Iindlela zokuTshaja ii-EV

Ukukhula kwemarike yezithuthi zombane kunokuvakala ngathi akunakuphepheka: ukugxila ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2, imeko yezopolitiko yangoku, utyalo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nomzi-mveliso weemoto, kunye nokuqhubeka kokufuna uluntu olusebenzisa umbane kuphela konke oku kubonisa inzuzo kwizithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezithuthi zombane ngabathengi kuye kwaphazanyiswa lixesha elide lokutshaja kunye nokungabikho kweziseko zokutshaja. Inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokutshaja ii-EV ijongana nale mingeni, ivumela ukutshaja okukhuselekileyo nokukhawulezileyo ekhaya nasendleleni. Izixhobo zokutshaja kunye neziseko zophuhliso ziyanda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike ye-EV ekhula ngokukhawuleza, ivula indlela yokukhula okukhulu kwezothutho zombane.

AMANDLA AQHUBA EMVA KWEMARKETHI YEE-EV

Utyalo-mali kwizithuthi zombane lukhule kangangeminyaka eliqela, kodwa ingqwalasela eyongezelelekileyo kunye nemfuno igxininiswe ngamacandelo aliqela oluntu. Ukugxila okukhulayo kwizisombululo zemozulu kugxininise ukubaluleka kwezithuthi zombane - ukukwazi ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kunye nokutyala imali ekuthuthweni kwamandla acocekileyo kube yinjongo ebanzi kurhulumente nakumashishini ngokufanayo. Olu gxininiso ekukhuleni okuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zendalo lukwaqhuba ubuchwepheshe ukuba buhambele kuluntu olusebenzisa umbane kuphela - ihlabathi elinamandla angenamkhawulo asekelwe kwizixhobo ezihlaziyekayo ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwegesi okuyingozi.
Ezi zinto zibangela imeko-bume kunye netekhnoloji zibonakala kwizinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho kunye notyalo-mali lukarhulumente, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa noMthetho woTyalo-mali lweZiseko zoPhuhliso kunye neMisebenzi ka-2021, owawubeke i-$7.5 yeebhiliyoni kwiziseko zophuhliso ze-EV kwinqanaba likarhulumente, i-$2.5 yeebhiliyoni kwizibonelelo zeziseko zophuhliso ze-EV zokutshaja nokugcwalisa ipetroli, kunye ne-$5 yeebhiliyoni kwiNkqubo yeSizwe yokuTshaja iiMoto zoMbane. ULawulo lweBiden lukwalandela injongo yokwakha nokufaka izikhululo zokutshaja ze-DC ezingama-500,000 kulo lonke ilizwe.

Le ndlela inokubonwa nakwinqanaba lelizwe. Amazwe aquka iCalifornia, iMassachusetts, neNew Jersey alandela umthetho wokwamkela izithuthi ezisebenzisa umbane kuphela. Iikhredithi zerhafu, intshukumo ye-Electrify America, izikhuthazo, kunye nemiyalelo nazo zichaphazela abathengi kunye nabavelisi ngokufanayo ukuba bamkele intshukumo ye-EV.

Abenzi beemoto nabo bajoyina intshukumo yokufikelela kwizithuthi zombane. Abenzi beemoto abaphambili abaquka iGM, iFord, iVolkswagen, iBMW, kunye neAudi bahlala bezisa iimodeli ezintsha ze-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, kulindeleke ukuba kubekho iimodeli ze-EV ezingaphezulu kwama-80 kunye nee-plug-in hybrids ezikhoyo kwimarike. Kukho inani elikhulayo labavelisi abatsha be-EV abajoyina imarike, kuquka iTesla, iLucid, iNikola, kunye neRivian.

Iinkampani zeenkonzo zikagesi nazo zilungiselela uluntu olusebenzisa umbane kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuba iinkonzo zikagesi zihlale ziphambili xa kufikwa kufakelo lombane ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemfuno eyandayo, kwaye iziseko ezibalulekileyo kuquka ii-microgrids ziya kufuneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nezikhululo zokutshaja umbane. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezithuthi neGridi nalo luya lukhula kwiindlela ezinkulu.

IZITHINTELO EZIYA KHULANA

Nangona isantya sisanda sokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwe-EV, kulindeleke ukuba imingeni ithintele ukukhula. Nangona izibonelelo ziya kukhuthaza abathengi okanye iinqanawa ukuba batshintshele kwizithuthi zombane, zisenokuza nengozi - kunokubakho intshukumo yokuba ii-EV zikwazi ukunxibelelana neziseko zophuhliso ukuze zilandelele isantya, nto leyo efuna ubuchule bobuchwepheshe kunye neziseko zonxibelelwano zangaphandle.

