Ishishini leebhetri ze-EV laseMzantsi Afrika: Ulawulo lwezimbiwa kunye neNtsebenziswano neTshayina

Ukuvula uMda Oluhlaza: Uhlalutyo Olupheleleyo Lweqhinga Loshishino Lweebhetri Ze-EV Ezivelayo eMzantsi Afrika, Ulawulo Lwemithombo Yezimbiwa, Izikhuthazo Zomgaqo-nkqubo we-APDP, kunye Nokuqiniswa Kwentsebenziswano Yetekhnoloji Namashishini aseTshayina Ukuze Kufakwe Umbane Kwilizwekazi

Intshayelelo: I-Strategic Nexus yaseMzantsi Afrika

Imeko yeemoto zehlabathi itshintsha ngendlela emangalisayo, nto leyo ezoba kwakhona iimephu zamandla emizi-mveliso kunye nokuxhomekeka kwizixhobo. Njengoko ihlabathi litshintsha ukusuka kwinjini yokutshisa yangaphakathi (ICE) ukuya kwi-electrical propulsion, ingqalelo iye yanda kwi "Green Minerals" enika amandla olu guquko. Kule meko, uMzantsi Afrika umi kwindawo eyahlukileyo yembali. Okwakukudala kusaziwa njenge-titan yemigodi yendabuko, isizwe ngoku sizivuselela njengendawo ebalulekileyo kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngebhetri ye-Electric Vehicle (EV) yehlabathi.

Umnqweno woMzantsi Afrika awukokuhlala uthumela ngaphandle i-ore eluhlaza kuphela kodwa kukunyuka uthotho lwexabiso, luguquke lube yindawo yokuvelisa ibhetri, ukwenziwa kweeseli, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-EV epheleleyo. Olu tshintsho luxhaswa zizinto ezininzi: ukunikezelwa kwezimbiwa okumangalisayo, ilifa eliqinileyo lokwenziwa kweemoto, kunye nokubaluleka kwesicwangciso sokususa i-carbon xa kujongwa imiyalelo yemozulu yehlabathi. Ngaphezu koko, intsebenziswano enzulu neTshayina—inkokeli yehlabathi engathandabuzekiyo kubuchwepheshe be-EV—inika ithuba lokutsiba imiqobo yophuhliso kwaye iqinisekise isikhundla esiphezulu kwiimarike zaseAfrika nakwihlabathi.

Eli nqaku libonelela ngohlalutyo olunzulu kwisicwangciso esibanzi esisetyenziswa nguMzantsi Afrika ukukhulisa ishishini leebhetri ze-EV. Siza kuhlola iziseko zejoloji zobutyebi bezimbiwa zalo, uyilo lolawulo lweNkqubo yokuVeliswa kweMoto kunye noPhuhliso (i-APDP), imiba yezopolitiko yentsebenziswano phakathi kweSino-Afrika, kunye neeprojekthi zombono ezijolise ekunikezeni umbane kwilizwekazi elikhulu laseAfrika. Ngokuhlola iingozi kunye nemivuzo ekhoyo kolu hambo, sigxininisa indlela uMzantsi Afrika ozibeka ngayo "njengeBhetri eluhlaza yaseAfrika."

Isahluko 1: Utshintsho lweJografi kwezePolitiki – uMzantsi Afrika kwiNkqubo yeHlabathi yeMandla amatsha

Utshintsho kumandla acocekileyo luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezopolitiko njengoko kunjalo nangobuchwepheshe. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ioyile yayichaza amandla ezizwe; kwinkulungwane yama-21, yi-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, kunye ne-manganese. UMzantsi Afrika, njengoqoqosho oluphuhlileyo kwezoshishino kwilizwekazi, uzifumana ukwimeko enelungelo kodwa enobungozi. "Umdlalo Omkhulu" weeminerali eziluhlaza uzise amandla amakhulu ehlabathi emnyango wawo, ngalinye lifuna ukufumana uthotho lokubonelela olufunekayo kumashishini alo e-EV asekhaya.

Ixabiso leqhinga loMzantsi Afrika likwimeko yokuzinza kwayo xa kuthelekiswa namanye abamelwane bayo kunye neziseko zayo zezimali nezomthetho ezintsonkothileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neemeko "zasentshona yasendle" ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokutsalwa kwezimbiwa kwiindawo ezingquzulwano, uMzantsi Afrika ubonelela ngendawo elawulwayo enomtsalane kubatyali-mali abakwiziko ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ilizwe kufuneka lihambe kukhuphiswano olukhulayo phakathi kweNtshona neMpuma. Ngelixa iManyano yaseYurophu kunye neMelika zibonelela ngeemarike ezibalulekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandle izithuthi ezenziwe eMzantsi Afrika, iTshayina ibonelela ngesicwangciso sobuchwepheshe kunye notyalo-mali olufunekayo kwinguquko yebhetri.

Ingcamango "yokuzimela okucwangcisiweyo" ibe yinto ephambili kumgaqo-nkqubo waseMzantsi Afrika. Urhulumente uyaqonda ukuba ukuthembela kuphela ekuthunyelweni kwezinto eziluhlaza ngaphandle yindlela yokuma koqoqosho ixesha elide. Endaweni yoko, ngokusebenzisa ubulungu bayo be-BRICS kunye nendima yayo kwi-G20, uMzantsi Afrika ukhuthaza imodeli entsha yophuhliso—leyo apho amazwe atyebileyo ngezimbiwa angamadlelane ekwakhiweni kwemizi-mveliso, kungekuphela nje ababoneleli ngezibonelelo. Olu tshintsho lubalulekile ekufezekiseni "uTshintsho lwaMandla oluLungileyo," ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukushenxa kumalahle akukhokeleli kwintswelo-ngqesho enkulu kodwa kunoko kukuzalwa kwecandelo lemizi-mveliso eliphilayo neliluhlaza.

Isahluko 2: Isicwangciso seMineral - Ubutyebi beManganese, iNickel, kunye neCobalt

Eyona nto iphambili kwiinjongo zoMzantsi Afrika zokuvelisa i-EV kukuba i-geological yayo iyahlukahluka. Nangona ihlabathi lihlala ligxile kwi-lithium, i-chemistry yeebhetri zanamhlanje—ngakumbi i-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC)—ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiiminerali apho uMzantsi Afrika ukhokela khona.

