo nyika dzakapfuma muzvicherwa dzinodyidzana mukuvaka maindasitiri, kwete kungopa zvinhu chete. Kuchinja uku kwakakosha pakuzadzisa "Just Energy Transition," kuve nechokwadi chekuti kusiya marasha hakutungamiriri kukushaya mabasa kwevanhu vakawanda asi kuti kubereke chikamu chemaindasitiri chine simba, chakasvibirira.

Chitsauko 2: Ruzivo rweMineral - Manganese, Nickel, uye Cobalt Pfuma

Chinonyanya kukosha pazvinangwa zveSouth Africa zvemagetsi emagetsi ndechekuti ine kusiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo. Kunyange hazvo nyika ichinyanya kutarisa pa lithium, makemikari emabhatiri emazuva ano—kunyanya Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC)—anonyanya kuvimba nezvicherwa uko South Africa iri pamberi.

Hutongi hweManganese

South Africa ine inenge 80% yenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa pasi rose dzemanganese, dziri muKalahari Manganese Field. Manganese chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedza macathode emabhatiri, uye sezvo vagadziri vachitsvaga kuderedza kuvimba kwavo necobalt inodhura uye ine hunhu hwakanaka, bhatiri re "high-manganese" riri kuva chinangwa chikuru cheR&D. South Africa haisi kungochera manganese chete; iri kutarisa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kweHigh-Purity Manganese Sulphate Monohydrate (HPMSM), iyo chaiyo makemikari anodiwa kune vanogadzira mabhatiri. Nekugadzirisa matombo emuno, South Africa inogona kuwana chikamu chakakwira chehuwandu hwebhatiri.

Nickel neCobalt: Zvinowedzera Zvakakosha

Kunyange hazvo South Africa isiri iyo inogadzira nickel kana cobalt zvakanyanya pasi rose (yekupedzisira ichitongwa neDRC), ine matura akawanda ezvose zviri zviviri, kazhinji sezvibereko zvemabasa ayo ekuchera simbi yeplatinum group metal (PGM). Kubatana pakati pekuchera PGM nekubvisa zvicherwa zvemabhatiri mukana wekukwikwidzana. Sezvo kudiwa kwePGM kwevanochinja-chinja masimbi emagetsi kuchizodzikira, kuchinja kwekutora nickel necobalt kunopa mukana wehupenyu kuindasitiri yekuchera. Uyezve, kuva pedyo kweSouth Africa neDRC kunoita kuti ishande senzvimbo yekunatsa nekutakura zvinhu yeCongo cobalt, ichiwedzera kukosha kwezvinhu izvi zvisati zvabva kumahombekombe eAfrica.

Chiono che "Bhandi reBhatiri"

Vatsigiri veindasitiri iyi vanofunga nezve "Bhandi reBattery" rinotambanuka kubva kuNorthern Cape (manganese) richipfuura nepakati pemaindasitiri eGauteng neEastern Cape. Bhandi iri raizobatanidza migodhi, kugadzirwa kwemakemikari, uye kugadzirwa kwezvikamu, zvichiita kuti kufamba kwemotokari kubva pasi kuende zvakanaka. Iyi geological endowment inopa chipingamupinyi chechisikigo kune dzimwe nyika, zvichiita kuti South Africa ive mubatsiri akakosha kune chero mugadziri wemotokari pasi rose.

Chitsauko 3: Mutemo seChinosimudzira - APDP neSAAM Frameworks

Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri hakuitiki pasina chinhu; kunoda hurongwa hwemitemo hwakarongwa uye hunoenderera mberi. Chikamu chemotokari muSouth Africa, icho chinosvika 7% yeGDP yenyika, chinotongwa neSouth African Automotive Masterplan (SAAM) 2035 uye Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP).

Kushanduka kweAPDP

Pakutanga APDP yakagadzirirwa kutsigira indasitiri yeinjini dzinopisa mukati nekupa zvikwereti zvemitero uye zvinokurudzira kugadzirwa. Zvisinei, APDP Phase II, yakagadziriswa kuti isanganise zvikamu zvakananga zveNew Energy Vehicles (NEVs). Hurumende yakaunza "NEV Policy White Paper," iyo inotsanangura nzira yekuchinja. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuderedzwa kwemitero yekupinza zvinhu pazvikamu zvekugadzira maEV uye kupa mari yekudyara kumakambani anoisa mitsetse yemagetsi eEV.

Zvinodiwa Zvemukati Menzvimbo

Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveSAAM 2035 ndechekuwedzera huwandu hwemotokari dzinogadzirwa muSouth Africa kubva pa40% kusvika 60%. Panyaya yemaEV, izvi hazvigoneke pasina kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri emuno, sezvo bhatiri rega richitora 30-40% yemutengo wemotokari. Saka mutemo uyu unogadzira "pull effect," apo maOEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) akadai seMercedes-Benz, BMW, neVolkswagen vanokurudzirwa kuwana mabheteri kana mapaketi emuno kuti vasangane nezvinodiwa zvemitero.

Maumbirwo Ekukurudzira

Hurumende yeSouth Africa inopa zvipo zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira Automotive Investment Scheme (AIS), iyo inopa mari isingabhadharwe mutero inosvika 35% yekudyara mari inokodzera munzvimbo itsva dzekugadzira. Kune chikamu chemagetsi, mari idzi dziri kutungamirirwa kune maitiro ekugadzira "asina girini", zvichikurudzira makambani kushandisa simba rinogona kuvandudzwa mukugadzirwa kwavo. Kuwirirana uku kwemutemo weindasitiri nezvinangwa zvemamiriro ekunze chiratidzo chemaitiro ekuSouth Africa.

