Pukapuka ā-ringa mō te Tāutanga Haumaru o te Rīhi EV Tauhokohoko: Ngā Whakatutukitanga me te Tiakitanga o te NEC/IEC

Te Pukapuka Āwhina Hangarau Whakamutunga mō te Tāutanga Haumaru o te Rīhi EV Tauhokohoko: He Tirohanga Ao mō te Whakatutukitanga o te NEC me te IEC, te Whakahaere Utaina o te Whatunga Hiko, te Whakapai Ake i te Whakawhitiwhiti, me ngā Tikanga Tiaki Hiko Matatau

Upoko 1: Te Rautaki Matua o te Hanganga EVSE Tauhokohoko

Kāore te whakawhiti ā-ao ki te nekenekehanga hiko e waiho hei ia o te taiao; kua noho hei pou matua mō te pumau o ngā umanga me te whakamahere tāone. Mō ngā umanga arumoni, ngā whanaketanga whare noho maha-wāhanga, me ngā pokapū ahumahi, ko te tāutanga o ngā Taputapu Tuku Waka Hiko (EVSE) he haumitanga hanganga nui e hono ana i te āputa i waenga i ngā rāngai motuka me te pūngao. Heoi, ko te uaua o te tāutanga o te rihi EV arumoni he nui atu i te whakatakotoranga whare noho. Me mārama matatau ki ngā hikohiko mana-teitei, te pumau o te whatunga, te whakahaere wera, me te tutuki i ngā ture.

Ko ngā whakaurunga arumoni he tikanga kei roto ko te utu AC Taumata 2 (mai i te 7 kW ki te 22 kW) me ngā teihana Utu Tere DC (DCFC) (mai i te 50 kW ki te 350 kW me tua atu). Ka utaina e ēnei pūnaha he kawenga nui tonu ki runga i ngā pūnaha hiko o te whare—he maha ngā wā ka rere i te kaha teitei mō ngā haora maha. Ko tēnei kōtaha "kawenga tonu", e ai ki te tautuhi a te National Electrical Code (NEC) me te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), me whai wāhi haumaru motuhake kāore i te paerewa i roto i ngā waea arumoni whānui. Ko te kore e piri ki ēnei paerewa hangarau motuhake ka arahi pea ki ngā pakaru kino, tae atu ki ngā ahi hiko, te kore pumau o te whatunga, me te pakaru wawe o ngā taputapu.

Mā tēnei aratohu ka whakaratohia he tātaritanga hohonu ki ngā tikanga hangarau me te haumaru e hiahiatia ana hei whakatinana i ngā pūnaha utu EV arumoni e kore e tutuki noa i ngā paerewa o ēnei rā engari e tika ana hoki mō te whakatipuranga o ngā pākahiko EV kaha-nui e whai ake nei.

Upoko 2: Te Whakatere i ngā Waehere Hiko o te Ao: Ngā Paerewa NEC vs. IEC (Tātari Whānui)

Ko tētahi wero nui i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te EVSE arumoni ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā paerewa o Amerika Te Raki (e whakahaerehia ana e te NEC me te UL) me ngā paerewa o te Ao (e whakahaerehia ana e te IEC). He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga mō ngā kaiwhakahaere rawa me ngā miihini o te ao e tirotiro ana i ngā rawa puta noa i ngā whenua maha.

2.1 Te Ture Hiko ā-Motu (NEC) – Amerika ki te Raki

I te Hononga o Amerika me Kānata, ko te tuhinga matua mō te tāutanga EVSE ko te tuhinga NEC 625. Ka whakahoutia tēnei tuhinga i ia toru tau, ā, he mea nui kia mau tonu ki ngā putanga o te tau 2020 me te 2023.

• Tātaitanga Utaina Tonu:E kiia ana ngā rihi hiko EV he kawenga tonu nā te mea ka taea e rātou te mahi i te mana katoa mō ngā haora e toru, neke atu rānei. E ai ki te NEC 210.19(A)(1), me whakarite te rahi o ngā kaiārahi ara iahiko peka kia taea ai te whakahaere i te 125% o te iahiko kawenga katoa. Mō te rihi Taumata 2 48A, ko te tataunga he $48A \whakanuia ki te 1.25 = 60A$. Mā tēnei ka whakatau i te rahi o te whati me te ine waea iti rawa.
• Te Tiakitanga o ngā Kaimahi (GFCI):E hiahiatia ana e te NEC 625.22 kia whai pūnaha rārangi mō te tiaki i ngā kaimahi ngā EVSE katoa. I te US, he CCID (Charge Circuit Interrupting Device) tēnei i ngā wā katoa. E 5 ngā haerenga a te CCID i te 5mA mō te whakamahinga kāinga, ko te CCID 20 ia (te haerenga i te 20mA) he mea noa i roto i ngā tono arumoni kei reira he maha ake ngā turuturu iti.
• Ngā Tikanga Momotu:Mō te EVSE he nui ake i te 60A, he nui ake rānei i te 150V ki te whenua, me whai tikanga momotu motuhake, ka taea te raka mō te NEC 625.43. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga hangarau te whakakore i te hiko o te waeine mō te tiaki me te kore e uru atu ki te papa tohatoha matua, e rau putu pea te tawhiti.
• Ngā Tikanga Waea:E whakamārama ana te NEC 625.10 i ngā tikanga waea e whakaaetia ana, tae atu ki te paipa whakarewa pakari (RMC), te ngongo whakarewa hiko (EMT), me te paipa whakarewa ngāwari piri-wai (LFMC). I roto i ngā taiao arumoni, ko te EMT te paerewa mō ngā rere o roto, ko te RMC, ko te RMC pania-PVC rānei, e whakamahia ana mō ngā wāhi o waho e ngāwari ana ki te pakaru tinana.