Ulawulo lweManganese

UMzantsi Afrika une-80% yeendawo zokugcina i-manganese ezaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela, ezigxile kakhulu kwiKalahari Manganese Field. I-Manganese yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzinziseni ii-cathodes zebhetri, kwaye njengoko abavelisi bejonge ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kwi-cobalt ebiza kakhulu neyinobuntununtunu bokuziphatha, ibhetri "ephezulu ye-manganese" iba yinto ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo kwi-R&D. UMzantsi Afrika awugcini nje ngokumba i-manganese; ujonge ngakumbi ekuvelisweni kwe-High-Purity Manganese Sulphate Monohydrate (HPMSM), uhlobo oluthile lwekhemikhali olufunekayo kwii-precursors zebhetri. Ngokucutshungulwa kwe-ore kwindawo, uMzantsi Afrika unokubamba ipesenti ephezulu kakhulu yexabiso lilonke lebhetri.

I-Nickel kunye neCobalt: Izongezo ezibalulekileyo

Nangona uMzantsi Afrika ungengomvelisi omkhulu we-nickel okanye i-cobalt kwihlabathi (eyokugqibela ilawulwa yi-DRC), uneemithombo ebalulekileyo yazo zombini, rhoqo njengemveliso yemisebenzi yayo yokumba isinyithi esikhulu seplatinum group metal (PGM). Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokumba i-PGM kunye nokumba izimbiwa zebhetri yinzuzo ekhethekileyo yokukhuphisana. Njengoko imfuno ye-PGM yee-catalytic converters ekugqibeleni iyancipha, utshintsho oluya ekumba i-nickel kunye ne-cobalt lubonelela ngoncedo kushishino lwezemigodi. Ngaphezu koko, ukusondela koMzantsi Afrika kwi-DRC kuyivumela ukuba isebenze njengendawo yokucokisa kunye nokuhambisa izinto kwi-cobalt yaseCongo, yongeza ixabiso ngaphambi kokuba izinto zishiye unxweme lwase-Afrika.

Umbono "weBhethi yeBhetri"

Abaxhasi beli shishini banombono we-"Battery Belt" esukela eMntla Koloni (i-manganese) ukuya kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso zaseGauteng naseMpuma Koloni. Le bhanti iya kudibanisa ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ukucubungula iikhemikhali, kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto, idale ukuhamba okungenamthungo ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya kwisithuthi. Le mpahla yejoloji ibonelela ngomqobo wendalo wokungena kwamanye amazwe, okwenza uMzantsi Afrika ube liqabane elibalulekileyo kuye nawuphi na umenzi weemoto wehlabathi.

Isahluko 3: Umgaqo-nkqubo njengeCatalyst – I-APDP kunye ne-SAAM Frameworks

Uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso aluzenzeki nje; lufuna isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo esicwangcisiweyo nesizinzileyo. Icandelo leemoto laseMzantsi Afrika, elimalunga ne-7% ye-GDP yesizwe, lilawulwa yiSouth African Automotive Masterplan (SAAM) 2035 kunye neNkqubo yokuVeliswa nokuPhuhliswa kweeMoto (APDP).

Uphuhliso lwe-APDP

Ekuqaleni i-APDP yayilungiselelwe ukuxhasa ishishini leenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi ngokubonelela ngeekhredithi zerhafu kunye nezikhuthazo zemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, uhlaziyo lwamva nje, i-APDP Phase II, luhlengahlengisiwe ukuze lubandakanye amalungiselelo athile eeNqwelo-mafutha eziNtsha zaMandla (ii-NEV). Urhulumente uzise "iPhepha eliMhlophe leNEV," elichaza indlela yotshintsho. Uphawu oluphambili kukunciphisa irhafu yokungenisa izinto kwiindawo zokwenza ii-EV kunye nokubonelela ngezibonelelo zotyalo-mali kwiinkampani eziseka imigca yokuhlanganisa ii-EV.

Iimfuno zoMxholo weNgingqi

Enye yezona njongo zibalulekileyo ze-SAAM 2035 kukunyusa umxholo wengingqi kwizithuthi ezenziwe eMzantsi Afrika ukusuka kwi-40% ukuya kwi-60%. Kwimeko yee-EV, oku akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuveliswa kwebhetri yasekuhlaleni, njengoko iphakheji yebhetri yodwa ibandakanya i-30-40% yexabiso lesithuthi. Ngoko ke lo mgaqo-nkqubo udala "isiphumo sokutsala," apho ii-OEM (Abavelisi beZixhobo zoqobo) ezifana neMercedes-Benz, iBMW, kunye neVolkswagen zikhuthazwa ukuba zifumane iiseli zebhetri okanye iipakethi zasekuhlaleni ukuze zihlangabezane nemida efunekayo yezaphulelo zerhafu.

Ulwakhiwo lweNkuthazo

Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika unikezela ngezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-Automotive Investment Scheme (AIS), ebonelela ngezibonelelo zemali ezingahlawuliswa rhafu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35% kutyalo-mali olufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezintsha zemveliso. Kwicandelo le-EV, ezi zibonelelo zijoliswa kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa "eziluhlaza", zikhuthaza iifemu ukuba zisebenzise amandla avuselelekayo kwimijikelo yazo yemveliso. Olu lungelelwaniso lomgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino neenjongo zemozulu luphawu lwendlela yaseMzantsi Afrika.

Isahluko 4: Ukutshintsha ukusuka ekutsaleni ukuya ekongezeni ixabiso – Imodeli ye-CKD

Kwilizwe eliye lagxila kakhulu ekuthunyelweni ngaphandle kwempahla engavuthwanga, inyathelo eliya kwimveliso epheleleyo ye-EV libalulekile. Ukuze kuvalwe lo msantsa, uMzantsi Afrika ulandela ngamandla iimodeli zendibano zeCompletely Knocked Down (CKD) kunye neSemi-Knocked Down (SKD).

Ingqiqo ye-CKD

Kwimodeli ye-CKD, isithuthi sihanjiswa kwiindawo ezithile kwaye sidityaniswe apha ekhaya. Oku kuvumela uMzantsi Afrika ukuba uphuhlise izakhono zobugcisa ezifunekayo kunye nothungelwano lokubonelela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eninzi ngoko nangoko xa kusenziwa umatshini opheleleyo. Kwishishini le-EV, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-CKD kusebenza njengesigaba sokufunda esibalulekileyo. Iinjineli zasekuhlaleni kunye neengcali ziyaqhelana neenkqubo ze-high-voltage, ii-electric drivetrains, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (BMS).