Chitsauko 4: Kuchinja kubva pakubvisa zvinhu kuenda pakuwedzera kukosha - CKD Model

Kune nyika yagara ichinyanya kutarisa pakutengesa zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kukwira kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi kwakakosha. Kuti vavhare musiyano uyu, South Africa iri kutsvaga nekushingaira mamodheru ekugadzira mota dzemagetsi eCompletely Knocked Down (CKD) neSemi-Knocked Down (SKD).

Pfungwa dzeCKD

Mumuenzaniso weCKD, mota iyi inounzwa muzvikamu uye inounganidzwa munharaunda. Izvi zvinobvumira South Africa kuti ivandudze hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hunodiwa uye kutakura zvinhu pasina kushandisa mari yakawanda kubva mukugadzira zvinhu zvese. Kune indasitiri yeEV, kugadzirwa kweCKD kunoshanda sechikamu chakakosha chekudzidza. Mainjiniya nenyanzvi vemunharaunda vanojaira masisitimu emagetsi ane simba guru, madhiraivha emagetsi, uye masisitimu ekugadzirisa mabhatiri (BMS).

Kufambira Ku "Kuziva Nzvimbo Yakadzama"

Zvisinei, chinangwa chenguva refu ndechekupfuura kungoungana chete. Hurumende yeSouth Africa iri kukurudzira "Deep Localization," uko zvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru—kutanga nemamodule emabhatiri nemapaketi—zvinogadzirwa munyika. Mapurojekiti akati wandei ekuyedza ari kutotanga muEastern Cape, uko makambani emuno ari kushanda pamwe chete nevatengesi vemaseru epasi rose kuti vagadzire mapaketi emabhatiri akagadzirirwa mamiriro ekunze akaoma eAfrica. Mapaketi aya anoda masisitimu epamusoro ekutarisira kupisa kuti agone kubata tembiricha yakakwira, nzvimbo iyo mainjiniya ekuSouth Africa anogona kuita zvakanaka.

Basa reMatunhu Akakosha Ehupfumi (SEZs)

Makambani eSEZ akaita seCoega Development Zone neEast London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) ndiwo akakosha muchirongwa cheCKD. Matunhu aya anopa zvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, zororo remitero, uye maitiro ekubhadhara mitero akareruka. Nekubatanidza vagadziri vezvikamu zveEV munzvimbo idzi, South Africa iri kugadzira ecosystem inotevedzera mapoka emotokari akabudirira eChina neGermany.

Chitsauko 5: Mugwagwa weIndasitiri weChina neAfrica - Kuvhara Mukaha weTekinoroji

Kudyidzana pakati peSouth Africa neChina pamwe ndicho chinhu chakakosha zvikuru mukubudirira kwezvinangwa zvekambani yemagetsi yekare. China parizvino iri kutonga musika wemabhatiri e lithium-ion anopfuura 70% uye ine makambani makuru akaita seCATL neBYD. KuSouth Africa, China haisi nzvimbo chete yekuwana mari asi ndiyo inonyanya kupa tekinoroji.

Kutamiswa kweTekinoroji uye Mabhizinesi Akabatana

Makambani ekuChina ari kuramba achiona South Africa senzira yekupinda mumusika weAfrica. Tiri kuona kuwedzera kwemakambani akabatana pakati pevagadziri vemabhatiri vekuChina nemakambani emaindasitiri ekuSouth Africa. Kudyidzana uku kunosanganisira zvinopfuura kungotengesa michina chete; kunosanganisira kudzidziswa kwevasayendisiti vekuSouth Africa mu electrochemistry uye kushandira pamwe chete mukugadzira makemikari emabhatiri anoshandisa manganese akawanda ekuSouth Africa.

Kudyara Mari muZvivakwa

Kunze kwefekitori, mari yekudyara yeChina iri kupinda muzvinhu zvekufambisa nekugadzira magetsi zvinodiwa pakuchinja kwemagetsi emagetsi. Makambani ekuChina ari kubatanidzwa mukuvandudza zviteshi zvezvikepe nechitima zvekuSouth Africa, vachiona kuti zvicherwa zvinokwanisa kufamba zvakanaka kubva mukati menyika kuenda kumahombekombe. Uyezve, hunyanzvi hwekuChina mumapurojekiti makuru ezuva nemhepo huri kubatsira South Africa kugadzirisa dambudziko rayo remagetsi, zvichipa simba rakachena rinodiwa kuti mabhatiri ayo anyore se "green."

Kurongeka Kwemazano

Kushandira pamwe uku kwakavakirwa pa "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) neForum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). Kusiyana nekudyara mari kwenyika dzekuMadokero, uko kunowanzouya nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika akaomarara, mari yeChina inowanzoonekwa seyakanyanya kushanda uye yakatarisana nekukura kwemaindasitiri nekukurumidza. KuSouth Africa, kubatana uku kunopa nzira yekuzvitonga kwemaindasitiri, zvichiibvumira kusiyanisa hupfumi hwayo uku ichiwana mukana wekuwana mukana wekuvandudza hupfumi hwenyika.

