Isitifiketi Senqwaba Yokushaja Ejwayelekile YaseMelika (II) – Izidingo Zokufinyelela Emakethe (OSHA/NRTL/ANSI)

Umehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwesitifiketi e-United States kanye nesitifiketi kwezinye izifunda ukuntuleka kwelebula lokuhambisana elihlanganisiwe neliqondile.

EShayina, imikhiqizo ehambisanayo idinga ukulebula uphawu oluyimpoqo lwe-3C (China Compulsory Certification). Amabhange kagesi angenalo lolu phawu awavunyelwe ukuthwalwa ezindizeni; Imikhiqizo ethunyelwa eYurophu kumele imakwe uphawu lwe-CE, olunezidingo eziqinile zefonti, usayizi, kanye nendawo, ngaphandle kwalokho ayikwazi ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwamasiko; IJapane nayo inelogo ye-PSE (Product Safety of Electrical Appliances&Materials) ehambisanayo, kanti iNingizimu Korea inelogo ye-KC.

Ngokuvamile, ukulebula ukuhambisana nemithetho kunqunywa uhulumeni ngokwenza izinqumo ezihlangene kanye nokusebenzisa amandla okuphatha ukuze kukhuthazwe.

Kusobala ukuthi i-United States ayinayo imithetho enjalo.

Iyini i-NRTL National Laboratory e-United States?

Okokuqala, i-NRTL (i-Nationally Recognised Testing Laboratory) iyilabhorethri eqashelwa kuzwelonke e-United States. Nakuba inesikhundla sikazwelonke, akuyona isikhungo sikazwelonke kodwa inhlangano yomkhakha ozimele. Noma iyiphi inhlangano kanye ne-ejensi yokuhlola ingafaka isicelo sokuba yilungu le-NRTL. Kudingeka kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze-29 CFR 1910.7 kuphela, kanye nezimfuneko ezithile ezifaka:

• ✔ Ikhono lokuhlola nokuhlola ukuthi imishini iyahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zokuhlola ezifanele;
• ✔ Sebenzisa ukulawula okwanele ekuhlonzweni kwemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe bese wenza ukuhlolwa okulandelayo ekukhiqizweni kwangempela;
• ✔ Kuzimele ngokuphelele kumsebenzisi (okungukuthi umqashi ovinjelwe yizidingo zemishini yokuhlola) nanoma yimuphi umenzi noma umhlinzeki wemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe;
• ✔ Thuthukisa imiphumela yophenyo ephumelelayo kanye nezinqubo zokusingatha izikhalazo kanye nezingxabano;

Njengamanje, ngokohlu lwelabhorethri olushicilelwe kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-OSHA, amalabhorethri angu-22 athole iziqu ze-NRTL. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinhlangano zokuhlola nezitifiketi ezaziwayo zisohlwini lwe-NRTL, njenge-UL ne-CSA, okuyizikhungo zokuhlola eziyinhloko eNyakatho Melika.

Qaphela:Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amalabhorethri athole iziqu ze-NRTL kungenzeka angakwazi ngempela ukuqinisekisa umkhiqizo othile. Sidinga futhi ukuhlola ukuthi ilabhorethri inawo yini amandla okukhiqiza amazinga alo mkhiqizo.

（2） I-OSHA kanye ne-NRTL

Izindinganiso ezibalwe yilabhorethri ye-NRTL, ezihilela iziteshi zokushaja, yi-UL 2202 kanye ne-UL 2594. Ngihlole wonke umuntu futhi ngithole ukuthi amalabhorethri amakhulu emakethe ayakwazi ukukhiqiza lezi zindinganiso ezimbili.

Ukuze kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe iziteshi zokushaja, kuyadingeka kuphela ukuthola ilabhorethri eneziqu ze-NRTL, i-OSHA ukuze ihlole ububanzi bamakhono, iphumelele ukuhlolwa kwayo kanye nokugunyazwa kwayo, bese ibeka uphawu lwayo kuyo ukuze ithengiswe endaweni e-United States.

Isitifiketi esenziwe yizikhungo ze-UL sisebenzisa ilogo ye-UL, isitifiketi esenziwe yizikhungo ze-T Ü VS Ü D sisebenzisa ilogo eyingqayizivele ye-octagonal, kanti isitifiketi esenziwe yi-T Ü V Rheinland sisebenzisa ilogo yaseNyakatho Melika yaseRheinland. Ngokombono wokulawula, akukho mehluko obalulekile ekulebheni kwabo, njengoba bonke beqashelwa yi-OSHA.

Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi benqwaba yokushaja bakhululekile ukukhetha i-ejensi yokuqinisekisa ebafanele, futhi asikho isidingo sokukhetha i-UL ngempela. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi i-UL iyimfanelo yokwamukelwa e-United States, kodwa empeleni, i-UL iyi-ejensi yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa yangasese futhi ayinawo amalungelo okuphoqelela asemthethweni okuphatha.

（3） I-NFPA 70

Imikhiqizo kagesi e-United States ayidingi nje kuphela ukuhlangabezana nesitifiketi selabhorethri ezigunyaziwe ze-NRTL, kodwa futhi idinga ukuhambisana nencazelo - i-NFPA 70.

I-NFPA 70 (National Fire Protection Association), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-NEC (National Electrical Code), igama lesiShayina yilokho esikujwayele – i-American Electrical Code. E-United States, cishe wonke unjiniyela kagesi une-laptop.

Akumangazi yini ukuthi ikhodi kagesi e-United States inegama elifanayo nele-National Fire Protection Commission?

I-NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), Nakuba ibizwa ngokuthi i-National Fire Protection Association, futhi iyinhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Njenge-basketball league NBA kanye ne-football league NFL e-United States, ziyizinhlangano zomphakathi zezentengiselwano. Inhlangano ye-NFPA yasungulwa ngo-1896 ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa ububanzi namapayipi amanzi emishini yokuvikela umlilo yendawo - izinhlelo zokufafaza ezizenzakalelayo.

(4) Isifinyezo

Ake sifingqe okuqukethwe esisanda kuxoxa ngakho. Uma imikhiqizo yesiteshi sokushaja ithunyelwa e-United States:

• ● Umkhiqizo ngokwawo, ama-DC piles kudingeka ahambisane nezimfuneko ze-UL 2202, kanti ama-AC piles kudingeka ahambisane nezimfuneko ze-UL 2594;
• ● Ukufakwa kanye nokufakwa kwezintambo kumele kuhambisane nezidingo ze-NFPA 70 625 e-United States;
• ● Ukuhlolwa kanye nesitifiketi kumele kuhambisane nama-laboratory agunyaziwe yi-NRTL, njenge-UL/CSA/T Ü VS Ü D, njll.;

Umdwebo onemininingwane umi kanje:

Okokugcina, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi isitifiketi se-UL akuyona yodwa indlela yokungena emakethe yase-US. Ukuhlolwa kanye nesitifiketi esivela kwezinye izinhlangano nakho kuhambisana nemithetho nemigomo yase-US.

Yiqiniso, i-UL iyinhlangano endala yokuqinisekisa uphawu e-United States, eyamukelwa kakhulu ezweni lonke. Ukuthola isitifiketi se-UL kuzokhulisa idumela lemakethe. Izindleko zinjengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kokubili intengo kanye nomjikelezo akulungile neze.

Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okukhethekile kwesikhungo sokuqinisekisa amabhizinisi asekhaya adinga ukulinganisela nokulinganisela phakathi kwesabelomali sawo, indawo yomkhiqizo, kanye nezidingo zabathengi baseMelika.