Enye yezona zithintelo zinkulu ekusetyenzisweni kwe-EV kwinqanaba labathengi ziziseko zokutshaja ezinokuthenjwa nezisebenzayo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuza kufuneka ii-charge ports ezizizigidi ezili-9.6 ngo-2030 ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokukhula okuqikelelweyo kwemarike ye-EV. Phantse i-80% yezo zibhengezo ziza kuba ziitshaja zasekhaya, kwaye malunga ne-20% ziza kuba ziitshaja zikawonke-wonke okanye zasemsebenzini. Okwangoku, abathengi bayathandabuza ukuthenga imoto ye-EV ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngesantya esiphezulu - inkxalabo yokuba imoto yabo ayizukukwazi ukuhamba uhambo olude ngaphandle kokuba itshajwe, kwaye izikhululo zokutshaja azizukufumaneka okanye zisebenze kakuhle xa kufuneka.

Ingakumbi iitshaja zikawonke-wonke okanye ezabelwana ngazo kufuneka zikwazi ukubonelela ngezakhono zokutshaja ngesantya esiphezulu eziphantse zihlale ixesha elide imini nobusuku. Umqhubi oma kwisikhululo sokutshaja ecaleni kwendlela enkulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba afune ukutshaja ngesantya esiphezulu ngokukhawuleza - iinkqubo zokutshaja ngesantya esiphezulu ziya kukwazi ukunika izithuthi ibhetri ephantse yatshajwa ngokupheleleyo emva kwemizuzu embalwa yokutshaja.

Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zifuna iingqwalasela ezithile zoyilo ukuze zisebenze ngokuthembekileyo. Amandla okupholisa ulwelo ayimfuneko ukugcina iiphini zokutshaja zikwiqondo elifanelekileyo lobushushu kwaye kwandise ixesha apho imoto inokutshaja khona ngemisinga ephezulu. Kwiindawo zokutshaja ezixineneyo kwizithuthi, ukugcina iiphini zokuchukumisa zipholile kuya kudala ukutshaja kwamandla aphezulu okusebenzayo nokungaguquguqukiyo ukuhlangabezana nokuhamba rhoqo kwemfuno yokutshaja kwabathengi.

IZINTO EZIQWALASELWAYO NGOYILO LWESHAJA ENEMANDLA EMKHULU

Iitshaja ze-EV ziyakhiwa ngakumbi kugxilwe ekuphuculeni ubulukhuni kunye nokukwazi ukutshaja ngamandla aphezulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabaqhubi be-EV kunye nokoyisa uloyiko lomgama. Itshaja ye-EV enamandla aphezulu ene-500 amps yenziwe ukuba isebenze ngenkqubo yokupholisa nokubeka iliso kulwelo - isithwali soqhagamshelwano kwisixhobo sokutshaja sine-thermal conductivity kwaye sisebenza njengesinki sobushushu njengoko i-coolant isusa ubushushu ngemibhobho yokupholisa edibeneyo. Ezi tshaja ziqulathe iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-sensors, kubandakanya ii-coolant leaking sensors kunye nokujonga ubushushu ngokuchanekileyo kuyo yonke i-power contact ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-pins azidluli kwi-90 degrees Celsius. Ukuba loo mda ufikelelwe, isilawuli sokutshaja kwisikhululo sokutshaja sinciphisa amandla okukhupha ukugcina ubushushu obamkelekileyo.

Iitshaja ze-EV nazo kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana nokuguga nokukrazuka kwaye zilungiswe ngokulula. Iziphatho zokutshaja ze-EV zenzelwe ukukrazuka nokukrazuka, ukuphathwa gwenxa ngokuhamba kwexesha okuchaphazela ubuso bokudibana akunakuphepheka. Ngokuya kusanda, iitshaja ziyayilwa ngezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiimodyuli, nto leyo evumela ukuba kube lula ukutshintsha ubuso bokudibana.
Ulawulo lweentambo kwiindawo zokutshaja lukwayinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ukuze kubekho ixesha elide kunye nokuthembeka. Iintambo zokutshaja ezinamandla aphezulu ziqulathe iingcingo zobhedu, imigca yokupholisa yolwelo, kunye neengcingo zomsebenzi kodwa kusafuneka zinyamezele ukutsalwa okanye ukuqhutywa. Ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziquka iilatshi ezitshixwayo, ezivumela umqhubi ukuba ashiye (Ukuguquguquka kobuso bokudibana kunye nomfanekiso wokuhamba kokupholisa) imoto yakhe itshaja kwisikhululo sikawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ukuba umntu angawuqhawula loo ntambo.