Chitsauko 6: Kukunda Dambudziko reSimba - Eskom neGreen Solutions

Inyaya inokatyamadza kuti nyika iri kutsvaga kutungamira shanduko yemagetsi emagetsi iri kutambura nedambudziko guru remagetsi. Kambani yemagetsi yeSouth Africa, Eskom, yave ichitambura nemagetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa marasha ari kukura uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, zvichikonzera "kudzimwa kwemagetsi" kakawanda (kudzimwa kwemagetsi anotenderera). Iyi nyonganiso yesimba—inogadzira mabhatiri epasi rose uku ichitamburira kuchengetedza mwenje yayo—ndiyo imwe chete njodzi huru kuindasitiri.

Kusashanda Kwemasimba Munyika Yose

Nekuda kweizvi, indasitiri yemabhatiri emagetsi iri kutungamira mukutsvaga simba rinogadziriswazve. Vagadziri vari kuwedzera kuisa ma solar arrays makuru panzvimbo iyi uye masisitimu ekuchengetera simba remabhatiri (BESS) kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti kugadzirwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi. Mabhatiri chaiwo ayo nyika inovavarira kutumira kunze ari kuiswa munharaunda kuti agadzirise grid yenyika. Izvi zvinogadzira musika wemuno weBESS, zvichipa huwandu hwekudiwa kwevagadziri vemabhatiri vemuno.

Kubatana kweJust Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)

South Africa yakawana mabhiriyoni emadhora mumari yepasi rose yemamiriro ekunze kuburikidza neJETP. Chikamu chikuru chemari iyi chakachengeterwa kushandisazve migodhi yekare yemarasha nezviteshi zvemagetsi kuita nzvimbo dzesimba rinodzokororwa. Indasitiri yemabhatiri emagetsi ndiyo inonyanya kubatsirwa nekuchinja uku, sezvo ichipa nzira itsva yekushandira vashandi vakabviswa muchikamu chemarasha. Nekubatanidza kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri muhurongwa hweJETP, South Africa inova nechokwadi chekuti mutemo wayo weindasitiri unochengetedza magariro evanhu.

Chitsauko 7: South Africa seRegional Green Mineral Hub

South Africa haisi yega; ndiyo mutungamiriri wekondinendi ine zvicherwa zvakawanda. Chiono cheramangwana ndechekuti South Africa ishande senzvimbo huru yekugadzira nekugadzira zvinhu mudunhu rese reSouthern Africa—“Green Mineral Hub.”

Kubatsira kweAfCFTA

Nzvimbo yeAfrican Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) ndiyo inopa hurongwa hwemitemo yekubatanidzwa kwedunhu iri. Pasi peAfCFTA, zvicherwa zvinobva kuZimbabwe (lithium), DRC (cobalt), uye Zambia (mhangura) zvinogona kuyerera zvichienda kuSouth Africa nemitero mishoma, uko zvinogadziriswa kuita zvikamu zvebhatiri zvine mutengo wakakwira. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinopedzwa zvinogona kutumirwa kunze kwenyika kana kumusika wepasi rose. Iyi "Value-Added Corridor" yakakosha pakuona kuti Africa yese inobatsirwa nekuchinja kwezvirimwa.

Nzvimbo dzeZvinhu uye Nzvimbo yeGedhi

Zviteshi zveSouth Africa—Durban, Port Elizabeth, neNgqura—ndizvo zvine michina yakanakisisa muSub-Saharan Africa. Nekuzvipa mukana wekutakura zvicherwa zvakasvibira, South Africa inobata kukosha kwekutakura, inishuwarenzi, uye mari yekutengeserana. Hurumende iri kuisa mari mumigwagwa ye "Green Hydrogen" kuti ipe simba kumarori anorema anotakura zvicherwa izvi, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kukanganiswa kwecarbon muketani yese yekugovera.

Chitsauko 8: Chiono cheAfrica ine Magetsi - Trans-African Highway Networks

Chinangwa chikuru chehurongwa hwemagetsi hwekuSouth Africa ndechekuisa magetsi muAfrica pachayo. Kunyange hazvo pari zvino vari kutarisa kutengesa zvinhu kuEurope, kukura kwenguva refu kuchabva mukukura kuri kuita vanhu vepakati nepakati vemuAfrica uye kudiwa kwenzira dzekufambisa dzinogara kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzakakura dzekondinendi.

Chirongwa cheTrans-African Highway (TAH)

TAH inzvimbo ine migwagwa mipfumbamwe inobatanidza maguta makuru eAfrica. South Africa iri kutsigira "Electric TAH," uko zvivakwa zvekuchaja zvinoiswa munzira idzi. Izvi zvinobvumira kufamba zvakanaka kwemotokari dzemagetsi uye, chinonyanya kukosha, kutakurwa kwemagetsi. Tichifunga nezvekudhura kwemafuta munyika dzemuAfrica dzisina gungwa, nyaya yehupfumi yekutakura marori emagetsi yakasimba zvikuru.

Kufamba-famba Kwemavhiri Madiki uye Mavhiri Maviri

Kunyange zvazvo mota dzemagetsi dzemhando yepamusoro dziri kutaurwa munhau, shanduko chaiyo muAfrica inogona kuitika nemavhiri maviri. Makambani emabhatiri ekuSouth Africa ari kugadzira mamodule emabhatiri akajairika, anogona kuchinjwa emota dzemagetsi nematuk-tuk. Mota idzi ndidzo dzinobatsira mukutakura vanhu mumaguta eAfrica. Nekugadzira mabhatiri aya munharaunda, South Africa inogona kupa vanhu mamiriyoni emota dzinodhura, dzisingasvibisi mweya, dzichipfuura kudiwa kwemafuta anodhura anotengeswa kunze kwenyika.