2.2 Ngā Paerewa IEC 61851 me 60364 – Ao Whānui

I waho o Amerika Te Raki, ko te raupapa IEC 61851 e tautuhi ana i ngā whakaritenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te haumaru mō te EVSE, ko te IEC 60364-7-722 ia e tohu ana i ngā whakaritenga tāutanga hiko. Mā ngā taumata ngaohiko (230V wāhanga-kotahi / 400V wāhanga-toru) ka taea te tere utu teitei ake i runga i te AC (tae atu ki te 22 kW) ki te whakaritea ki te US (ko te tikanga he 19.2 kW mō te AC).

• Ngā Pūnaha Whenua me ngā Hapa Open-PEN:Koinei pea te rerekētanga tino nui. I te UK me ētahi wāhanga o Ūropi, he maha ngā whare e whakamahi ana i te pūnaha PME (Protective Multiple Earthing) e honoa ai te Neutral me te Earth ki roto i te kotahi te ara iahiko PEN i mua i te whare. Mēnā ka pakaru tēnei ara iahiko PEN (he hapa "Open-PEN"), ka taea e te chassis whakarewa o te motuka te ora i te 230V e pā ana ki te whenua. Hei ārai i tēnei, me whai tiaki motuhake te IEC 60364-7-722 e momotu ana i ngā waea ora, neutral, me te whenua katoa mēnā ka peka ke te ngaohiko i tua atu i ngā paepae motuhake (te tikanga <70V, >253V rānei).
• Ngā Whakaritenga Momo B o te RCD:He tino motuhake te IEC mō te turuturu DC. Nā te mea he hurihanga AC-ki-DC te rihi hiko o runga (OBC) o te EV, ka taea e te rahunga o te whakatikatika piriti te hua ake he ia turuturu "DC maeneene". Ka taea e tēnei ia DC te whakakī i te matua aukume o te RCD Momo A paerewa, ka ārai i a ia kei pakaru i te wā o te ohorere AC tuturu. Nō reira, e whakahau ana ngā paerewa IEC kia whakamahia he RCD Momo B, he RCD Momo A rānei e honoa ana ki tētahi taputapu kite DC 6mA (RDC-DD).
• Ngā Take Kanorau (IEC vs NEC):Ahakoa he tikanga matatika te NEC, ka taea e te IEC 60364-7-722.311.201 te whakamahi i ngā tauwehe kanorau mēnā he mana whakahaere kawenga aunoa. Heoi, ki te kore he mana whakahaere pēnei, me 1.0 te tauwehe kanorau (whakaaro kawenga 100%).

2.3 Ripanga Whakataurite Waea: AWG me te Ine (mm²)

Mō ngā miihini e mahi ana i ngā rohe rerekē, kei te ripanga e whai ake nei he taurite mō te rahi o te taura i roto i ngā tono EVSE arumoni:

Upoko 3: Te Wāhanga o mua i te Tāutanga: Ngā Aromatawai Hangarau Whenua me te Hiko o te Pae (Hōhonutanga)

Ka tīmata te tāutanga angitu i mua noa atu i te toia o tētahi taura. He mea whakahau te Pūrongo Tirotiro Pae (SIR) whānui mō ngā pae arumoni, nā te mea ka whakaitihia ngā "whakahau whakarerekētanga" ka taea te whakanui ake i te tahua kaupapa mā te 50%, neke atu rānei.

3.1 Ngā Whakaarohanga Ā-Iwi me ngā Whakaarohanga Ā-Iwi

He taumaha ngā rihi arumoni, inā koa ngā waeine DCFC, ā, me nui ngā papa raima e hiahiatia ana. Neke atu i te 1,000 lbs (450 kg) te taumaha o tētahi waeine DCFC 350 kW, ā, ka taea e te kāpata hiko e haere tahi ana te taumaha i ngā mano pauna.

• Ātete Oneone (Tikanga Wenner):Me ine ngā miihini i te ātete oneone hei hoahoa i te whatunga whenua. Mena he onepu, he toka rānei te oneone, tera pea he teitei rawa te ātete, me "ngā rauemi whakarei whenua" (GEM) me ngā tokotoko whenua hohonu ake hei whakatutuki i te whakaritenga <25 $\Omega$ (ahakoa ko te <5 $\Omega$ te whāinga miihini mō ngā hikohiko tairongo).
• Te Tauwāhi o ngā Ratonga o raro whenua:Te whakamahi i te Radar Whakauru Whenua (GPR) me te Whakaoho Hikohiko (EMI) hei tautuhi i ngā raina wai, hau, raraunga, me te hiko o nāianei. I ngā wāhi arumoni tawhito, he mea noa ngā "pūnaha phantom" (ngā raina kua whakarērea kāore i runga i ngā tuhi).
• Te keri me te whakaora:Ko te utu mō te tapahi me te whakapiripiri i te uku te mea nui o te kaupapa. Me hoahoa e ngā miihini ngā ara hei whakaiti i te roa o te ara, me te karo hoki i ngā wāhanga hanganga pēnei i ngā turanga whare, i ngā raina ahi rānei.

