Amathrendi Ekukwazini Ukushaja I-EV

Ukukhula kwemakethe yezimoto zikagesi kungase kuzwakale kungenakugwenywa: ukugxila ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, isimo sezepolitiki samanje, ukutshalwa kwezimali nguhulumeni kanye nemboni yezimoto, kanye nokuphishekela okuqhubekayo komphakathi osebenzisa ugesi kuphela konke kukhomba inzuzo ezimotweni zikagesi. Nokho, kuze kube manje, ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezimoto zikagesi ngabathengi kuye kwaphazanyiswa izikhathi zokushaja ezinde kanye nokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yokushaja. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokushaja i-EV ibhekana nalezi zinselele, okwenza kube lula ukushaja okuphephile nokusheshayo ekhaya nasemgwaqweni. Izingxenye zokushaja kanye nengqalasizinda kuyakhula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe ye-EV ekhula ngokushesha, okuvula indlela yokukhula okukhulu kwezokuthutha zikagesi.

AMANDLA ASHISAYO EMVA KWEMALI YE-EV

Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezimotweni zikagesi sekukhule iminyaka eminingana, kodwa ukunakwa okukhulu kanye nesidingo kuye kwagcizelelwa yimikhakha eminingana yomphakathi. Ukugxila okwandayo ezixazululweni zesimo sezulu kugcizelele ukubaluleka kwezimoto zikagesi - ikhono lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuvela ezinjinini zokushisa zangaphakathi kanye nokutshala imali ekuthuthweni kwamandla ahlanzekile sekuwumgomo obanzi kuhulumeni kanye nasezimbonini ngokufanayo. Lokhu kugxila ekukhuleni okusimeme kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinsiza zemvelo nakho kushukumisela ubuchwepheshe ukuthi buthambekele emphakathini osebenzisa ugesi kuphela - umhlaba onamandla angenamkhawulo asekelwe ezinsizeni ezivuselelekayo ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwegesi okuyingozi.
Lezi zinto ezibangela imvelo nezobuchwepheshe zibonakala ezintweni eziza kuqala emithethweni kahulumeni kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa uMthetho Wokutshalwa Kwezimali Nemisebenzi Wengqalasizinda ka-2021, owawubeke eceleni u-$7.5 billion wengqalasizinda ye-EV ezingeni likahulumeni, u-$2.5 billion wezibonelelo zengqalasizinda zokushaja nokugcwalisa uphethiloli we-EV, kanye no-$5 billion oHlelweni Lukazwelonke Lokushaja Izimoto Zikagesi. Uhulumeni waseBiden uphinde uphokophele umgomo wokwakha nokufaka iziteshi zokushaja ze-DC ezingu-500,000 ezweni lonke.

Lo mkhuba ungabonakala nasezingeni lesifundazwe. Izifundazwe ezihlanganisa iCalifornia, iMassachusetts, neNew Jersey zilandela umthetho wokwamukela izimoto ezisebenzisa ugesi kuphela. Izikweletu zentela, inhlangano ye-Electrify America, izikhuthazo, kanye nemiyalelo nakho kuthonya abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi ngokufanayo ukuthi bamukele inhlangano ye-EV.

Abenzi bezimoto nabo bajoyina ukuthuthela ezimotweni zikagesi. Abenzi bezimoto abaphambili abanjengoGM, Ford, Volkswagen, BMW, kanye ne-Audi baqhubeka nokwethula amamodeli amasha e-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, kulindeleke ukuthi kube namamodeli e-EV angaphezu kuka-80 kanye nama-plug-in hybrid atholakalayo emakethe. Kunenani elikhulayo labakhiqizi bezimoto ezintsha ze-EV abajoyina imakethe, okuhlanganisa uTesla, uLucid, uNikola, kanye noRivian.

Izinkampani zikagesi nazo zilungiselela umphakathi osebenzisa ugesi kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinsiza zikagesi zihlale ziphambili uma kukhulunywa ngokufakwa kukagesi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo, futhi ingqalasizinda ebalulekile kufaka phakathi ama-microgrid izodingeka ezindaweni ezihlukene ukuze kuhlangatshezwane neziteshi zokushaja ugesi. Ukuxhumana kwezimoto kusuka ku-Grid kuya ku-Grid nakho kuya ngokuya kudonseka emigwaqweni emikhulu.