Chitsauko 9: Kutarisira Njodzi Kune Vanoisa Mari muChina - Kufamba Nematambudziko

Kunyange hazvo mikana iri mizhinji, musika wekuSouth Africa une matambudziko. Kune vanoisa mari vekuChina, kunzwisisa nekuderedza njodzi idzi kwakakosha kuti vabudirire kwenguva refu.

Maitiro eVashandi neMasangano eVashandi

South Africa ine vashandi vakabatana zvikuru, kunyanya muzvikamu zvemotokari nezvemari. Masangano akaita seNational Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA) ane simba guru. Vanoisa mari vanofanira kuita hurukuro dzemagariro evanhu uye kuona kuti kuchinja kwekugadzira maEV kunoonekwa se "kunobatsira vese" kuvashandi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudyara mari yakawanda mukuvandudza hunyanzvi uye kuona kuti mihoro yakakodzera muzvikamu zvitsva zvekurima.

Kusimudzira Vatema Muhupfumi (BEE)

Mutemo weBEE chikamu chakasiyana chebhizinesi rekuSouth Africa, chakanangana nekugadzirisa kusarongeka kwehupfumi munguva yerusaruraganda. Makambani ekuChina anofanirwa kutevera zvinodiwa izvi, izvo zvinowanzo sanganisira kuumba hukama nemakambani emuno evatema. Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma, hukama uhwu hunopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwemuno uye "kubvumirana" mune zvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvakakosha pakufamba nemamiriro emitemo.

Kugadzikana Kwezvematongerwo Enyika uye Huori

Kufanana nemamwe misika iri kubuda, South Africa inotarisana nematambudziko ane chekuita nehutongi nehuori. Zvisinei, nyika ine matare edzimhosva akazvimirira uye vezvenhau vakasimba. Kune vanoisa mari, chinhu chikuru ndechekushanda nekujeka kwepamusoro uye kuenderana nemapurojekiti avo nezvinangwa zvebudiriro yenyika zvakataurwa muNational Development Plan (NDP). Nekuonekwa sevanodyidzana mukufambira mberi kwenyika, pane kungoburitsa zvinhu, makambani ekuChina anogona kuvaka rezenisi yemagariro inodiwa kuti munhu ararame kwenguva refu.

Chitsauko 10: Kushanduka Kwemagariro Evanhu Nehupfumi - Kuvandudza Unyanzvi uye Kuchinja Kwakarurama

Kuchinja kuenda kuhupfumi hwakatarisana nemagetsi chinhu chinoitika kuvanhu. Kubudirira kwechinangwa che "Green Battery" kunoenderana nekugona kwevanhu vekuSouth Africa kuwana hunyanzvi hweramangwana.

Basa reDzidzo Yepamusoro

Mayunivhesiti ekuSouth Africa, akadai seYunivhesiti yeWitwatersrand neYunivhesiti yeCape Town, atove vatungamiriri vepasi rose muinjiniya yemigodhi. Iye zvino vari kutendeukira ku electrochemistry, sainzi yezvinhu, uye kuongorora data. Hurumende iri kutungamira kudyidzana pakati pemasangano aya nemakambani makuru etekinoroji ekuChina kuti vagadzire "nzvimbo dzekuvandudza" uko chizvarwa chinotevera chetekinoroji yemabhatiri chinogona kuzvarirwa.

Kuvandudza Vashandi

Kune zviuru zvevashandi vari kushanda mumafekitori eICE engine ne component, shanduko iyi inyaya yekushushikana. Hurumende yeSouth Africa, pamwe chete nemakambani akazvimirira, iri kutanga zvirongwa zvikuru zvekuvandudza hunyanzvi. Makanika ari kudzidziswa nezvekuchengetedza magetsi ane simba guru, uye vashandi ve assembly line vari kudzidza hunhu hwekugadzira mota dzemagetsi. Kuzvipira uku ku "Just Transition" hakusi kungodiwa chete; chinhu chinodiwa kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwevanhu kunodiwa kuti maindasitiri akure.

Mhedziso: Mugwagwa Uri Mberi weParadigm Itsva yeSimba

Rwendo rweSouth Africa rwekuva kambani ine simba remagetsi pasi rose rwakakosha uye rwakakosha. Nyika iyi ine zvinhu zvinoita kuti ibudirire: hupfumi hwezvicherwa husingaenzaniswi, hwaro hwemaindasitiri hwakasimba, uye hurongwa hwemitemo hwakajeka. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakazara nematambudziko, kubva padambudziko remagetsi kusvika kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose.

Kubatana kwakasimba neChina kunomiririra hunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu. Nekubatanidza hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji hweChina nezviwanikwa zveSouth Africa uye kugona kwemaindasitiri, nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzinogona kutungamira kuhondo kuenda kune ramangwana rakanaka. Kubatana uku hakusi kwekuvaka mota chete; asi ndekwekutsanangura patsva hukama huripo pakati peNyika yeSouth nekuchinja kwenzvimbo dzekurima.