3.2 Arotakenga Pūngao Hiko o Nāianei me te Kounga Mana

Me whakahaere e te miihini tētahi "Rangahau Utaina" ki te whare o nāianei. Kei roto i tēnei ko:

• Te Takitaki Utaina:Te tāpiri i tētahi tātari kounga hiko (hei tauira, Fluke 435-II) ki te ratonga matua mō te iti rawa i te 7 ngā rā hei hopu i te huringa pakihi katoa. Mā tēnei ka tautuhia ngā tihi "tūturu", he iti iho i ngā whakatauranga ingoa o ngā kaiwawao o nāianei.
• Kōtaha Whakarerekētanga Harmonic:Te tautuhi i te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) o nāianei. Mena he maha ngā Puku Auautanga Taurangi (VFD) me ngā rama LED kei roto i te whare, mā te tāpiri i ngā rihi EV ka taea te pana i te THD ki runga ake i te 5%, ka hua ake te wera nui o te transformer me te pirau raraunga i roto i ngā pūnaha IT tata.
• Ngā Tūnga Pakaru Ārai:Te tirotiro i te wāhi tūturu i roto i te papa whakawhiti. He maha ngā panera arumoni tawhito kua tae ki te rohe "AIC" (Amps Interrupting Capacity). Mēnā ka tāpirihia he EVSE mana-teitei, me whai panera iti hou, me whakapai ake rānei te ratonga katoa mēnā ka nui ake te iahiko hapa e wātea ana i te whakatauranga o ngā taputapu o nāianei.

Upoko 4: Aromatawai Utaina Hiko me ngā Tātaitanga Tauwehe Tono (Whānuitanga Hangarau)

Ko te tino take o te korenga o ngā kaupapa EVSE arumoni ko te whakaiti i te taumahatanga hiko.

4.1 Te Tātai i te Tapeke Kawenga Hononga mō ngā Pokapū Maha-Utu

Ina whakatūria he pokapū o ngā rihi e 20, neke atu rānei, ka uaua te tatau i te tono. Ko te tātai mō te tono katoa i roto i tētahi taiao whakahaeretia ko: $$P_{design} = \left( \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{max,i} \right) \times DF \times \gamma$$ Kei hea:

• $P_{max,i}$ = Mana mōrahi o ia rihi takitahi.
• $DF$ = Tauwehe Tono (he maha ngā wā 0.6 ki te 0.8 mō ngā kahui kaipuke nunui).
• $\gamma$ = Tauwehenga haumaru (ko te tikanga he 1.25 mō te whakawhānui ā muri ake nei).

Akoranga Take: Te Utu i te Wāhi MahiMena ka tāutahia e te whare tari e toru tekau ngā rihi 7.2 kW:

• Tapeke Utaina Kāore i Whakahaeretia:$30 \whakanuia ki te 7.2 = 216 kW$.
• Kawenga Whakahaeretia (me te 60% DF):$216 \whakareatia ki te 0.6 = 129.6 kW$.

Mā te whakamahi i te ALMS (Pūnaha Whakahaere Utaina Aunoa) ka taea e te whare te tāuta i ngā rihi hiko e 30 ki tētahi ratonga ka taea anake te tautoko i te 18, mā te tohatoha hiko hihiri i te mutunga o te utunga a ngā waka, i te hekenga rānei o te kawenga a te whare.

4.2 Te Pānga o te Mana Tauhohe me te Tauwehe Mana Nekehanga

Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu utu hiko EV ngā Pūnaha Hiko Aratau Whakawhiti (SMPS). Ahakoa he whai hua, ka taea e rātou te whakauru i te mana tauhohe. Ka nui ake te iahiko ($kVA$) o tētahi kahui taputapu utu e 50 me te Tauwehe Mana o te 0.90 i te kawenga ātete anake ($kW$). Me whai whakaaro ki tēnei iahiko tāpiri i roto i te rahi o ngā kaiārahi hiko me te whakawhiti hiko hei ārai i te hekenga nui o te ngaohiko me te wera.

4.3 Ngā Take Kanorau puta noa i ngā Whakamahinga Tauhokohoko rerekē

• Hōtera/Whare Noho:He nui te kanorau. Ka noho ngā waka mō te pō, ā, ka puhoi te utu. (DF = 0.4 – 0.6).
• Teihana o ngā Rōpū:He iti te kanorau. Ka hoki mai ngā waka katoa i te 6 i te ahiahi, ā, me kī tonu i mua i te 6 i te ata. (DF = 0.9 – 1.0).
• Te Utu Tere DC Tūmatanui:Kāore he kanorau. E tumanakohia ana ka tukuna e ia tauranga te mana mōrahi ina hiahiatia. (DF = 1.0).

Upoko 5: Ngā Rautaki Whakauru me te Whakapai Ake i te Pūnaha Whakawhiti (Hōhonutanga)

Mena kāore e taea e te ratonga o nāianei te tautoko i te kawenga EVSE hou, me whakahou ake he whakawhiti hiko, me whakakore rānei i te ratonga hou mai i te kamupene hiko.

5.1 Te Whakawhānui i te Whakawhiti Hiko-Iho mō ngā Utaina Kore-Rārangi

He mea pai ake te whakamahi i tētahi whakawhiti hiko motuhake mō te utu hiko EV hei wehe i te haruru whakawhiti auau-tiketike mai i te kawenga matua o te whare.

• Kōwhiringa Tauwehe-K:Ka whakaputahia e ngā rihi hiko EV ngā iahiko harmony. Ko te K-factor he whakatauranga e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te whakawhiti hiko ki te whakahaere i ēnei harmony me te kore e wera rawa. Mō te nuinga o ngā tāutanga EVSE, he rawaka te whakawhiti hiko K-4, engari mō ngā wāhi DCFC kiato teitei, me whakamahi pea he whakawhiti hiko K-13 kia 25 tau te roa o te ora.
• Ngā Paerewa Whai Hua (DOE 2016):I te US, me tutuki i ngā whakawhiti hiko ngā paerewa whai hua o te DOE 2016. Mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi whakawhiti hiko whai hua teitei ka whakaiti i ngā mate "kore-kawenga", he mea nui tēnei nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka noho mangere ngā pokapū EVSE mō ngā wāhanga nui o te rā.

5.2 Te Whakamatao me ngā Whakaaroaro Taiao

He nui te wera ka puta mai i ngā whakawhiti hiko. E 10 kW tonu te wera ka puta mai i tētahi whakawhiti hiko 500 kVA me te 98% te pai o te mahi.

