Icyemezo cy’Ubucuruzi bw’Ibintu Bisanzwe bya Amerika (II) – Ibisabwa mu Kubona Isoko (OSHA/NRTL/ANSI)

Itandukaniro rigaragara cyane hagati y’icyemezo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’icyemezo mu tundi turere ni ukutagira ikirango cy’amategeko gihuriweho kandi cyihariye.

Mu Bushinwa, ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa bigomba kuba byanditseho ikimenyetso cya 3C (China Compulsory Certification). Amabanki y'amashanyarazi adafite iki kimenyetso ntiyemerewe gutwara mu ndege; Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Burayi bigomba kuba byanditseho ikimenyetso cya CE, gifite ibisabwa cyane ku nyuguti, ingano, n'aho biherereye, bitabaye ibyo ntibishobora gutsinda igenzura rya gasutamo; Ubuyapani bufite kandi ikirango cya PSE (Product Safety of Electrical Appliances & Materials) gihuye nacyo, mu gihe Koreya y'Epfo ifite ikirango cya KC.

Ubusanzwe, gushyiraho ikirango cy’amategeko akurikizwa bigenwa na guverinoma binyuze mu gufata ibyemezo bihuriweho no gukoresha ububasha bw’ubuyobozi mu kubiteza imbere.

Birumvikana ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zidafite ayo mategeko.

Laboratwari y'Igihugu ya NRTL muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni iki?

Ubwa mbere, NRTL (Laboratwari yemewe ku rwego rw'igihugu) ni laboratwari yemewe ku rwego rw'igihugu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Nubwo ifite izina ry'igihugu, si ikigo cy'igihugu ahubwo ni ikigo cyigenga. Umuryango uwo ari wo wose n'ikigo gipima bishobora gusaba kuba umunyamuryango wa NRTL. Ibisabwa gusa muri 29 CFR 1910.7 bigomba kuzuzwa, hamwe n'ibisabwa byihariye birimo:

• ✔ Ubushobozi bwo gupima no gusuzuma niba ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa mu isuzuma;
• ✔ Gushyiraho uburyo buhagije bwo kugenzura imenyekana ry'ibicuruzwa byemewe no gukora igenzura rikurikira ku musaruro nyakuri;
• ✔ Ntiyigenga na gato ku mukoresha (ni ukuvuga umukoresha ugengwa n'ibisabwa mu bikoresho byo gupima) ndetse n'uruganda cyangwa umutanga ibicuruzwa byemewe;
• ✔ Gutegura ibisubizo by'iperereza binoze n'uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo n'amakimbirane;

Kuri ubu, nk'uko urutonde rwa laboratwari rwashyizwe ahagaragara ku rubuga rwa OSHA rubigaragaza, laboratwari 22 zose zabonye impamyabumenyi za NRTL. Muri make, ibigo bizwi cyane bipima kandi byemeza biri ku rutonde rwa NRTL, nka UL na CSA, ari byo bigo bikuru bipima muri Amerika ya Ruguru.

Icyitonderwa:Bikwiye kumenyekana ko laboratwari zabonye impamyabumenyi ya NRTL zishobora kuba zidashobora kwemeza ibicuruzwa runaka. Tugomba kandi kugenzura niba laboratwari ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ibi bicuruzwa.

（2） OSHA na NRTL

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byashyizwe ahagaragara na laboratwari ya NRTL, bikubiyemo aho gushyurira, ni UL 2202 na UL 2594. Nagenzuye buri wese nsanga laboratwari zisanzwe ku isoko zishobora gukora ibi bipimo ngenderwaho bibiri.