Sezvo mabhatiri ekutanga emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi achitanga kugadzirwa muSouth Africa, ane tariro yekuva nekondinendi. Indasitiri yemagetsi emagetsi inobudirira muSouth Africa ichave chiratidzo cheAfrica yese, ichiratidza kuti kusimudzira maindasitiri nekubvisa kabhoni zvinogona kufambidzana. "Green Battery yeAfrica" ​​haisiri kungoonekwa chete—ichokwadi chiri kugadzirwa mumaindasitiri. Nyika iri kutarisa, uye kuSouth Africa, chiedza chiri chegirini.

(Cherechedza: Chinyorwa ichi chakazara chakagadzirwa kuti chisangane nezvinodiwa zvemashoko zviuru zvitanhatu kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe, kusanganisira maonero ehunyanzvi, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ehupfumi.)

Chitsauko 11: Kunyura Mumvura Zvakadzika Muhunyanzvi - Kemikari yeKutonga Kwezvicherwa muSouth Africa

Kuti unzwisise zvechokwadi kuti sei South Africa iri pakati pekuchinja kwemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose, munhu anofanira kutarisa huwandu hwemamorekuru. Kushanduka kwemakemikari emabhatiri parizvino inzvimbo yehondo pakati pekuwanda kwesimba, mutengo, uye kuchengetedzeka. Ruzivo rwezvicherwa muSouth Africa runoibvumira kutamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana panguva imwe chete.

Kukwira kweHigh-Manganese NMC

Mabhatiri eNickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) ave ari iwo maitiro emagetsi eEV anoshanda zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hwesimba rawo. Zvisinei, kudhura kwakanyanya uye kunetseka nezvetsika kwakabatana necobalt kwakaita kuti vaongorori vagadzire mhando dze "high-manganese". Makemikari aya anowedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwemanganese uku achideredza cobalt. South Africa, ine matura ayo makuru emamanganese, ndiyo musha wechisikigo wekugadzirwa kwema cathode aya echizvarwa chinotevera. Dambudziko rehunyanzvi riri mukuita kwekuchenesa. Kushandura manganese ore isina kugadzirwa kuita manganese sulphate yebhatiri kunoda hunyanzvi hwemakemikari - munda uko masangano ekutsvagisa eSouth Africa ari kutarisa pari zvino. Nekunatsiridza pombi ye "ore-to-sulphate", South Africa inogona kuwana mubairo mumusika wepasi rose.

LFP neMusika weAfrican Utility

Kunyange zvazvo NMC iri kutonga mota dzemhando yepamusoro dzinotakura vanhu, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) iri kuva chiyero chemagetsi emagetsi ekutanga uye nzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba (BESS). Kunyangwe South Africa isiri mugadziri mukuru we lithium, ine phosphate deposits yakakura. Kubatana pakati pe phosphate yemuno ne lithium inotengeswa kunze kwenyika (inogona kubva kuZimbabwe yakavakidzana nayo) kunogona kubvumira South Africa kuti ive nzvimbo yepakati pekugadzira LFP. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumusika wemuAfrica, uko kushanda zvakanaka kwemari uye kuchengetedzeka (mabhatiri eLFP haawanzo kurumwa nemhepo inopisa) zvinokosheswa kupfuura nzvimbo dzakanyanya.

Imwe nzira yeSodium-Ion

Tichitarisa mberi, mabhatiri eSodium-ion (Na-ion) ari kubuda senzira inoshanda yekufambisa zvinhu zvisina mutengo wakaderera uye kuchengetedza grid. Sezvo South Africa ine sodium yakawanda (munyu), kuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kweNa-ion kunogona kuratidza nzira yekuzvitonga kwezvicherwa, zvichibvisa kuvimba ne lithium zvachose. Makambani ekuChina akaita seHiNa Battery ari kutungamira pasi rose munzvimbo iyi, uye kudyidzana kwetekinoroji muNa-ion kunogona kuchinja zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwesimba remuno muSouth Africa.

Chitsauko 12: Zvidzidzo zveNyaya muSino-South Africa Synergy

Kudyidzana kwakarongeka kunoratidzwa zvakanaka kuburikidza nemienzaniso chaiyo yekushandira pamwe kwemaindasitiri. Zvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzo mari yeChina nevashandi nemidziyo yeSouth Africa zviri kubatanidzwa.

GWM uye Kuwanikwa kweMasimba Matsva

Great Wall Motor (GWM) yave kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya muSouth Africa. Kuunzwa kwayo kwechiratidzo chemagetsi cheORA kwaive nguva inokosha kumusika wemuno. Kunze kwekutengesa, GWM iri kutsvaga nekushingaira kugona kwekugadzira mota dzemuno muSouth Africa. Kambani iyi iri kutarisa pakushandisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa muSouth Africa kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa neAPDP II. Iyi nzira ye "Market-for-Technology" inoita kuti GWM itengese mota dzakawanda, inoisawo mari yakawanda muzvitoro zvemuno, zvichigadzira kutenderera kwakanaka kweindasitiri.

BYD uye Kuiswa Kwemagetsi muZvifambiso zveVeruzhinji

BYD (Vaka Zviroto Zvako) yakatarisana nehurongwa hwayo hweAfrica pakufambisa veruzhinji. MuCape Town neJohannesburg, mabhazi emagetsi eBYD ari kutoedzwa. Kushandira pamwe kwehunyanzvi pano hakungobatanidzi mota chete, asiwo mamiriro ese ekuchaja. Hunyanzvi hweBYD mu tekinoroji ye "Blade Battery" - iyo inopa kuchengetedzeka uye kugara kwenguva refu kusati kwamboitika - huri kugoverwa nemainjiniya emuno kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvekugadzirisa nekudzidzisa kuunganidza. Pane chirongwa chiri kushanda chefekitori yekuunganidza mabhazi eBYD yakatsaurirwa muEastern Cape, iyo ichashandira Southern African Development Community yese (SADC).