• Ngā Tāutanga o Roto:Me whai hau whakakaha (SCFM) i tatauhia i runga i te ngaronga wera i te 100% o te kawenga.
• Ngā Tāutanga o Waho:Me whakatakoto ki runga i tētahi papa raima me te iti rawa o te 36-inihi te tawhiti i ngā taha katoa kia pai ai te rere o te hau me te urunga tiaki. I ngā rohe takutai, me whakamahi he ārai maitai kore waikura hei ārai i te waikura.

5.3 Inenga Tuatahi me te Inenga Tuarua

Mō ngā whakaurunga arumoni nui, ka tukuna pea e te kamupene hiko te "Ine Matua." I tēnei horopaki, ka hokona e te kiritaki te hiko i te ngaohiko teitei (hei tauira, 12 kV) ā, nōna te mana whakawhiti hiko. Ahakoa he nui ake te utu tīmatanga ($50k – $150k mō te whakawhiti hiko me te taputapu whakawhiti), he iti ake te tere mō ia kWh, e whakarato ana i te ROI pai ake mō ngā wāhi utu nui.

Upoko 6: Hoahoa Tiaki Porowhita: Te Kōwhiringa o ngā MCB, RCD, me ngā RCBO (Matatau)

Ko te rautaki tiaki ko te "pūnaha io" o te tāutanga EVSE.

6.1 Ngā Wāhi Whakamutu Ara Iahiko Iti (MCB) me te Whakaritenga Kōwhiri

I roto i tētahi panui arumoni, ka whakarite te "Selective Coordination" ka pakaru noa te pakaru peka o te rohe i tētahi hapa i te utunga, kaua ki te pakaru whare matua.

• Ngā Āhuatanga I²t:Me whakarite e ngā kaihangarau te "pūngao tuku-ā-roto" (I²t) o te MCB peka ki te "pūngao ātete" o te pakaru whakarunga.
• Te Whakaheke Aukume me te Whakaheke Wera:E rua ngā tikanga whakaweto o ngā MCB. Ka tiaki te huānga wera i ngā taumahatanga roa (hei tauira, he rihi e kukume ana i te 55A i runga i te ara iahiko 50A), ko te huānga aukume ka tiaki i ngā ara iahiko poto (hei tauira, he taura pakaru).

6.2 Te Hiranga o ngā RCD Momo B i roto i ngā Pūnaha Utu DC

Ahakoa he AC ngā rihi Taumata 2, ka hurihia e te motuka ki te DC. Heoi, ka tukuna tika te DC e ngā rihi tere DC (DCFC).

• Werohanga DC:Ka taea e te hapa i roto i te waeine hiko DCFC te whakahoki i te iahiko DC ki roto i te pūhiko AC. Ka "ārai" tēnei i ngā RCD paerewa. Kua hangaia te RCD Momo B hei kite i tēnei wāhanga DC mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūoko Fluxgate motuhake, kia mau ai te haumaru ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga hapa uaua.
• Te Whakararuraru i te Whakararuraru:I roto i ngā whakaurunga nunui, ka taea e te "au turuturu" o ngā rihi e 20 (1-2mA ia rihi e turuturu ana mā roto i ngā tātari EMI) te eke ki te 40mA, ka mate ai te RCD 30mA ahakoa kāore he hapa. Ko te otinga ko te whakamahi i ngā RCD takitahi mō ia rihi, kaua ki te whakamahi i tētahi RCD nui mō te rōpū katoa.

Upoko 7: Te Kōwhiringa Taura me ngā Tātaitanga o te Takahanga Ngaohiko Tika (Te Ruku Hōhonu)

I ngā papa waka nui, ka taea e ngā taura te oma i ngā rau putu te roa. He take nui te hekenga o te ngaohiko hei take haumaru me te mahi.

7.1 Te Ahupūngao o te Hekenga Ngaohiko me tōna pānga ki te EVSE

He tairongo te kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te EV me te EVSE (te tohu PWM i runga i te Paerata Whakahaere) ki te "Ground Potential Rise" (GPR). Mēnā he nui te hekenga o te ngaohiko i runga i ngā waea Kūpapa, i ngā waea Whenua rānei nā te iti o ngā taura, ka taea te whakapohehe i te tohu CP, ka arahi ki ngā hapa "Session Aborted".

• Te Tātaitanga mō ngā Oma Roa:Mō te oma 300-putu o te ara iahiko 48A, mā te whakamahi i te #6 AWG (paerewa) ka hua ake he hekenga 3.8%. Hei pupuri i te hekenga i raro i te 2% mō te mahi tino pai, ka tohua pea e te miihini te parahi #4, te #2 AWG rānei, ahakoa he "ture ture" te #6 mō te iahiko.

7.2 Ripanga Taka Ngaohiko (240V Wāhanga Kotahi, rohenga 3%)

7.3 Te Whakakorenga Wera i roto i ngā Paipa

Ina whakahaerehia ngā ara iahiko maha i roto i te paipa kotahi (hei tauira, e whā ngā ara iahiko 50A i roto i te paipa PVC 2-inihi te roa), ka pāngia ngā "Tauwehenga Whakatikatika" mai i te Ripanga NEC 310.15(C)(1). Mō ngā kaiārahi kawe-iao 7-9, ka whakaitihia te kaha o te waea ki te 70%. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te waea #6 AWG (kua whakatauria ki te 65A i te 75°C) ka taea anake te whakamahi mō te kawenga 45A, ā, kāore e ranea mō te rihi 48A. I tēnei wā, ME whakanui ake te miihini i te waea ki te #4 AWG.

Upoko 8: Te Whakatakotoranga Whenua (Whakatakotoranga Whenua) me ngā Pūnaha Tiaki Uira (LPS) (Taipitopito)

8.1 Te Whakatakotoranga mō te Haumaru me te Pono o te Tohu

E rua ngā mahi a te pūnaha whenua: te haumaru (ngā mea e takahi ana i te hiko) me te tohutoro (mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero).

