Tiwhikete Puranga Utu Paerewa o Amerika (II) – Ngā Whakaritenga Whakauru Mākete (OSHA/NRTL/ANSI)

Ko te rerekētanga tino kitea i waenga i te tiwhikete i te Hononga o Amerika me te tiwhikete i ētahi atu rohe ko te kore o tētahi tapanga hanganga ture kotahi, motuhake hoki.

I Haina, me tāpiri he tohu 3C (Tiwhikete Whakahau a Haina) ki ngā hua e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga. Kāore e whakaaetia kia haria ngā pēke hiko kāore he tohu nei i runga i ngā waka rererangi; me tāpiri he tohu CE ki ngā hua e kaweake ana ki Ūropi, he whakaritenga tino pakari mō te momotuhi, te rahi, me te tūranga, ki te kore, kāore e taea te whiti i te tirotiro a te tari tāke; kei a Hapani anō te tohu PSE (Haumaru Hua o ngā Taputapu Hiko me ngā Rauemi), ko Kōrea ki te Tonga ia kei a ia te tohu KC.

I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakatauhia te tapanga hanganga ture e te kāwanatanga mā te whakatau ngātahi me te whakamahi i te mana whakahaere hei whakatairanga.

He mārama noa iho, kāore he ture pēnei a te Hononga o Amerika.

He aha te NRTL National Laboratory i te Hononga o Amerika?

Tuatahi, ko te NRTL (Nationally Recognised Testing Laboratory) he taiwhanga e mōhiotia ana e te motu i te United States. Ahakoa he tohu ā-Motu tōna, ehara i te mea he umanga ā-motu engari he whakahaere ā-rāngai tūmataiti. Ka taea e tetahi whakahaere me tetahi tari whakamātautau te tono kia noho hei mema mō te NRTL. Ko ngā whakaritenga anake o te 29 CFR 1910.7 me tutuki, me ngā whakaritenga motuhake tae atu ki:

• ✔ Te kaha ki te whakamātautau me te aromatawai mēnā e tutuki ana ngā taputapu i ngā paerewa whakamātautau e tika ana;
• ✔ Whakatinanahia he mana whakahaere e tika ana mō te tautuhi i ngā hua kua whakamanahia, ā, whakahaerehia he tirotiro i muri mai mō te hanga tuturu;
• ✔ Tino motuhake i te kaiwhakamahi (arā, ko te kaitukumahi e herea ana e ngā whakaritenga taputapu whakamātautau) me tetahi kaihanga, kaiwhakarato rānei o ngā hua whaimana;
• ✔ Te whakawhanake i ngā hua me ngā tikanga rangahau whai hua mō te whakahaere i ngā amuamu me ngā tautohe;

I tēnei wā, e ai ki te rārangi taiwhanga i whakaputaina ki te paetukutuku mana o te OSHA, e 22 ngā taiwhanga kua whiwhi i ngā tohu NRTL. Ko ngā tari whakamātautau me te tiwhikete rongonui kei runga i te rārangi NRTL, pērā i a UL me CSA, ko ēnei ngā tari whakamātautau matua i Amerika Te Raki.

Tuhipoka:Me mārama ko ngā taiwhanga kua whiwhi tohu NRTL, kāore pea e taea te whakamana i tētahi hua. Me tirotiro hoki mēnā kei te taiwhanga te kaha ki te whakaputa paerewa mō tēnei hua.

（2） OSHA me te NRTL

Ko ngā paerewa kua whakarārangihia e te taiwhanga NRTL, e pā ana ki ngā teihana utu, ko UL 2202 me UL 2594. Kua tirohia e au te katoa, ā, kua kitea e au ka taea e ngā taiwhanga matua o te mākete te whakaputa i ēnei paerewa e rua.

Mō te kaweake i ngā teihana utu hiko, me kimi noa i tētahi taiwhanga whai tohu NRTL, OSHA hei tirotiro i te whānuitanga o ngā āheinga, hei paahi i ā rātou whakamātautau me te whakamanatanga, ā, hei whakapiri i tā rātou waitohu ki runga hei hoko ā-rohe i te Hononga o Amerika.