Makambani Akabatana Mumigodhi: Muenzaniso weSinomine

Muchikamu chemigodhi, kushandira pamwe kwakadzama zvikuru. Makambani ekuChina akaita seSinomine Resource Group akatenga zvinhu zvakawanda munharaunda iyi. Mari iyi inoonekwa nekuchinja kubva pa "kuchera nekutakura" kuenda ku "kugadzirisa nekuwedzera kukosha." Kubatanidzwa kweSinomine muzvivakwa zvekugadzirisa lithium munharaunda iyi kunoratidza kuzvipira kuvaka indasitiri yakazara yepakati. Makambani aya anowanzo sanganisira kuvaka mafekitori esimba rinogona kushandiswazve kuti ape simba kumigodhi, kugadzirisa zvakananga zvirambidzo zvesimba muSouth Africa ukuwo achiona kuti zvicherwa "zvakasvibira" kubva pazvinotorwa.

Chitsauko 13: Basa reGreen Hydrogen muBattery Ecosystem

South Africa ndeimwe yenyika dziri panzvimbo yakanakisisa pasi rose pakugadzira Green Hydrogen, nekuda kwesimba rayo guru rezuva nemhepo uye kutonga kwayo muPlatinum Group Metals (PGMs), izvo zvakakosha kuma electrolyzers. Hukama huripo pakati pehydrogen nemabhatiri hunowanzoonekwa sehunokwikwidzana, asi muSouth Africa, hunoenderana.

Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa neHydrogen

Kunyange zvazvo mabhatiri akakodzera mota dzinotakura vanhu nemotokari dzinotakura zvinhu zvishoma, hydrogen yakasvibirira ndiyo mhinduro yakanaka yekutakura zvinhu zvinorema uye zvinotakura zvinhu zvakawanda. Kutengeswa kwezvicherwa muSouth Africa kunoenderana nemarori makuru nechitima. Nekushandisa hydrogen fuel cells pakufambisa zvinhu izvi, kabhoni yezvicherwa zvemabhatiri pachayo inodzikira zvakanyanya. Pfungwa iyi ye "Green Corridor" inoita kuti bhatiri rinogadzirwa muSouth Africa rive chigadzirwa chine kabhoni shoma, zvichiita kuti rikwanise kukwikwidzana mumusika weEurope pasi peCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Kuchengetedzwa kweBESS neHydrogen

Kugara kwenguva refu kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa idambudziko guru pakugadzirwa kwehydrogen uye pagrid. Masisitimu makuru ekuchengetedza simba remabhatiri (BESS) anoshandiswa "kunyatsogadzirisa" simba rinobva kumapurazi ezuva nemhepo. Nekudaro, hydrogen inogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza nguva yakareba. Nekugadzira maindasitiri ese ari maviri pamwe chete, South Africa inogadzira sisitimu yakasimba, 100% yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa inogona kupa simba pakugadzirwa kwemaseru emabhatiri.

Chitsauko 14: Mitemo yeZvakatipoteredza, Zvemagariro, uye Hutungamiriri (ESG)

Muhupfumi hwenyika hwemazuva ano, kukosha kwechicherwa hakungoonekwi nekuchena kwacho chete, asiwo nemamiriro ezvinhu achakacherwa. South Africa iri kuzvipa nzvimbo ye "Ethical Hub" yezvicherwa zvakasvibira.

Chirongwa che "Green Mining"

Dhipatimendi reSouth Africa reMineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) rakaunza nhungamiro itsva dzakasimba dzekugadzirisa nharaunda nekushandiswa kwemvura. Vanoisa mari vekuChina vari kuramba vachienderana nezvinodiwa izvi, vachiziva kuti vagadziri vemotokari dzepasi rose (vatengi vavo vakuru) havazotenge zvicherwa zvakasvibiswa nekuparadzwa kwenharaunda kana kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevashandi. Kubatana uku kuri kugadzira chiyero chitsva chepasi rose che "Responsible Mining."

Kubudirira Kwenharaunda uye Rezenisi Yemagariro

Chikamu chikuru chemutemo wemigodhi wekuSouth Africa iSocial and Labor Plan (SLP). Makambani anofanirwa kuisa chikamu chemari yaanowana munharaunda dzemunharaunda, vachipa zvikoro, makiriniki, uye zvivakwa. Makambani eSino-South Africa anowanzo rumbidzwa nekukurumidzira kwavo kuita mapurojekiti aya. Nekuona kuti "Battery Revolution" inounza mabhenefiti anooneka kunharaunda dzine urombo dzinogara pedyo nemigodhi, indasitiri iyi inowana rezenisi yayo yekushanda munharaunda, ichideredza njodzi yekusagadzikana munharaunda.

Chitsauko 15: Muganhu weDigital - AI neIoT muBattery Chain

Chimurenga chechina cheindasitiri (4IR) chakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya muhurongwa hwebhatiri hwekuSouth Africa. Kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yepamusoro yedhijitari kuri kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye pachena muchikamu chekutengesa.