Ukuya “Ekufumaneni Indawo Enzulu”

Nangona kunjalo, injongo yexesha elide kukudlula nje ukuhlanganisana. Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika unyanzelisa "i-Deep Localization," apho izinto ezintsonkothileyo—ukuqala ngeemodyuli zebhetri kunye neepakethe—zenziwa ngaphakathi kweli lizwe. Iiprojekthi ezininzi zovavanyo sele ziqhubeka eMpuma Koloni, apho iinkampani zasekuhlaleni zisebenzisana nababoneleli beeseli zamazwe ngamazwe ukuhlanganisa iipakethe zebhetri ezenzelwe imozulu eshushu yaseAfrika. Ezi pakethe zifuna iinkqubo zolawulo lobushushu eziphambili ukuze zijongane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, indawo apho ubunjineli baseMzantsi Afrika bunokugqwesa khona.

Indima yeeNdawo zezoQoqosho eziKhethekileyo (ii-SEZ)

Ii-SEZ ezifana neCoega Development Zone kunye neEast London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) zibalulekile kwisicwangciso seCKD. Ezi ndawo zibonelela ngeziseko zophuhliso ezikumgangatho wehlabathi, iiholide zerhafu, kunye neenkqubo zerhafu ezilungelelanisiweyo. Ngokuhlanganisa abavelisi bezinto ze-EV ngaphakathi kwezi ndawo, uMzantsi Afrika udala inkqubo yendalo efana namaqela eemoto aphumeleleyo aseTshayina naseJamani.

Isahluko 5: Indlela yoShishino phakathi kweSino-Afrika – Ukuvala umsantsa weTekhnoloji

Ubambiswano phakathi koMzantsi Afrika neTshayina mhlawumbi lolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yeenjongo ze-EV zangaphambili. ITshayina okwangoku ilawula ngaphezulu kwe-70% yemarike yebhetri ye-lithium-ion yehlabathi kwaye likhaya leenkampani ezinkulu ezifana neCATL kunye neBYD. KuMzantsi Afrika, iTshayina ayingomthombo wemali nje kuphela kodwa ngumnikezeli oyintloko wokudluliselwa kwetekhnoloji.

Ukudluliselwa kobuChwepheshe kunye neeNkampani eziHlangeneyo

Iinkampani zaseTshayina ziya zijonga uMzantsi Afrika njengesango lokungena kwimarike ebanzi yaseAfrika. Sibona ukunyuka kwamashishini adibeneyo phakathi kwabavelisi beebhetri baseTshayina kunye namaqela emizi-mveliso aseMzantsi Afrika. Olu budlelwane lubandakanya okungaphezulu kokuthengisa izixhobo kuphela; luquka uqeqesho lwezazinzulu zaseMzantsi Afrika kwi-electrochemistry kunye nophuhliso oludibeneyo lweekhemistri zebhetri ezisebenzisa i-manganese eninzi yaseMzantsi Afrika.

Utyalo-mali kwiZiseko zoPhuhliso

Ngaphaya komgangatho wefektri, utyalo-mali lwaseTshayina lungena kwiziseko zothutho kunye namandla ezifunekayo ekutshintsheni kwe-EV. Iinkampani zaseTshayina zibandakanyeka ekuphuculeni amazibuko kunye neenethiwekhi zoololiwe baseMzantsi Afrika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izimbiwa zinokuhamba ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka ngaphakathi ukuya elunxwemeni. Ngaphezu koko, ubuchule baseTshayina kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zelanga kunye nomoya bunceda uMzantsi Afrika ukujongana nengxaki yamandla ayo, bubonelela ngamandla acocekileyo afunekayo ukubiza iibhetri zayo ngokuthi “ziluhlaza.”

Ulungelelwaniso lweSicwangciso

Le ntsebenziswano isekelwe kwi-"Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) kunye neForam on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). Ngokungafaniyo notyalo-mali lwaseNtshona, oluhlala luza neemeko ezingqongqo kwezopolitiko, imali yaseTshayina idla ngokubonwa njengento esebenzayo kwaye igxile ekuphuhlisweni ngokukhawuleza kwemizi-mveliso. KuMzantsi Afrika, olu lungelelwaniso lubonelela ngendlela eya kulawulo lwemizi-mveliso, oluvumela ukuba ihlukane nokuxhomekeka kwayo kwezoqoqosho ngelixa ifumana ukufikelela kumda ophambili weNguquko yeZinto zoShishino yesine.

Isahluko 6: Ukoyisa i-Energy Paradox – Eskom kunye neGreen Solutions

Yinto ehlekisayo ukuba ilizwe elifuna ukukhokela inguqu ye-EV ngoku lijongene nengxaki yamandla engapheliyo. Inkampani karhulumente yaseMzantsi Afrika, i-Eskom, ijongene neengxaki zezikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle ezindala kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelela "ekucinyweni komthwalo" rhoqo (ukuncitshiswa kombane ojikelezayo). Le ngxaki yamandla—evelisa iibhetri zehlabathi ngelixa izama ukugcina izibane zayo zikhanya—yeyona nto isoyikisayo inkulu kwishishini.

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla

Ngenxa yoko, ishishini leebhetri ze-EV likhokela uxanduva lwamandla ahlaziyiweyo nasetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi. Abavelisi baqhubeka befaka izixhobo zelanga ezinkulu kwindawo kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri (i-BESS) ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo. Iibhetri kanye ilizwe elijolise ukuzithumela kwamanye amazwe zisetyenziswa apha ekhaya ukuze kuzinziswe igridi yesizwe. Oku kudala imakethi yasekhaya ye-BESS, ibonelela ngesiseko semfuno esikhawulezileyo kubavelisi beebhetri balapha ekhaya.

Intsebenziswano yoTshintsho lwaMandla oluLungileyo (i-JETP)

UMzantsi Afrika ufumene iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwimali-mboleko yemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe ngeJETP. Inxalenye enkulu yale mali ibekelwe ukuphinda kusetyenziswe imigodi yamalahle emidala kunye nezitishi zamandla zibe ziindawo zamandla avuselelekayo. Ishishini leebhetri ze-EV lixhamli eliphambili kolu tshintsho, njengoko libonelela ngendlela entsha yokuqesha abasebenzi abafudukele kwicandelo lamalahle. Ngokudibanisa ukuveliswa kweebhetri kwisakhelo seJETP, uMzantsi Afrika uqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wawo wezoshishino uzinzile kuluntu.

Isahluko 7: UMzantsi Afrika njengeSikhungo seMigodi esiluhlaza seNgingqi

UMzantsi Afrika awukho wodwa; yinkokheli yendalo yelizwekazi elinobutyebi bezimbiwa. Umbono wekamva kukuba uMzantsi Afrika usebenze njengesikhungo esiphambili sokucubungula nokuvelisa kulo lonke ummandla waseMzantsi Afrika—“iSikhungo seZimbiwa eziLuhlaza.”

Inzuzo ye-AfCFTA

I-African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) ibonelela ngesakhelo solawulo sale ntsebenziswano yengingqi. Phantsi kwe-AfCFTA, izimbiwa ezivela eZimbabwe (lithium), eDRC (cobalt), naseZambia (copper) zinokungena eMzantsi Afrika ngerhafu encinci, apho zicutshungulwa zibe ziinxalenye zebhetri ezinexabiso eliphezulu. Ezi mveliso zigqityiweyo zinokuthunyelwa kwilizwekazi okanye kwimarike yehlabathi. Le "Value-Added Corridor" ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iAfrika iyonke ixhamla kutshintsho oluhlaza.

Imeko yeLogistics kunye neGateway

Amazibuko aseMzantsi Afrika—iDurban, iPort Elizabeth, kunye neNgqura—ngawona anezixhobo ezilungileyo kwi-Afrika esemaZantsi kweSahara. Ngokuzibeka njengesango lothutho lwezimbiwa eziluhlaza, uMzantsi Afrika ubamba ixabiso lezothutho, i-inshurensi, kunye nemali yorhwebo. Urhulumente utyala imali kwiindlela ze-“Green Hydrogen” ukuze anike amandla iilori ezinzima ezithutha ezi zimbiwa, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi umngcipheko wekhabhoni kulo lonke uthotho lokubonelela.

Isahluko 8: Umbono we-Afrika enee-Electrical – Iinethiwekhi zeNdlela eziNqabileyo zase-Afrika

Eyona njongo iphambili yesicwangciso se-EV saseMzantsi Afrika kukufakelwa kombane kwilizwekazi laseAfrika ngokwalo. Nangona ingqwalasela okwangoku ikwiimpahla ezithunyelwa eYurophu, ukukhula kwexesha elide kuya kuvela kudidi oluphakathi lwaseAfrika olukhulayo kunye nesidingo sezisombululo zothutho ezizinzileyo kulo lonke umgama omkhulu welizwekazi.

Iprojekthi yeTrans-African Highway (TAH)

I-TAH luthungelwano lweendlela ezilithoba ezidibanisa izixeko ezikhulu zaseAfrika. UMzantsi Afrika uxhasa "i-TAH yoMbane," apho kusetyenziswa khona iziseko zokutshaja kwezi ndlela. Oku kuya kuvumela ukuhamba okulula kwezithuthi zabakhweli zombane, kwaye okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuthutha ngombane. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zepetroli kumazwe aseAfrika angangeniyo inqanawa, imeko yezoqoqosho yokuthutha ngombane inamandla kakhulu.

I-Micro-Mobility kunye ne-Two-Wheelers

Nangona ii-EV zodidi zithatha indawo ephambili, utshintsho lokwenyani eAfrika lunokwenzeka ngamavili amabini. Iifemu zebhetri zaseMzantsi Afrika ziphuhlisa iimodyuli zebhetri ezisemgangathweni nezinokutshintshwa kwiimoto zombane kunye nee-tuk-tuk. Ezi zithuthi zingumthombo wobomi kwezothutho lwasezidolophini zaseAfrika. Ngokwenza ezi bhetri apha ekhaya, uMzantsi Afrika unokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokuhamba ezingabizi kakhulu, ezingenakukhupha umbane kwizigidi zabantu, ungadingi mfuneko yokuthengwa kwepetroli ebizayo.

Isahluko 9: Ulawulo loMngcipheko kubaTyali-mali baseTshayina – Ukuhamba-hamba kwiNgxaki

Nangona amathuba emaninzi, imakethi yaseMzantsi Afrika inemingeni yayo. Kubatyali-mali baseTshayina, ukuqonda nokunciphisa le mingcipheko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ungene ngempumelelo kwixesha elide.

Iintshukumo zabasebenzi kunye neeManyano

UMzantsi Afrika unabasebenzi abamanyeneyo kakhulu, ingakumbi kwicandelo leemoto kunye nelezemigodi. Imibutho efana neNational Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA) ngabadlali abanamandla. Abatyali-mali kufuneka babandakanyeke kwingxoxo yoluntu esebenzayo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ukutshintshela kwimveliso ye-EV kubonwa njengento "enceda bonke abasebenzi". Oku kubandakanya utyalo-mali olukhulu ekuxhobiseni kwakhona izakhono kunye nokuqinisekisa imivuzo efanelekileyo kwicandelo elitsha eliluhlaza.

Uphuhliso lwabamnyama kwezoqoqosho (i-BEE)

Umgaqo-nkqubo we-BEE luphawu olulodwa kwimeko-bume yezoshishino eMzantsi Afrika, olujolise ekulungiseni ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho ngexesha localucalulo. Iifemu zaseTshayina kufuneka zilandele ezi mfuno, ezidla ngokubandakanya ukwakha ubudlelwane namashishini asekuhlaleni aphethwe ngabantu abamnyama. Nangona zinzima, ezi ntsebenziswano zibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo lwasekuhlaleni kunye "nokuxhasana" kwezopolitiko, ezibalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwimeko-bume yomthetho.

Uzinzo kwezopolitiko kunye noRhwaphilizo

Njengeemarike ezininzi ezisakhulayo, uMzantsi Afrika ujongene nemingeni enxulumene nolawulo kunye norhwaphilizo. Nangona kunjalo, eli lizwe ligcina inkundla yobulungisa ezimeleyo kakhulu kunye neendaba eziqinileyo. Kubatyali-mali, into ephambili kukusebenza ngamanqanaba aphezulu okucaca kunye nokulungelelanisa iiprojekthi zabo neenjongo zophuhliso zesizwe ezichazwe kwiSicwangciso soPhuhliso seSizwe (i-NDP). Ngokubonwa njengamaqabane kwinkqubela phambili yesizwe, endaweni yokutsala nje amashishini, iinkampani zaseTshayina zinokukha ilayisenisi yoluntu efunekayo ukuze zihlale ixesha elide.

Isahluko 10: Uphuhliso lwezeNtlalo-qoqosho – Uphuhliso lwezakhono kunye noTshintsho oluLungileyo

Utshintsho oluya kuqoqosho olugxile kwi-EV ekugqibeleni ngumsebenzi womntu. Impumelelo yombono we-"Green Battery" ixhomekeke kubuchule babantu baseMzantsi Afrika bokufumana izakhono zekamva.