Ku bijyanye no kohereza hanze ahantu ho gushyuza ibicuruzwa, ni ngombwa gusa gushaka laboratwari ifite impamyabumenyi ya NRTL, OSHA kugira ngo irebe ubushobozi bwayo, itsinde ibizamini byayo n'uburenganzira bwayo, hanyuma ishyireho ikirango cyayo kugira ngo igurishwe mu gihugu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Icyemezo cyakozwe n'ibigo bya UL gikoresha ikirango cya UL, icyemezo cyakozwe n'ibigo bya T Ü VS Ü D gikoresha ikirango cyihariye cya octagonal, naho icyemezo cyakozwe na T Ü V Rheinland gikoresha ikirango cya Rheinland cyo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Ukurikije amategeko, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu kugena ibirango byabyo, kuko byose byemewe na OSHA.

Kubwibyo, abakora ibyuma bishyuza bafite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo ikigo cy’impamyabushobozi kibanogeye, kandi nta mpamvu yo guhitamo UL byanze bikunze. Abantu benshi bibeshya ko UL ari yo mpamyabushobozi yo kwemererwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ariko mu by’ukuri, UL ni ikigo cyigenga gipima no kwemeza kandi nta burenganzira gifite bwo kubahiriza amategeko agenga iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

（3） NFPA 70

Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ntibigomba gusa kuba byujuje icyemezo cya laboratwari zemewe na NRTL, ahubwo bigomba no kubahiriza amabwiriza - NFPA 70.

NFPA 70 (Ishyirahamwe ry’Igihugu rishinzwe Kurinda Inkongi z’Umuriro), rizwi kandi nka NEC (Kode y’Igihugu y’Amashanyarazi), izina ry’Igishinwa ni ryo tumenyereye - Kode y’Amashanyarazi y’Abanyamerika. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hafi ya buri injeniyeri wese w’amashanyarazi afite mudasobwa igendanwa.

Ese ntibitangaje kubona ko kode y'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ifite izina rimwe n'irya Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Kurinda Inkongi z'Umuriro?

NFPA (Ishyirahamwe ry’Igihugu rishinzwe Kurinda Inkongi z’Umuriro), Nubwo ryitwa Ishyirahamwe ry’Igihugu rishinzwe Kurinda Inkongi z’Umuriro, ni n’umuryango utegamiye kuri leta. Kimwe n’ishyirahamwe rya basketball rya NBA na NFL muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni imiryango ya gisivili y’ubucuruzi. Umuryango wa NFPA washinzwe mu 1896 ugamije guhuza imiyoboro y’amazi n’umurambararo w’ibikoresho byo kurinda inkongi by’umuriro byo mu gace – sisitemu zo kumisha amazi mu buryo bwikora.

(4) Incamake

Reka tuvuge muri make ibikubiye mu kiganiro twagiranye. Niba ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri sitasiyo zo gushyuza ibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika:

• ● Ibicuruzwa ubwabyo, imigozi ya DC igomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na UL 2202, naho imigozi ya AC igomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na UL 2594;
• ● Gushyiramo no gukoresha insinga bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na NFPA 70 625 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika;
• ● Gupima no kwemeza bigomba kubahiriza laboratwari zemewe na NRTL, nka UL/CSA/T Ü VS Ü D, nibindi;

Ishusho irambuye ni iyi ikurikira:

Hanyuma, bikwiye gushimangirwa ko icyemezo cya UL atari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kwinjira ku isoko rya Amerika. Gupima no kwemeza icyemeza biturutse ku yindi miryango nabyo byubahirije amategeko n'amabwiriza ya Amerika.

Birumvikana ko UL ari ikigo gishaje cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kandi cyemerwa cyane mu gihugu hose. Kubona icyemezo cya UL bizamura izina ry'isoko nta kabuza. Igiciro ni nk'uko byavuzwe mbere, igiciro n'igihe ntarengwa ni bibi cyane.

Bityo rero, amahitamo yihariye y’ikigo cy’ubuziranenge ku bigo by’ubucuruzi byo mu gihugu agomba kuba ari uburinganire no kuringanizwa hagati y’ingengo y’imari yabyo, aho ibicuruzwa biherereye, n’ibyo abaguzi b’Abanyamerika bakeneye.