Ko te tohu UL te tohu o te tiwhikete a ngā whare wānanga o UL, ko te tohu o ngā whare wānanga o TÜ VS Ü D te tohu ahurei o te taha waru, ā, ko te tohu o TÜ V Rheinland te tohu o Amerika Te Raki o Rheinland. Mai i te tirohanga ture, kāore he rerekētanga nui o ā rātou tapanga, nā te mea e mōhiotia ana rātou katoa e te OSHA.

Nō reira, e wātea ana ngā kaihanga pou utu ki te whiriwhiri i te tari tiwhikete e tika ana mō rātou, ā, kāore he take ki te whiriwhiri i te UL. He tokomaha e whakaaro hē ana ko te UL te tohu whakauru o te Hononga o Amerika, engari ko te mea pono, he tari whakamātautau me te tiwhikete tūmataiti noa iho a UL, ā, kāore he mana whakahaere mana.

（3） NFPA 70

Ehara i te mea me tutuki noa i ngā hua hiko o te Hononga o Amerika te tiwhikete a ngā taiwhanga whaimana NRTL, engari me tutuki hoki i tētahi whakaritenga – NFPA 70.

NFPA 70（National Fire Protection Association）， E mōhiotia ana ko NEC (National Electrical Code), ko te ingoa Hainamana tēnei e mōhiotia ana e tātou – ko te American Electrical Code. I te Hononga o Amerika, tata ki ngā miihini hiko katoa he pona.

He mea whakamiharo te rite o te ingoa o te waehere hiko o te Hononga o Amerika ki te National Fire Protection Commission?

NFPA（National Fire Protection Association）, Ahakoa e kiia ana ko te National Fire Protection Association, he whakahaere kāwanatanga-kore anō hoki. Pērā i te rīki poitūkohu NBA me te rīki whutupaoro NFL i te Hononga o Amerika, he whakahaere ā-iwi arumoni ēnei. I whakatūria te whakahaere NFPA i te tau 1896 me te whāinga kia whakakotahi i te diameter me ngā paipa wai o ngā taputapu tiaki ahi ā-rohe – arā, ngā pūnaha tauhiuhi aunoa.

（4） Whakarāpopototanga

Me whakarāpopoto ngā kōrero i kōrerotia ake nei. Mena ka kaweakehia ngā hua o te teihana utu ki te Hononga o Amerika:

• ● Me tutuki ngā puranga hiko DC ki ngā whakaritenga o te UL 2202, me ngā puranga hiko AC ki ngā whakaritenga o te UL 2594 mō te hua tonu;
• ● Me tutuki te tāutanga me te waea i ngā whakaritenga o te NFPA 70 625 i te Hononga o Amerika;
• ● Me tutuki ngā whakamātautau me ngā tiwhikete i ngā paerewa o ngā taiwhanga whaimana a te NRTL, pērā i te UL/CSA/T Ü VS Ü D, me ētahi atu;

Ko te hoahoa taipitopito penei:

Hei whakamutunga, me whakanui ko te tiwhikete UL ehara i te huarahi anake ki te tomo ki te mākete o Amerika. Ko ngā whakamātautau me ngā tiwhikete mai i ētahi atu whakahaere e tutuki ana hoki i ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga o Amerika.

He pono, he whakahaere tohu waitohu tawhito a UL i te Hononga o Amerika, he nui te manakohia o te motu. Mā te whiwhi tohu UL ka tino whakanui ake i te ingoa o te mākete. Ko te utu, e ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he tino rerekē te utu me te huringa.

Nō reira, me taurite te whiriwhiri i tētahi umanga tiwhikete mō ngā umanga puranga o te kāinga, me te whakataurite i waenga i tā rātou ake tahua, te tūnga o ngā hua, me ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko o Amerika.