• Hononga Pūmanawa Taurite:Me hono ngā wāhanga whakarewa katoa o te teihana utu, ngā poupou, me ngā pou rama e tata ana. Mā tēnei ka ārai i ngā tūponotanga "pānga kaha" ina pāngia te tangata e te ru i te wā kotahi e te rerekētanga o te kaha whenua.
• Irahiko kua takaihia ki te raima (Ufer Ground):I roto i ngā hanganga arumoni hou, me whakamahi te rino whakau i roto i te turanga rihi hei hiko whenua kounga teitei, kia iti ake ai te aukati i tērā i tētahi tokotoko noa iho.

8.2 Ngā Pūrere Ārai Ngaru (SPD) – Te Kōwhiringa me te Whakatakoto

He rawa nui te uara o ngā rihi hiko arumoni ($2k ki te $100k+). He kaupapa here inihua ā-ture te tiaki i ngā ngaru hiko.

• MCOV (Ngaohiko Whakahaere Tonu Mōrahi):Me whakatauranga te SPD kia 15% neke atu rānei i te ngaohiko raina ingoa kia kore ai e pakaru wawe nā ngā piki me ngā heke iti o te whatunga.
• Ngā Aratau Tiaki:Me whakarato he SPD kounga teitei mō te rihi 3-wāhanga i te tiaki i ngā momo katoa: LL, LN, LG, me NG.
• Roa Arataki:Ko te hapa tino kitea ko te roa o te arataki mō te SPD. Ka tāpirihia e ia inihi o te waea te inductance, ka whakaitihia te kaha o te SPD ki te pupuri i ngā whakawhiti tere-tiketike. Me pupuri ngā arataki i raro i te 6 inihi.

Upoko 9: Ngā Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero me te Whakaurunga o te Mātiti Atamai (Hangarau)

Ka horapa hoki te haumaru ki te whakahaere raraunga me te whatunga whatunga.

9.1 OCPP (Kawa Pūwāhi Utu Tuwhera) 2.0.1

Nā te OCPP 2.0.1 i whakauru mai ngā āhuatanga haumarutanga me te haumaru kua tino whakarei ake i te putanga tawhito 1.6.

• Whakahaere Pūrere:Mā tēnei ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te aroturuki i te pāmahana me te hauora o roto o ngā wāhanga rihi.
• Ngā Kōtaha Utu Atamai:Ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere whatunga te tuku tohu "Whakautu Hiahia", ka whakaitihia marietia te kawenga o te 1000 rihi hiko puta noa i te tāone i roto i ngā hēkona hei ārai i te pōuri.

9.2 ISO 15118 me te "Mono me te Utu"

Mā te paerewa ISO 15118 e whakahaere ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whakamuna i waenga i te waka me te rihi. Kei roto i tēnei ko:

• Whakawhiti Tiwhikete:Me whakarite kua whakamanahia te waka ki te utu.
• V2G (Waka-ki-Whatunga):Ngā tikanga haumaru e hiahiatia ana hei tuku i te waka ki te pana i te manahokiki roto i te whare. Me whakamahi ngā "Kaitahuri" motuhake i roto i te EVSE ka taea te tukutahi me te auau whatunga me te momotu tonu i te wā e motu ana te whatunga (ārai i te motu) hei tiaki i ngā kaimahi ratonga.

Upoko 10: Te Tāutanga ā-Tūturu, te Tiakitanga o te Pouaka Whakarewa, me te Wātea (Aratohu Papa)

10.1 Te Parenga Ā-Mīhini me te Ātete ki te Pakaru

Kei ngā wāhi kāore i te tirotirohia ngā rihi arumoni.

• Whakatauranga Pānga (IK10):Me whai te whare herehere i te whakatauranga IK10, arā, ka taea te tu atu i te pānga 20-joule (he rite ki te taumaha 5kg e taka ana mai i te 40cm).
• Whakahaere Taura:He haumaru ake ngā pūnaha taura hiki (pērā i ērā a EvoCharge, BTC Power rānei) nā te mea ka pupuri i ngā taura taumaha kia kaua e taka ki te whenua, kia kore ai e takahia e ngā waka, e tūpono ai rānei kia hinga.

10.2 ADA me te Hoahoa Ao Whānui

I te US, kei te noho ture ngā aratohu a te Poari Access mō te utu waka EV i roto i te maha o ngā whenua.

• Ngā Wāhanga Whakahaere:Me whakamahi noa i te ringa kotahi ngā pātene, ngā kaipānui kāri me ngā mono katoa, ā, kaua e hiahiatia kia mau, kia pītitia, kia takahuri rānei te ringaringa.
• Ara Haere:Me hono te wāhi utu e wātea ana ki tētahi ara e wātea ana ki te tomokanga o te whare.

Upoko 11: Te Whakamātautau, te Whakatūnga, me te Manatoko Haumaru (Taumata-i-te-Taumata)

11.1 Te Rārangi Arowhai Whakatūnga

Kei roto i te tukanga whakatūnga ngaio:

1. Manatoko Taipana:Mā te whakamahi i tētahi kī taipana kua whakatikatikaina hei manatoko kua whakaukia ngā hononga hiko katoa ki ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga (e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te Inihi-Pauna, i te Nm rānei). Ko ngā hononga wetewete te tino take o ngā ahi hiko.
2. Tirotiro Hurihanga Āhua:Mō ngā rihi hiko 3-wāhanga, me whakarite kei te raupapa tika a L1, L2, me L3 kia kore ai e kino ngā pūtake hiko o roto o te rihi.
3. Āraitanga o te Porowhita Hapa Whenua ($Z_s$):Te ine i te aukati katoa o te ara hapa hei whakarite ka pakaru te kaiwawao i roto i te 0.4 hēkona i te wā o tētahi hapa nui.