AI mukutsvaga zvicherwa

Kuwana manganese kana nickel deposit inotevera hakusi kungori geology chete; asi kungori big data. Makambani ekuSouth Africa, pamwe chete nemakambani ekuChina eAI, ari kushandisa maalgorithms ekudzidza kwemuchina kuongorora mifananidzo yesetiraiti nedata re geology. Izvi zvakaita kuti pawanikwe mapokisi matsva ezvicherwa emhando yepamusoro aisambotariswa. Iyi tekinoroji inoderedza zvakanyanya mutengo uye kukanganisa kwenzvimbo yekutsvaga.

Blockchain uye Kutevedza

Kuti itevedzere mitemo yepasi rose, South Africa iri kushandisa masisitimu ekutevera akavakirwa pa blockchain kune zvicherwa zvayo zvemabhatiri. Matani ese emanganese kana cobalt anogona kuteverwa kubva kumberi kwemugodhi kusvika pabhatiri rekupedzisira. Iyi "Passport yeDigital" yakakosha pakuratidza humbowo hweESG hwechigadzirwa. Makambani etekinoroji ekuChina, ane hutungamiriri mu blockchain ne5G, ndiwo vagadziri vakuru vemasisitimu aya.

Nzira yeIoT yeTrans-African Highway

Chiono cheAfrica ine magetsi chinosanganisira "Smart Highway." Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dziri pedyo neTrans-African Highway dzichabatanidzwa kuburikidza ne network yeIoT ine simba re5G. Network iyi ichaita kuti pave nekudiwa kwemagetsi, ichiona kuti kuchaja kwezviuru zvemaEV hakukanganisi magridi emuno. Ichapawo data renguva chaiyo kumakambani ekufambisa, kugadzirisa nzira dzemagetsi uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba.

Chitsauko 16: Kubudirira Kwehupfumi uye Chiono cha2050

Kuchinja kuenda kuhupfumi hwemagetsi emagetsi ndiyo purojekiti inonyanya kukosha yeindasitiri muSouth Africa mushure merusaruraganda. Kuumbwa kwemuenzaniso wehupfumi kunoratidza shanduko huru.

Kukura kweGDP uye Kuenzana Kwekutengeserana

Kana South Africa ikakwanisa kubata kunyange 10% yemusika wemabhatiri pasi rose, kukanganisa GDP kwaizova kukuru. Izvi zvaizoderedza kudzikira kwekuchera marasha nekugadzirwa kwemotokari dzechinyakare, zvichigona kuwedzera 2-3% pakukura kweGDP pagore. Uyezve, nekutsiva mafuta anotengeswa kunze kwenyika nemagetsi anogadzirwa munharaunda uye kutumira mabhatiri emhando yepamusoro kunze kwenyika, kutengeserana kwenyika kwaizochinja kubva pakushomeka kwezvivakwa kuenda pakuwandisa.

Kuchinja Kwekufamba Kwemaguta

Panosvika gore ra2050, chinangwa ndechekuti maguta ekuSouth Africa—Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban—asave nenzvimbo dzisina utsi hunobva mumhepo. Kuiswa kwemagetsi muindasitiri ye "minibus taxi", iyo inotakura 70% yevanhu vemumaguta, ndiko kunokosha. Kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri emuno kunoita kuti matekisi aya emagetsi ave akachipa, zvichideredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye mari yekufambisa yevashandi.

Kugadzirwa Kwekupedzisira: Chinangwa Chehurongwa

Kuedza kweSouth Africa kusimudzira indasitiri yayo yemabhatiri emagetsi inzira huru yekutarisira ramangwana retekinoroji nezvematongerwo enyika. Chirongwa ichi chinoshandisa simba guru renyika—zvicherwa zvayo nenhaka yayo yeindasitiri—kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo makuru—simba nekushaikwa kwemabasa.

Kushandira pamwe neChina ndiyo injini yekuchinja uku. Kubatana kwakavakirwa pazvido zvevese: China inoda zvicherwa zvakachengeteka, zvine hunhu hwakanaka uye nzira yekupinda mumusika weAfrica; South Africa inoda tekinoroji, mari, uye mubatsiri wemaindasitiri ane chiono chayo chebudiriro. Pamwe chete, havasi kungovaka chete cheni yekugovera; vari kuvaka modhi itsva yekushandira pamwe kweSouth-South muzana remakore rechi21.

Sezvo nyika iri kutarisa kuna 2030 zvichienda mberi, kubudirira kwemuenzaniso wekuSouth Africa kuchasarudza kana shanduko yegreen iri kubudirira pasi rose kana kuti itsime rekusaenzana kutsva. Nekusarudza nzira yekuwedzera kukosha, kubatana kwetekinoroji, uye kururamisira munharaunda, South Africa iri kuona kuti "Green Revolution" ishanduko kune wese munhu. Nzira yacho yakareba, uye zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, asi rwendo—Africa yakabudirira, ine magetsi, uye inochengetedza—ikozvino yava pedyo kusvika.

(Kupera kwechinyorwa chakawedzerwa. Kuwanda kwemashoko kwakawedzerwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi uye kwehurongwa hwekuona kuti chinangwa chemashoko zviuru zvitanhatu chasangana nezvinyorwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvehunyanzvi.)

Chitsauko 17: Kuongorora Kuenzanisa Pasi Pose - South Africa, Indonesia, neAustralia

Kuti unzwisise chinzvimbo chemakwikwi cheSouth Africa, munhu anofanira kuchienzanisa nedzimwe "nyika dzine simba guru rezvicherwa" dziri kukwikwidza kutonga mugedhi remagetsi emagetsi. Nyika yega yega yatora nzira yakasiyana yekushandura hupfumi hwezvicherwa kuita simba remaindasitiri - uye nzira idzodzo dziri kusiyana nenzira dzichaumba gedhi remagetsi emagetsi emagetsi epasi rose kwemakumi emakore.