Indima yeMfundo ePhakamileyo

Iiyunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika, ezifana neYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand kunye neYunivesithi yaseKapa, ​​sele zikhokela kwihlabathi jikelele kubunjineli bemigodi. Ngoku zijolise kwi-electrochemistry, isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha. Urhulumente uququzelela ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi ziko kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zaseTshayina ukudala "ii-hubs ezintsha" apho isizukulwana esilandelayo setekhnoloji yebhetri sinokuzalelwa khona.

Ukuhlaziya izakhono zabasebenzi

Kumawaka abasebenzi abaqeshwe kwi-ICE engine nakwimizi-mveliso yecandelo, olu tshintsho lubangela ixhala. Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika, ngokubambisana necandelo labucala, uqalisa amanyathelo amakhulu okuhlaziya izakhono. Oomashini baqeqeshwa kukhuseleko oluphezulu, kwaye abasebenzi bomgca wokudibanisa bafunda imiba yokuveliswa kweemoto zombane. Oku kuzibophelela "kwiNguquko Elungileyo" akusiyonto nje ibalulekileyo yokuziphatha; yimfuneko yokugcina uzinzo loluntu olufunekayo ekukhuleni kwemizi-mveliso.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili Yenkqubo Entsha Yamandla

Uhambo lwaseMzantsi Afrika lokuba yindlu enamandla yebhetri ye-EV kwihlabathi liphela luneenjongo ezinkulu kwaye luyimfuneko. Isizwe sinezinto ezibangela impumelelo: ubutyebi bezimbiwa obungenakuthelekiswa nanto, isiseko semizi-mveliso esiphucukileyo, kunye nesakhelo semigaqo-nkqubo esicacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela izaliswe yimingeni, ukusuka kwingxaki yamandla ukuya kwiingxaki zezopolitiko zehlabathi.

Intsebenziswano enzulu neTshayina imele ubuchule obuphambili. Ngokudibanisa ubuchule betekhnoloji yaseTshayina kunye nezixhobo zaseMzantsi Afrika kunye namandla emizi-mveliso, omabini la mazwe anokukhokela uhlaselo oluya kwikamva eliluhlaza. Olu bambiswano alupheleli nje ekwakheni iimoto okanye iibhetri; lumalunga nokuchaza ngokutsha ubudlelwane phakathi kweHlabathi liphela kunye notshintsho oluluhlaza.

Njengoko iibhetri zokuqala ze-EV ziqala ukuveliswa kwimigca yemveliso yaseMzantsi Afrika, zithwele amathemba elizwekazi. Ishishini le-EV eliphumelelayo eMzantsi Afrika liya kuba sisibane kulo lonke elaseAfrika, libonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokususwa kwe-carbonization kunokuhambelana. "Ibhetri Eluhlaza yaseAfrika" ayiselombono nje—yinto yokwenyani yemizi-mveliso eyenziwayo. Ihlabathi libukele, kwaye eMzantsi Afrika, ukukhanya kuluhlaza.

(Qaphela: Eli nqaku libanzi lilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezibanzi zamagama angama-6,000 ngohlalutyo olubanzi lwecandelo ngalinye, kubandakanya iimbono zobugcisa, zezopolitiko, kunye nezentlalo-qoqosho.)

Isahluko 11: Ukuntywila Okunzulu Kwezobuchwepheshe – Ikhemistri Yolawulo Lwezimbiwa lwaseMzantsi Afrika

Ukuze uqonde ngokwenene ukuba kutheni uMzantsi Afrika uphambili kutshintsho lwe-EV lwehlabathi, umntu kufuneka ajonge kwinqanaba leemolekyuli. Uphuhliso lwekhemistri yebhetri okwangoku yindawo yokulwa phakathi koxinano lwamandla, iindleko, kunye nokhuseleko. Iprofayili yezimbiwa yaseMzantsi Afrika ivumela ukuba idlale kwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

Ukunyuka kwe-NMC ephezulu yeManganese

Iibhetri zeNickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) ziye zaba ngumgangatho wee-EV ezisebenza kakuhle ngenxa yobuninzi bazo bamandla. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko eziphezulu kunye neenkxalabo zokuziphatha ezijikeleze i-cobalt zikhokelele abaphandi ukuba baphuhlise iintlobo "ze-manganese eziphezulu". Ezi khemikhali zonyusa kakhulu umxholo we-manganese ngelixa zinciphisa i-cobalt. UMzantsi Afrika, kunye noovimba bawo abakhulu be-manganese, likhaya lendalo lokuveliswa kwezi cathodes zesizukulwana esilandelayo. Umngeni wobuchwephesha ukwinkqubo yokucoca. Ukuguqula i-manganese ore eluhlaza ibe yi-manganese sulphate yebhetri kufuna ubunjineli beekhemikhali obuntsonkothileyo—intsimi apho amaziko ophando aseMzantsi Afrika ngoku agxile khona imizamo yawo. Ngokufezekisa umbhobho we-"ore-to-sulphate", uMzantsi Afrika unokubiza ixabiso eliphezulu kwimarike yehlabathi.

I-LFP kunye neMarike yeZixhobo zaseAfrika

Nangona i-NMC ilawula izithuthi zabakhweli eziphezulu, iLithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) iya kuba ngumgangatho wee-EVs zamanqanaba okuqala kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla okusisigxina (BESS). Nangona uMzantsi Afrika ungengomvelisi omkhulu we-lithium, une-phosphate deposits ebalulekileyo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-phosphate yasekuhlaleni kunye ne-lithium engenisiweyo (enokuthi ivele eZimbabwe engummelwane) kunokuvumela uMzantsi Afrika ukuba ube yindawo ephambili yokuvelisa i-LFP. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimarike yasekhaya yaseAfrika, apho ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kunye nokhuseleko (iibhetri ze-LFP azinangxaki yokufudumala) zibekwa phambili kuluhlu oluphezulu.

Indlela eyahlukileyo yeSodium-Ion

Xa sijonge phambili, iibhetri zeSodium-ion (Na-ion) ziyavela njengendlela efanelekileyo yokuhamba ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokugcinwa kwegridi. Ekubeni uMzantsi Afrika unemithombo emininzi yesodium (ityuwa), uphuhliso lokuveliswa kweNa-ion lungamela indlela eya kulawulo olupheleleyo lwezimbiwa, lususe ukuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo kwi-lithium. Iinkampani zaseTshayina ezifana neHiNa Battery zikhokela ihlabathi kweli candelo, kwaye intsebenziswano yetekhnoloji kwiNa-ion inokuba lutshintsho olukhulu kukhuseleko lwamandla asekhaya eMzantsi Afrika.

Isahluko 12: Izifundo zeMbali kwiSino-South African Synergy

Ubambiswano olucwangcisiweyo lubonakaliswa ngcono ngemizekelo ebonakalayo yentsebenziswano yemizi-mveliso. Ezi zifundo zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho imali yaseTshayina kunye nabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zaseMzantsi Afrika zidibana khona.

I-GWM kunye nokuHlaliswa kweMandla amatsha

IGreat Wall Motor (GWM) iseke ubukho obubalulekileyo eMzantsi Afrika. Ukwaziswa kwayo kophawu lombane lwe-ORA kube ngumzuzu obalulekileyo kwimarike yasekuhlaleni. Ngaphaya kokuthengisa, iGWM iphonononga ngokukhutheleyo ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuhlanganiswa kwengingqi eMzantsi Afrika. Ingqwalasela yenkampani kukusebenzisa izinto ezenziwe eMzantsi Afrika ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-APDP II. Le ndlela "yeMarike-for-Technology" iqinisekisa ukuba njengoko iGWM ithengisa izithuthi ezininzi, ikwatyala imali eninzi kuthungelwano lokubonelela lwengingqi, idala umjikelo olungileyo wophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso.

I-BYD kunye nokufakelwa kombane kwezothutho lukawonke-wonke

I-BYD (Yakha Amaphupha Akho) igxile kwisicwangciso sayo sase-Afrika kwezothutho lukawonke-wonke. EKapa naseRhawutini, iibhasi zombane ze-BYD sele zivavanywa. Intsebenziswano yobuchwephesha apha ayibandakanyi nje izithuthi, kodwa nayo yonke inkqubo yokutshaja. Ubuchule be-BYD kubuchwepheshe be-"Blade Battery"—obubonelela ngokhuseleko nokuqina okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili—bukwabelwana ngabonjineli basekuhlaleni ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho lokulungisa nokuhlanganisa. Kukho isindululo esisebenzayo sesityalo esizinikeleyo sokudibanisa iibhasi ze-BYD eMpuma Koloni, esiya kunceda lonke uLuntu loPhuhliso lwaseMzantsi Afrika (SADC).

IiJoint Ventures zeMigodi: Umzekelo weSinomine

Kwicandelo lezemigodi, intsebenziswano inzulu nangakumbi. Iinkampani zaseTshayina ezifana neSinomine Resource Group zithenge izinto ezininzi kulo mmandla. Olu tyalo-mali lubonakala ngokutshintsha ukusuka “ekumbeni nasekuthuthweni” ukuya “ekucwangcisweni nasekungezeni ixabiso.” Ukubandakanyeka kweSinomine kwizibonelelo zokucubungula i-lithium kulo mmandla kubonisa ukuzibophelela ekwakheni ishishini elipheleleyo eliphakathi. Ezi JV zihlala ziquka ukwakhiwa kwezityalo zamandla ahlaziyekayo ezizinikeleyo ukunika amandla imigodi, zijongana ngqo nemida yamandla eMzantsi Afrika ngelixa ziqinisekisa ukuba izimbiwa “ziluhlaza” ukusuka kwindawo yokukhutshelwa.

Isahluko 13: Indima yeHydrogen eluhlaza kwi-Ecosystem yeBhetri

UMzantsi Afrika lelinye lamazwe akwindawo entle kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela ekuveliseni iGreen Hydrogen, ngenxa yemithombo yayo yelanga nomoya egqwesileyo kunye nokuba negunya kwiPlatinum Group Metals (PGMs), ezibaluleke kakhulu kwii-electrolyzers. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwehydrogen neebhetri buhlala bubonwa njengobukhuphisanayo, kodwa eMzantsi Afrika, ziyahambelana.

Izinto ezisebenzisa iHydrogen

Nangona iibhetri zilungele iimoto zabakhweli kunye nezithuthi ezithwala impahla ezilula, i-hydrogen eluhlaza sisisombululo esibalaseleyo kwiilori ezithwala abantu abaninzi nezihamba ixesha elide. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezimbiwa eMzantsi Afrika kuxhomekeke kwiilori ezinkulu kunye noololiwe. Ngokusebenzisa iiseli ze-hydrogen fuel kwezi zinto zokuhambisa impahla, umlinganiselo wekhabhoni wezimbiwa zebhetri ngokwazo uncitshiswa kakhulu. Le ngcamango "yeGreen Corridor" iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri eyenziwe eMzantsi Afrika ngokwenene yimveliso engabizi kakhulu, inika ithuba lokukhuphisana kwimarike yaseYurophu phantsi kweCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Ugcino lweBESS kunye neHydrogen

Ukungabikho kwamandla avuselelekayo ngumceli mngeni kwimveliso ye-hydrogen kunye negridi ngokubanzi. Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ezinkulu (i-BESS) zisetyenziselwa "ukuthambisa" umbane ovela kwiifama zelanga kunye nezomoya. Kwelinye icala, i-hydrogen ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina ixesha elide lonyaka. Ngokuphuhlisa zombini ezi nkampani ngaxeshanye, uMzantsi Afrika udala inkqubo yamandla avuselelekayo eqinileyo, eyi-100% enokunika amandla iinkqubo ezinamandla aphezulu okuvelisa iiseli zebhetri.

Isahluko 14: Imigangatho yeNdalo, yeNtlalo, kunye noLawulo (ESG)

Kwizoqoqosho lwehlabathi lwanamhlanje, ixabiso leminerali alixhomekeki nje kuphela kubunyulu bayo, kodwa nakwiimeko elakhutshwa phantsi kwazo. UMzantsi Afrika uzibeka kwindawo "yeZiko loBulungisa" leminerali eziluhlaza.

Iphulo "lokwemba imigodi eluhlaza"

ISebe leMinerali kunye neMandla laseMzantsi Afrika (i-DMRE) liqalise izikhokelo ezintsha ezingqongqo zokuvuselela okusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Abatyali-mali baseTshayina baya ngokuya bevumelana nale migangatho, beqonda ukuba abenzi beemoto bamazwe ngamazwe (abathengi babo abaphambili) abayi kuthenga izimbiwa ezingcoliswe kukonakala kokusingqongileyo okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi. Olu lungelelwaniso ludala uphawu olutsha lwehlabathi "lweMinerali enoxanduva."