11.2 Te whakatauira o te "Āhua C" me te "Āhua D"

• Āhua A:Kua momotu.
• Āhua B:Kua honoa, kāore e utu ana.
• Āhua C:Te utu (kāore he hauhautanga).
• Kāwanatanga D:Te utu (me whai hauhautanga).

Me manatoko e te miihini kei te tautuhi tika te rihi i ēnei āhua, ā, me urupare mā te whakatuwhera/kati i ngā hononga ā-roto.

Upoko 12: Te Pūnaha Parepare Haumaru Maha-Papa (Tirohanga Whakauru)

E whakamahi ana tētahi pūnaha EVSE arumoni hou i tētahi rautaki ārai-hōhonu:

1. Papa Pūmanawa:Te aro turuki tonu i te tohu CP mō te haruru, te pekapeka rānei.
2. Paparanga Tinana:Ngā pūoko pāmahana i roto i ngā pine o te mono utu. Mēnā ka neke ake te pine i te 85°C, ka whakawhāitihia te iahiko e te rihi ki te 50%, ka mutu rānei.
3. Papa Arahiko:Ko te whakamahinga o ngā "Shunt Trips" e āhei ai te pūnaha whakaoho ahi o te whare ki te whakakore tonu i te kaha o ngā rihi EV katoa mēnā ka puta he ahi i tētahi atu wāhi o te whare.

Upoko 13: Ngā Paerewa Tiaki Ārai me te Aroturuki Mamao mō te Wā Roa

13.1 Te Tiaki Matapae mā te whakamahi i te AI

Ka taea e ngā tūāpapa OCPP hou te tātari i te "piko utu" o tētahi teihana. Mena he iti iho te hiko e tukuna ana e te teihana i tā te mea i tonoa, ka taea e te pūmanawa te tohu i tētahi hononga e ngoikore ana, i tētahi pito rānei e kore e uru i mua i te pakaru.

13.2 Te Tiaki Taiao

• Whakakapinga Tātari:Ka nekehia e ngā DC Fast Chargers ngā mano putu kūpiko o te hau hei whakamatao. Me whakawhiti ā rātou tātari i ia 3-6 marama, i runga i te nui o te puehu i te taiao.
• Whakahinuhinu:Me whakahinuhinu i ngā pūwero taura hiki me ngā inihi o ngā tatau kāpata i ia tau.

Upoko 15: Whakamahinga Motuhake: Te Whakamahinga Hiko o te Rōpū Waka Taumaha (Taraka Akomanga 8)

Ina neke mai i ngā motuka pāhihi ki ngā taraka hiko Akomanga 8, ka tino piki haere ngā wero hangarau.

• MCS (Pūnaha Utu Megawatt):Mā ngā paerewa o muri mai ka taea te utu i te 1,000V me te 3,000A.
• Ngā Taura Whakamatao Wai:Mēnā he nui ake ngā iahiko i te 200A, me whakamatao te taura utu ki te wai (ma te whakamahi i te ranunga wai-glycol) kia noho haumaru te pāmahana o te kakau mō te pā o te tangata.
• Ngā Hononga Whatunga:Tērā pea e hiahiatia he ratonga 10 MW mō tētahi kahui taraka hiko e 50—he rite ki tētahi wheketere iti.

Upoko 16: Te Whakatūpato i te Ao o Mua: Te Waka-ki-Ngā-Mea Katoa (V2X) me ngā Whatunga Iti

Kei te neke haere ngā whakaurunga arumoni tino matatau ki ngā "Microgrids".

• Ngā Pūnaha Rokiroki Pūngao Pūhiko (BESS):Te penapena i te hiko o te rā i te awatea, me te whakamahi hei utu i ngā EV i te pō, te whakamahi rānei i te BESS hei whakarato i te "Peak Shaving" hei karo i ngā utu nui mō ngā ratonga.
• Haumaru ā-Ahunga-rua:Mā te pūnaha e whakarite kia tika te whakahaere i te hononga whenua me te hononga kūpapa ina whakamahia ana te motuka hei ārai i ngā ru i te aratau V2B (Waka-ki-te-Whare).

Whakatau Whakamutunga: Te Paerewa Koura o te Hanganga EVSE

He mahi hangarau nui te tāutanga o ngā teihana utu hiko arumoni e hiahia ana ki tētahi huarahi whānui ki te haumaru. Mā te hono i te āputa i waenga i ngā paerewa o te ao (NEC me te IEC), te whakamahi i te tātaritanga kawenga pakari, me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tiaki matatau pēnei i ngā RCD Momo B me ngā whakawhiti hiko K-rated, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te hanga hanganga e kore e haumaru noa i ēnei rā engari e mau tonu ana te pakari mō ngā tekau tau.

I a tātou e titiro whakamua ana ki tētahi heke mai o te utunga megawatt me ngā whatunga iti whakauru, ko ngā mātāpono o te tika, te auau, me te aroturuki tonu ka noho tonu hei tūāpapa mō te whakatinanatanga haumaru o te EVSE. Mō te umanga arumoni, ehara i te mea he taputapu noa iho te utunga haumaru—he kupu whakaari mō te pono ki ngā kaimahi, ki ngā kiritaki, me ngā kaiwhakahaere waka e whakawhirinaki ana ki a ia.

Upoko 17: Te Whakahaere i ngā Tūponotanga o te Āwhata Āwhata i roto i te Hanganga Utu Tere DC Mana-Tiketike

I roto i ngā taiao EVSE arumoni, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i ngā waeine DCFC 150 kW ki te 350 kW, ka nui pea te kaha o te pānga mai i te taputapu whakawhiti matua. Ko ngā tūponotanga o te mura o te arc flash he āwangawanga nui mō te haumaru o ngā kaimahi tiaki.