IZITHIYO EZIYA EKUKUKHULENI

Nakuba kuyanda umfutho wokwamukelwa kabanzi kwezimoto ze-EV, kulindeleke ukuthi izinselelo zivimbele ukukhula. Nakuba izikhuthazo zizokhuthaza abathengi noma imikhumbi ukuthi bashintshele ezimotweni zikagesi, zingase zifike nengozi - kungase kube nokunyakaza kokuthi izimoto ze-EV zikwazi ukuxhumana nengqalasizinda ukuze zilandelele ibanga, okudinga ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nengqalasizinda yokuxhumana yangaphandle.

Esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu ekwamukelweni kwe-EV ezingeni labathengi yingqalasizinda yokushaja ethembekile nephumelelayo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzodingeka amachweba okushaja ayizigidi ezingu-9.6 ngo-2030 ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhula okubikezelwe kwemakethe ye-EV. Cishe u-80% walawo machweba azoba amashaja asekhaya, kanti cishe u-20% azoba amashaja omphakathi noma asemsebenzini. Njengamanje, abathengi bayanqikaza ukuthenga imoto ye-EV ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngebanga lokusebenzisa i-range - ukukhathazeka ngokuthi imoto yabo ngeke ikwazi ukuhamba uhambo olude ngaphandle kokushaja kabusha, nokuthi iziteshi zokushaja ngeke zitholakale noma zisebenze kahle uma kudingeka.

Ikakhulukazi amashaja omphakathi noma ahlanganyelwe kumele akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono okushaja okusheshayo okucishe kuhlale isikhathi eside ubusuku nemini. Umshayeli oma esiteshini sokushaja eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu cishe udinga ukushaja okusheshayo okunamandla aphezulu - izinhlelo zokushaja ezinamandla aphezulu zizokwazi ukunikeza izimoto ibhethri elicishe lishajwe ngokugcwele ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa nje yokushaja.

Amashaja asheshayo adinga ukucatshangelwa komklamo othize ukuze asebenze ngokuthembekile. Amakhono okupholisa uketshezi ayadingeka ukuze kugcinwe amaphini okushaja ekushiseni okuhle futhi kwandise isikhathi lapho imoto ingashajwa khona ngamaza aphezulu. Ezindaweni zokushaja ezigcwele izimoto, ukugcina amaphini okuxhumana epholile kuzodala ukushaja kwamandla aphezulu okuthembekile nokuphumelelayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokugeleza okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sokushaja kwabathengi.

IZINTO EZICATSHAZWAYO NGOKWENZA ISHAJA ELINAMANDLA ANGAPHEZULU

Amashaja e-EV ayakhiwa ngokugxila ekwenzeni ngcono ukuqina kanye namakhono okushaja anamandla aphezulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabashayeli be-EV futhi kunqotshwe ukukhathazeka kwebanga. Ishaja ye-EV enamandla aphezulu enama-amps angu-500 yenziwe ibe nokwenzeka ngohlelo lokupholisa nokuqapha uketshezi - isithwali sokuxhumana esixhumini sokushaja sine-conductivity yokushisa futhi sisebenza njengesinki sokushisa njengoba i-coolant isusa ukushisa ngamapayipi okupholisa ahlanganisiwe. Lawa mashaja aqukethe izinzwa ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinzwa zokuvuza ze-coolant kanye nokuqapha okunembile kokushisa kukho konke ukuxhumana kwamandla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphini awadluli ama-degree Celsius angu-90. Uma lowo mkhawulo ufinyelelwa, isilawuli sokushaja esiteshini sokushaja sinciphisa ukuphuma kwamandla ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elamukelekayo.

Amashaja e-EV nawo kudingeka akwazi ukumelana nokuguguleka nokuguga futhi alungiswe kalula. Izibambo zokushaja ze-EV zenzelwe ukuguguleka nokuguga, ukuphathwa okunzima ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuthinta ubuso bokuhlangana akunakugwenywa. Ngokuqhubekayo, amashaja aklanywa ngezingxenye ze-modular, okuvumela ukushintshwa kalula kobuso bokuhlangana.
Ukuphathwa kwekhebula eziteshini zokushaja nakho kuyinto ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ukuze kube nokuhlala isikhathi eside nokuthembeka. Izintambo zokushaja ezinamandla aphezulu ziqukethe izintambo zethusi, izintambo zokupholisa uketshezi, kanye nezintambo zomsebenzi kodwa kusadingeka zibekezelele ukudonswa noma ukuqhutshwa. Ezinye izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe zifaka phakathi ama-latches akhiywayo, okuvumela umshayeli ukuthi ashiye (Ukuguquguquka kobuso bokuhlangana kanye nomfanekiso wokugeleza kwe-coolant) imoto yakhe ishaja esiteshini somphakathi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ukuthi othile angase ayinqamule ikhebula.