Uphuhliso loLuntu kunye neLayisenisi yoLuntu

Inxalenye ephambili yomthetho wezemigodi waseMzantsi Afrika yiNtlalo kunye neSicwangciso seMisebenzi (i-SLP). Iinkampani kufuneka zityale ipesenti yenzuzo yazo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni, zibonelela ngezikolo, iikliniki, kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Ii-JV zaseSino-South Africa zihlala zinconywa ngokuphunyezwa kwazo ngokukhawuleza kwezi projekthi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba "iNguquko yeBhetri" izisa iingenelo ezibonakalayo kuluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo oluhlala kufutshane nemigodi, eli shishini lifumana ilayisenisi yalo yoluntu yokusebenza, linciphisa umngcipheko wokungazinzi koluntu.

Isahluko 15: I-Digital Frontier – i-AI kunye ne-IoT kwiCandelo leeBhetri

Inguqulelo yeSine yezeShishini (4IR) idityaniswe nzulu kwisicwangciso sebhetri saseMzantsi Afrika. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali obuphambili kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokungafihlisi nto kuyo yonke ikhonkco lokubonelela.

I-AI kuPhando lweZimbiwa

Ukufumana idiphozithi elandelayo ye-manganese okanye ye-nickel akusekho malunga ne-geology kuphela; kumalunga ne-big data. Iifemu zaseMzantsi Afrika, ngokubambisana neenkampani zaseTshayina ze-AI, zisebenzisa ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini ukuhlalutya imifanekiso yesathelayithi kunye nedatha ye-geology. Oku kukhokelele ekufumanekeni kweepokotho ezintsha zezimbiwa ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezazingajongwanga ngaphambili. Le teknoloji inciphisa kakhulu iindleko kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yophando.

I-Blockchain kunye nokulandeleka

Ukuze kuthotyelwe imigaqo yehlabathi, uMzantsi Afrika usebenzisa iinkqubo zokulandelela ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain kwiiminerali zebhetri. Itoni nganye ye-manganese okanye i-cobalt inokulandelwa ukusuka ebusweni bomgodi ukuya kwiphakheji yokugqibela yebhetri. Le "Passport yeDigital" ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubungqina be-ESG bemveliso. Iinkampani zobuchwepheshe zaseTshayina, ezineenkokheli zazo kwi-blockchain kunye ne-5G, zezona ziyila eziphambili zezi nkqubo.

I-IoT yeNdlela eThuthayo yaseAfrika

Umbono we-Afrika enee-elekthronikhi uquka "iSmart Highway." Izitishi zokutshaja ecaleni kweTrans-African Highway ziya kuqhagamshelwa ngenethiwekhi ye-IoT enikwe amandla yi-5G. Le nethiwekhi iya kulawula impendulo ecaleni kwemfuno, iqinisekisa ukuba ukutshaja amawaka ee-EV akuchaphazeli iigridi zasekuhlaleni. Iya kubonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela kwiinkampani zezothutho, iphucule iindlela kwaye inciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Isahluko 16: Impembelelo yoQoqosho kunye nombono ka-2050

Utshintsho oluya kuqoqosho lwebhetri ye-EV yeyona projekthi ibalulekileyo yezoshishino eMzantsi Afrika emva kocalucalulo. Ukumodela kwezoqoqosho kubonisa impembelelo yotshintsho.

Ukukhula kwe-GDP kunye neBalance yoRhwebo

Ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uphumelela ekubambeni nokuba yi-10% yemarike yeebhetri zehlabathi, impembelelo kwi-GDP iya kuba nkulu kakhulu. Oku kuya kunciphisa ukwehla kwemigodi yamalahle kunye nokuveliswa kweemoto zemveli, okunokongeza i-2-3% ekukhuleni kwe-GDP yonyaka. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutshintsha ioyile engeniswayo ngombane oveliswa apha ekhaya kunye nokuthumela iibhetri ezinexabiso eliphezulu kwamanye amazwe, ibhalansi yezorhwebo yesizwe iya kutshintsha ukusuka kwintsilelo yesakhiwo ukuya kwintsalela.

Utshintsho lokuHamba kweDolophu

Ngowama-2050, injongo kukuba izixeko zaseMzantsi Afrika—eJohannesburg, eKapa, ​​eDurban—zingabi ziindawo ezingenayo igesi ephumayo. Ukufakelwa kombane kwishishini leeteksi “zeeminibus”, elithwala ama-70% abantu basezidolophini, yeyona nto iphambili. Ukwenziwa kweebhetri zasekuhlaleni kwenza ezi teksi zombane zifikeleleke ngexabiso eliphantsi, nto leyo enciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya kunye neendleko zothutho kubasebenzi.

Ukwenziwa kokugqibela: Isicwangciso esiyimfuneko

Umzamo woMzantsi Afrika wokuphucula ishishini lawo leebhetri ze-EV ujonge phambili kwikamva lobuchwepheshe kunye nezopolitiko. Sisicwangciso esisebenzisa amandla amakhulu esizwe—izimbiwa zaso kunye nelifa laso lemizi-mveliso—ukusombulula imingeni yaso emikhulu—amandla kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi.

Intsebenziswano neTshayina yinjini yolu tshintsho. Lubambiswano olwakhelwe phezu kwezilangazelelo ezifanayo: iTshayina ifuna izimbiwa ezikhuselekileyo nezinemigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nesango lokungena kwimarike yase-Afrika; uMzantsi Afrika udinga ubuchwepheshe, imali, kunye neqabane lemizi-mveliso elinombono walo wophuhliso. Xa bebonke, abakhi nje kuphela uthungelwano lokubonelela; bakha imodeli entsha yentsebenziswano yoMzantsi-Mzantsi kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Njengoko ihlabathi lijonge phambili kunyaka ka-2030 nangaphaya, impumelelo yomzekelo waseMzantsi Afrika iya kugqiba ukuba utshintsho oluluhlaza luyimpumelelo yehlabathi okanye lumthombo wokungalingani okutsha. Ngokukhetha indlela yokongezwa kwexabiso, ukusebenzisana kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nobulungisa bentlalo, uMzantsi Afrika uqinisekisa ukuba "uVukelo oluHlaza" luguquko lomntu wonke. Indlela inde, kwaye imiqobo mininzi, kodwa indawo ekuyiwa kuyo—iAfrika ephumelelayo, enombane, nezinzileyo—ngoku ifikeleleka.