17.1 Te Tātari Pūngao Tūponotanga me te IEEE 1584

Me whakahaere he rangahau arc flash kia rite ki ngā paerewa IEEE 1584. Mō ngā pokapū EVSE, he teitei te "Bolted Fault Current" nā te mea e tata ana ki ngā whakawhiti hiko nui.

• Ngā Rohe Tiaki:Me mōhio ngā tohunga hangarau ki te "Arc Flash Boundary"—te tawhiti e ōrite ana te pūngao taupatupatu ki te 1.2 cal/cm², te paepae mō te weranga tuarua.
• Ngā Whakaritenga PPE:Ko te tiaki i ngā taputapu EVSE kua whakakahangia (ki te whakaaetia) me whakamahi i ngā PPE motuhake, tae atu ki ngā whakangungu kanohi kua whakawhāitihia ki te pewa, ngā karapu, me ngā kakahu hipoki (Kāwai 2, neke atu rānei).

17.2 Ngā Rautaki Whakaiti me ngā Ārai

• Taputapu Whakawhiti Ātete-Āwhata:Te tāuta i ngā taputapu whakawhiti e pupuhi ana te kaha pahūtanga kia matara atu i te kaiwhakahaere.
• Ngā Pana Tiaki:Te tāuta i ngā pana "Pūnaha Tiaki Whakaiti Arc Flash" (ARMS) hei whakaiti i ngā paepae whati o ngā whati i te wā e mahia ana te mahi, ka tino whakaiti i te kaha pānga pea.

Upoko 18: Te Tiaki Ahi me te Whakaiti i ngā Taiao Utu EV

Ahakoa he onge ngā ahi o te pākahiko lithium-ion, he tino uaua ki te tineia nā te "rerenga wera." I ngā wāhi arumoni pēnei i ngā whare waka i raro i te whenua, he mea nui te haumaru ahi.

18.1 NFPA 13 me ngā Pūnaha Tauhiuhi mō ngā Pokapū EV

Kei te National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ngā aratohu mō te kiato o ngā pūwero wai mō ngā karāti me ngā EV.

• Te Whakarei Ake o te Matotoru:Ko ētahi o ngā āpiha ahi e hiahia ana inaianei ki te kiato o te pūwero "Extra More Movement Group 1" i ngā wāhi he nui te kiato o te EV e utu ana, me te matapae he nui ake ngā tere tuku wera (HRR) mai i ngā ahi pākahiko.
• Te Wairere me te Rerenga:Tērā pea kei roto i ngā wai tinei ahi e rere ana mai i te ahi o te waka hiko ngā konganuku taumaha paitini. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he "Wehewehe Hinu/Wai" motuhake, he poka pupuri rānei hei ārai i te poke o te taiao.

18.2 Ngā Tikanga Kimi me te Whakamutu Āwhina

• Te Kitenga Pūoko Maha:Te whakamahi i ngā pūoko paowa me te wera, me ngā pūoko hauhā waro (CO), hei whakatūpato wawe mō te hau e puta mai ana i te pākahiko (karekau he hau e puta mai ana).
• Whakaweto Mana Āwhati (EPO):Me wātea tonu ki ngā kaiwhakauru tuatahi tētahi pātene EPO kua tohua mārama, kia taea ai e rātou te whakakore i te hiko o ngā taputapu ngaohiko teitei katoa i mua i te paninga wai.

Upoko 19: Te Whakapūmautanga Taiao me te Aromatawai i te Huringa Ora o ngā Hanganga

Ko te tāutanga "haumaru" me te pumau e whai whakaaro ana ki te huringa ora katoa o ngā waahanga.

19.1 Te Kōwhiringa Rauemi me te Haumarutanga o te Ahumahi

• Konumohe me te Parahi:Ahakoa ko te parahi te paerewa mō te kawe hiko me te haumaru, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te konumohe mō ngā oma whāngai roa hei penapena utu. Heoi, me whakamahi te konumohe i ngā hononga "AL/CU" me te whakapiri ārai-waikura hei ārai i ngā hononga ātete-teitei ka puta ai he ahi.
• Te āheinga ki te hangarua anō i ngā taputapu:Mā te tautuhi i ngā waeine EVSE me ngā hoahoa modular ka taea te whakatika "taumata-wāhanga" kaua ki te whakakapi i te waeine katoa, ka whakaiti i te para hiko.

19.2 Te Whakaiti i te Tapuwae Waro o ngā Mahi Ā-Iwi

• Konukura Waro-Iti:Te whakamahi i te pungarehu rere, i te raima para rānei mō ngā papa whakawhiti hiko.
• Papa Ārai:Te tāuta i ngā teihana utu waka hiko ki runga i ngā papa whakarewa hei whakaiti i te rerenga wai ua me te whakahaere i te utunga wai whenua ā-rohe.

Upoko 20: Te Tukanga Whakaaetanga me te Whakatutuki i ngā Ture (Tirohanga Whānui)

Ko te whakatere i roto i te tari whakahaere te wāhanga roa rawa atu o tētahi whakaurunga arumoni.

20.1 Amerika Te Raki (Ngā Whakaaetanga me te Taunekeneke AHJ)

Me whakaae te "Mana Whai Mana" (AHJ)—he kaitirotiro hiko tāone te nuinga o te wā—i ngā mahere i mua i te hanganga.

• Tirotiro Mahere:Me whai tānga hiko mai i tētahi Kaihanga Ngaio (PE).
• Hononga Whaipainga:Me manatoko e te tari "Whakamahere Ratonga" o te kamupene hiko ā-rohe ka taea e te whatunga hiko o nāianei te whakatutuki i te hiahia hou.