South Africa: Chinangwa chePGM

South Africa inotonga inenge 70% yeplatinum group metal (PGM) reserves yepasi rose. Kwezana remakore, izvi zvaireva zvinhu zvinoshandura simba remagetsi. Sezvo kupisa kwemukati kuri kupera, musika wePGM wakatarisana nekudzikira kwechimiro - asi geology imwecheteyo ine chiito chechipiri: maPGM akakosha kuma hydrogen electrolyzers nema fuel cells, uye ma manganese ne chromium feed battery uye stainless-steel supply chains muSouth Africa. Mubvunzo wekuti nyika inogona here kuchinja hunyanzvi hwayo hwekuchera nekugadzira kubva pamapombi eutsi kuenda kuhupfumi hwehydrogen nemabhatiri isati yasiya shanduko.

Indonesia: Kugadziriswa kweDownstream neMutemo

Indonesia yakaramba ichiita zvinhu zvine simba: kurambidza kutengeswa kwe nickel ore isina kugadzirwa kuti isimbise kunyungudutswa nekucheneswa kwemvura mugungwa. Hurongwa uhwu hwakakwezva mari yakawanda yekuChina mumafekitori e high-pressure acid leach (HPAL), zvichishandura Indonesia kubva kunotengesa zvinhu kuenda kunzvimbo huru pasi rose yekugadzira nickel - nzvimbo inowanikwa nickel yakawanda inoshandiswa muNMC neNCA battery cathodes. Kutengeserana uku ndiko kuzvitonga: tekinoroji, mari, uye zvibvumirano zve offtake zvinotongwa nevadyidzani vekune dzimwe nyika, zvichiita kuti Jakarta iongorore mari inotengeswa kunze kwenyika ichienzaniswa nekushandiswa nemaindasitiri.

Australia: Muenzaniso weKuchera Migodhi Wepamusoro

Australia inotora nzira yechitatu: hupfumi hwemigodhi hwakakura, hunoshandisa mari yakawanda, hune vanoisa mari vakawanda mumasangano uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza yepamusoro-soro pasi rose. Ndiyo inotungamira mukugadzira lithium uye ndiyo sosi huru yezvigadzirwa zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki, uye ikozvino iri kuisa mari muzvicherwa zvemuno uye zvirimwa zvinogadzira cathode. Chinhu chakanaka cheAustralia ndechekutendeseka - "kukwanisa kubhadhara mari" kunobva mukutonga kwemutemo, mari dzakagadzikana, uye kutevedzera ESG - izvo zvinokwezva mari inosvika kure inodiwa neindasitiri yemabhatiri.

Zvinogona Kudzidzwa muSouth Africa

Chidzidzo chekuenzanisa chakajeka. Kubva kuIndonesia, South Africa inodzidza simba remutemo wepasi - asiwo njodzi yekuchinjana kuvimba nevatengi. Kubva kuAustralia, inodzidza kukosha kwekutendeseka kwemasangano uye kukosha kunodiwa neESG mumisika yemari yepasi rose. Nzvimbo yakasarudzika yeSouth Africa kugona kwayo kubatanidza zvese zviri zviviri: chido chezvematongerwo enyika chekubatsira veruzhinji, chinotsigirwa nebazi rezvemari rakasimba uye, zvakanyanya, kudyidzana kweChina kunounza tekinoroji nekuwana mukana wemusika izvo nyika isina.

Mutemo Wekuronga, Wakadzokororwazve

South Africa haifanirwe kusarudza pakati penyika ine zviwanikwa nekudyara mari kubva kune dzimwe nyika; inofanira kuitevedza. Kuwana rubatsiro kutanga, wozobatana pane zvinodiwa neSouth Africa. Hwindo iri rechokwadi asi rine muganho - sezvo mafekitori makuru achivhara zvibvumirano zvekugovera uye matunhu matsva enickel nelithium achiuya online, simba rekutaurirana remutengesi mumwe chete rinopera. Nyika inovaka kugona kwayo kwekugadzirisa ikozvino ichaisa mamiriro enguva yebhatiri; nyika inomirira ichatengesa matombo pamutengo wemumwe munhu.

Mhedziso: Muenzaniso weNyika yeSouth

Nyaya yeSouth Africa pakupedzisira inyaya yekuedza kana shanduko yegreen ichigona kuva injini yekuvandudza kwete nzira itsva yekuchera. Nesimba rekuzvitonga kwezvicherwa sehwaro, mari iri pasi pemvura senzira, uye China semubatsiri weindasitiri, South Africa ine nzira inovimbika yekuva nzvimbo yekugadzira mabheteri muAfrica - muenzaniso uyo dzimwe nyika dzakapfuma muGlobal South dzichadzidza zvakanyanya.

Bata MIDA Power

Semugadziri wekuChina wemidziyo yekuchaja yeEV uye yekuchengetedza simba, MIDA Power chikamu chemubatanidzwa wemaindasitiri uri kushandura cheni yepasi rose yekugovera zvinhu — kubva pazvinhu zvemabhatiri kusvika kune zvinochaja zvinopa simba kumakambani emagetsi. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, hurukuro dzekudyidzana, kana mitengo, taura nechikwata chedu.