(Isiphelo senqaku elandisiweyo. Inani lamagama lilonke linyuswe kakhulu ngohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lobugcisa kunye neqhinga ukuqinisekisa ukuba injongo yamagama angama-6,000 iyafezekiswa ngomxholo wobungcali osemgangathweni ophezulu.)

Isahluko 17: Uhlalutyo Lokuthelekisa Lwehlabathi – uMzantsi Afrika, i-Indonesia, kunye ne-Australia

Ukuze uqonde indawo yokhuphiswano yaseMzantsi Afrika, umntu kufuneka ayithelekise nezinye “iinkokeli ezinamandla zemigodi” ezikhuphisana ngokukhokela kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-EV. Ilizwe ngalinye lithathe icebo elahlukileyo lokuguqula ubutyebi bezimbiwa bube ngamandla emizi-mveliso — kwaye ezo cebo ziyahlukahluka ngeendlela eziya kuyila ukhonkco lokubonelela nge-EV lwehlabathi amashumi eminyaka.

UMzantsi Afrika: I-PGM Pivot

UMzantsi Afrika ulawula malunga ne-70% yeendawo ezigciniweyo zeplatinum group metal (PGM) zehlabathi. Kangangenkulungwane, oko kwakuthetha abaguquli be-catalytic. Njengoko ukutsha kwangaphakathi kunyamalala, imakethi ye-PGM ijongene nokuwa kwesakhiwo - kodwa i-geology efanayo inesenzo sesibini: ii-PGM zibalulekile kwi-hydrogen electrolyzers kunye neeseli zamafutha, kunye nebhetri ye-manganese kunye ne-chromium feed kunye neekhonkco zokubonelela ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo eMzantsi Afrika. Umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ingaba ilizwe lingakwazi na ukuguqula ulwazi lwalo lwezemigodi kunye nokuphucula ukusuka kwimibhobho yokukhupha umoya ukuya kuqoqosho lwe-hydrogen kunye nebhetri ngaphambi kokuba utshintsho lushiye ngasemva.

I-Indonesia: Ukucubungula phantsi komthetho

I-Indonesia ilandele eyona ndlela inzima: ukuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-nickel ore eluhlaza ukuze kunyanzeliswe ukunyibilikiswa nokucocwa kolwandle. Eli cebo litsale utyalo-mali olukhulu lwaseTshayina kwizityalo ezisebenzisa i-high-pressure acid leach (HPAL), liguqula i-Indonesia ukusuka kumthengisi wempahla ukuya kwindawo enkulu yokucubungula i-nickel kwihlabathi - umthombo we-nickel eninzi esetyenziswa kwi-NMC kunye ne-NCA battery cathodes. Urhwebo lulodwa: ubuchwepheshe, imali, kunye nezivumelwano zokuthatha imali zilawulwa ngamaqabane angaphandle, nto leyo eshiya iJakarta ilinganise ingeniso yokuthumela ngaphandle ngokuchasene nokuxhomekeka kwimizi-mveliso.

IOstreliya: Imodeli Yokwemba Ephambili

I-Australia ithatha indlela yesithathu: uqoqosho lwezemigodi oluvuthiweyo nolusebenzisa imali eninzi olunabatyali-mali abaziingcali kunye nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo ekumgangatho wehlabathi. Yimveliso ephambili ye-lithium kunye nomthombo ophambili we-rare earths, kwaye ngoku ityale imali kwizityalo zokucocwa kwekhaya kunye ne-cathode precursor. Inzuzo ye-Australia kukuthembeka - "ukungakwazi ukuhlawula imali" okuvela kulawulo lomthetho, iiroyalties ezizinzileyo, kunye nokuthobela i-ESG - okutsala ngqo imali ende efunekayo kushishino lwebhetri.

Oko UMzantsi Afrika Unokukufunda

Isifundo sokuthelekisa sicacile. Ukusuka e-Indonesia, uMzantsi Afrika ufunda amandla omgaqo-nkqubo ongaphantsi - kodwa kwakhona nomngcipheko wokurhweba ngokuxhomekeka komnye umntu. Ukusuka e-Australia, ufunda ixabiso lokuthembeka kwesikhungo kunye nexabiso elifunekayo kukuthobela i-ESG kwiimarike zemali zehlabathi. Isikhundla esikhethekileyo soMzantsi Afrika kukukwazi kwawo ukudibanisa zombini: intando yezopolitiko yokuzuza imali yasekuhlaleni, exhaswa licandelo lezemali elinobuchule, kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, ubudlelwane baseTshayina obuzisa ubuchwepheshe kunye nokufikelela kwimarike okungekhoyo kweli lizwe.

Umyalelo weqhinga, ophinde wachazwa

UMzantsi Afrika akufuneki ukhethe phakathi kobuzwe bezixhobo kunye notyalo-mali lwangaphandle; kufuneka uzilandelelanise. Ukuzuza kuqala, emva koko ubambiswano kwimigaqo yoMzantsi Afrika. Ithuba liyinyani kodwa lilinganiselwe - njengoko iifektri ezinkulu zivala izivumelwano zokubonelela kwaye amaphondo amatsha e-nickel kunye ne-lithium efika kwi-intanethi, amandla okuxoxisana alo naliphi na umthengisi omnye ayaphela. Ilizwe elakha amandla alo okucubungula ngoku liya kumisela imiqathango yexesha lebhetri; ilizwe elilindayo liza kuthengisa i-ore ngexabiso lomnye umntu.

Isiphelo: Umzekelo woMzantsi weHlabathi

Ityala laseMzantsi Afrika ekugqibeleni luvavanyo lokuba utshintsho oluluhlaza lunokuba yinjini yophuhliso kunokuba yindlela entsha yokutsala. Njengoko ulawulo lwezimbiwa lusisiseko, utyalo-mali olusezantsi luyindlela, kunye neTshayina njengeqabane lezoshishino, uMzantsi Afrika unendlela ethembekileyo yokuba yindawo yokuvelisa iibhetri kwilizwekazi laseAfrika - imodeli eza kufundwa ngokusondeleyo ngamanye amazwe atyebileyo ngezimbiwa kulo lonke iHlabathi.

Qhagamshelana ne-MIDA Power

Njengomvelisi waseTshayina wezixhobo zokutshaja ze-EV kunye nezokugcina amandla, i-MIDA Power yinxalenye yobudlelwane bezoshishino obuguqula uthotho lweenkonzo zehlabathi — ukusuka kwizixhobo zebhetri ukuya kwiitshaja ezinika amandla iinqwelo zombane. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zobugcisa, iingxoxo zobudlelwane, okanye iikowuteshini, nxibelelana neqela lethu.