20.2 Te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (Te Tohu CE me te Whakamātautau Paerewa)

Me mau te tohu CE ki ngā taputapu katoa, e tohu ana i te tutuki i ngā Ture Whakatakotoranga Ngaohiko Iti (LVD) me te Ture Hototahi Hikohiko (EMC).

• Ngā Rerekētanga ā-Rohe:Ahakoa ngā paerewa whānui o te EU, he whakaritenga ā-motu motuhake ā ngā whenua pēnei i a Wīwī (e hiahia ana kia tāutahia ngā arai ki ngā kōhao) me te UK (tiakitanga Open-PEN) me tutuki.

20.3 Ngā Auahatanga ā-Rohe o Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (APAC)

He rerekē ngā paerewa utu a ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina (ngā paerewa GB/T) me Kōrea ki te Tonga. I Ahitereiria, ko te AS/NZS 3000 (Ngā Ture Waea) te kaupapa matua mō te haumaru o te EVSE, me te arotahi nui ki te wehewehe me te tohu.

Upoko 21: Te Whakangungu me te Haumaru Whakahaere mō ngā Kaimahi o te Whare

Hei whakamutunga, ko te "wāhanga tangata" te rārangi parepare whakamutunga. Me whakarite e ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā whare:

• Whakangungu mō te Kaiwhakautu Tuatahi:Kua tonohia ngā tari ahi ā-rohe ki te haere mai ki te papa mahi ki te ako i te whakatakotoranga me ngā tikanga whakaweto.
• Mātauranga Kaiwhakamahi:Ngā tohu mārama mō te whakamahi haumaru i te mono me te momotu, me ngā mea hei mahi i roto i te āhuatanga ohorere (hei tauira, "Pēhia te Pātene Whero").
• Ngā Kete Ringihia:Kei te papaanga ngā paraikete ahi kore-arataki me ngā tinei ahi Li-ion motuhake.

Tāpiritanga A: Ngā Tātai Hangarau Matua mō te Hangarau EVSE

1. Te Ture a Ohm mō ngā Pūnaha Wāhanga-3:$P = \sqrt{3} \times V_{LL} \times I \times PF$
2. Te Rahi o te Kaiwhakawehe Utaina Tonu:$Breaker \ge 1.25 \times I_{load}$
3. Te Rahi Taura mō te Hekenga Ngaohiko:$\Delta V = \frac{k \cdot I \cdot L}{A}$ (whakamāmā)
4. Te Whakamararatanga Wera (Wāti):$Q = I^2 \cdot R_{terminal}$ (e whakamahia ana hei tatau i te whakamatao o te kāpata)

Tāpiritanga B: Rārangi Arowhai Tiaki Tauira Whānui

Upoko 22: Tātari Ōhanga o te Pūtea Hanganga Haumaru

Ahakoa he nui te whakapaunga whakapaipai (CAPEX) o ngā mahi haumaru kua whakamāramahia i roto i tēnei aratohu, e kore e taea te whakakorekore i te uara mō te wā roa.

22.1 Te Whakaiti i te Mōrearea me ngā Utu Inihuarangatia

Kei te tirotirohia haeretia e ngā kamupene inihua ngā hanganga utu waka EV. Mēnā he wāhi e whakaatu ana i te piripono ki ngā paerewa NFPA, NEC, me te IEC, ā, e pupuri ana i tētahi rārangi tirotiro pakari, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā utu inihua nama me ngā utu inihua rawa iti iho. I tetahi atu taha, mā te aituā kotahi i tētahi wāhi kāore i te tino pai te tāutanga ka arahi pea ki te tūnga kore inihua.

22.2 Te Tiakitanga o te Wā Mahi me te Moni Whiwhi

I roto i ngā whatunga utu arumoni, ko te wā mahi te KPI tino nui. Mā te hoahoa e aro ana ki te haumaru—pērā i te whakamahi i ngā RCD Momo B koretake me ngā pūnaha whakamatao kounga teitei—ka whakaitihia ngā "haerenga whakararuraru" me te rahunga o ngā taputapu. Mā te pikinga 1% o te wā mahi puta noa i te whatunga teihana 100 ka taea te huri hei tekau mano tāra i roto i ngā moni whiwhi ā-tau.

Upoko 23: Wehewehenga Taipitopito mō te Hangarau Whenua: Te Tārai, te Whakatakotoranga, me te Whakakī i te Papa

Ki te miihini ā-iwi, ko te "haumarutanga" o te taura kei roto i te oneone.

23.1 Te Hōhonutanga me te Parenga o te Awaawa

Me tanu ngā taura ki ngā hohonutanga kua tohua e ngā ture ā-rohe (hei tauira, 24 inihi mō te tanu tika, 18 inihi rānei ki roto i te paipa i raro i te 2 inihi o te raima). Mō ngā wāhi arumoni, me whakanoho he "rīpene whakatūpato" 12 inihi ki runga ake i te paipa hei ārai i ngā kino o te keri a meake nei.

23.2 Te Ātete Wera o te Whakakī Whakamuri (Rho)

I te mea he nui te ātete wera o te oneone (whakakī-muri), ka puta te wera. Mēnā he nui te ātete wera o te oneone (whakakī-muri), kāore e taea e te taura te tuku i tēnei wera, ka pakaru te whakamarumaru. He maha ngā wā ka tohua e ngā miihini te "Whakakī-muri Wera Whakarewa" (FTB) mō ngā rere DCFC kaha-teitei hei whakarite i te mararatanga wera pai rawa atu.

Whakarāpopototanga Whakamutunga: Te Mahere Ara mō te Whakapūmautanga o te Hiko o te Rōpū Waka o te Ao

Kua whakaterea e tēnei aratohu hangarau, neke atu i te 6,000 kupu, te ao matatini o te tāutanga hiko arumoni. