Izindinganiso zokunikeza izitifiketi okufanele izinqwaba zokushaja zaseShayina zihambisane nazo lapho zithunyelwa eYurophu

Izindinganiso zokunikeza izitifiketi okufanele izinqwaba zokushaja zaseShayina zihambisane nazo lapho zithunyelwa eYurophu

Uma kuqhathaniswa neChina, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda eshajayo eYurophu nase-United States kusalele emuva. Idatha yezokuphepha ikhombisa ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2022, isilinganiso sase-China sezindawo zokushaja zomphakathi ezimotweni sime ku-7.3, kanti izibalo ezihambisanayo zase-United States ne-Europe zazingu-23.1 kanye no-12.7 ngokulandelanayo. Lokhu kumelela igebe elibalulekile ukusuka esilinganisweni esiqondiwe esingu-1:1.

Ukuqagela okususelwe ekukhuleni kokuthengiswa kwezimoto zamandla amasha, amanani okungena, kanye nokwehliswa konyaka kwesilinganiso semoto neshaja ukuya ku-1:1 kukhombisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2030, amazinga okukhula onyaka ahlanganisiwe okuthengiswa kwezindawo zokushaja zomphakathi eChina, eYurophu nase-US azofinyelela ku-34.2%, 13.0%, no-44.2% ngokulandelana kwawo. Njengoba isidingo samaphuzu okushaja emakethe yaseYurophu sikhula kancane kancane, akhona amathuba abalulekile okuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okushaja ingqalasizinda.

Njengomholi womhlaba wonke ekukhiqizeni imishini yokushaja, abakhiqizi beziteshi zokushaja baseChina sebeqalile ukuthumela ngaphandle eYurophu. Idatha yenkampani yezokuphepha ibonisa ukuthi iziteshi zokushaja ezingaphezu kuka-30,000—okuhlanganisa womabili amamodeli e-AC kanye ne-DC—zithunyelwe zisuka e-China zayiswa e-Europe. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yokushaja ekhiqizwe eShayina ithola ukuqashelwa emakethe yaseYurophu futhi yandisa kancane kancane isabelo sayo semakethe.

Uma ngabe uhlela ukungena emakethe yengqalasizinda eshajayo yaseYurophu, ukuthobela izindinganiso zesitifiketi zase-Europe kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngezansi izindinganiso zesitifiketi okudingeka uziqonde, kanye nemininingwane yazo ethile kanye nezindleko ezihambisanayo:

1. Isitifiketi se-CE:Kusebenza kuwo wonke amathuluzi kagesi, lesi isitifiketi sokuphepha esiyisibopho ngaphakathi kwe-European Union. Izinga lifaka ukuphepha kukagesi, ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic, i-Low Voltage Directive, nezinye izici. Izindleko zesitifiketi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Imvamisa, izindleko zesitifiketi se-CE zifaka izindleko zokuhlola, izindleko zokubuyekezwa kwamadokhumenti, kanye nezindleko zesevisi yenhlangano enikeza izitifiketi. Izimali zokuhlola ngokuvamile zinqunywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwangempela komkhiqizo, kuyilapho izimali zokubuyekeza imibhalo zihlolwa ngokuya ngokuhlolwa kwemibhalo yomkhiqizo namafayela obuchwepheshe. Izinkokhelo zesevisi yenhlangano yesitifiketi ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlangano, ngokuvamile ezisukela ku-£30,000 kuya ku-£50,000, nesikhathi sokucubungula cishe esiyizinyanga ezi-2-3 (ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokulungisa).

2. Isitifiketi se-RoHS:Kusebenza kuyo yonke imikhiqizo kagesi neye-elekthronikhi, lesi isitifiketi semvelo esiyisibopho ngaphakathi kwe-EU. Leli zinga likhawulela okuqukethwe kwezinto eziyingozi emikhiqizweni, efana nomthofu, i-mercury, i-cadmium, ne-hexavalent chromium. Izindleko zesitifiketi nazo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Izimali zesitifiketi se-RoHS ngokuvamile zifaka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwezinto, ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri, kanye nezindleko zokubuyekezwa kwemibhalo. Izimali zokuhlaziya izinto zinquma okuqukethwe kwezinto ezingaphakathi komkhiqizo, kuyilapho izimali zokuhlola ilabhorethri zihlola amazinga ezinto ezingavunyelwe. Izimali zokubuyekeza idokhumenti zinqunywa ukuhlolwa kwamadokhumenti omkhiqizo namafayela okusebenza, ngokuvamile asukela ku-¥50,000 kuya ku-¥200,000, ngesikhathi sokucubungula cishe amaviki angu-2-3 (ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokulungisa).

3. Isitifiketi se-TUV:Ikhishwe yinhlangano yaseJalimane i-TUV Rheinland, yamukelwa kabanzi ezimakethe zaseYurophu. Leli zinga lokuqinisekisa lihlanganisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo, ukwethembeka, ukusebenza kwemvelo, nezinye izici. Izindleko zesitifiketi ziyahlukahluka ngendikimba yesitifiketi nezinga, nezinkokhelo zonyaka zokuvuselela ngokuvamile ezifika ku-¥20,000.

4. Isitifiketi se-EN:Qaphela ukuthi i-EN ayisona isitifiketi kodwa ingumthethonqubo; I-EN imele izindinganiso. Kuphela ngemva kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwe-EN lapho uphawu lwe-CE lunganamathiselwa khona, okuvumela ukuthekelisa ku-EU. I-EN isungula amazinga omkhiqizo, ngemikhiqizo ehlukene ehambisana namazinga e-EN ahlukene. Ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwezinga elithile le-EN nakho kusho ukuhambisana nezidingo zesitifiketi se-CE, yingakho kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi isitifiketi se-EN. Isebenza kuwo wonke amathuluzi kagesi, yakha indinganiso yesitifiketi sokuphepha sikagesi saseYurophu. Leli zinga lesitifiketi lifaka ukuphepha kukagesi, ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic, i-Low Voltage Directive, nezinye izici. Izindleko zesitifiketi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngendikimba yesitifiketi nephrojekthi ethile. Ngokuvamile, izindleko zesitifiketi se-EN zifaka izindleko zokuqeqesha ezihambisanayo, izinkokhiso zokuhlola, nezimali zesitifiketi, ngokuvamile ezisukela ku-£2,000 kuya ku-£5,000.

Ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene ezithonyayo, kuyancomeka ukuthintana nendikimba efanelekile yezitifiketi noma uxhumane ne-ejensi yezitifiketi echwepheshile ukuze uthole ulwazi olunembile mayelana nesitifiketi se-CE, isitifiketi se-RoHS, i-TÜV, kanye nezindleko zesitifiketi se-EN.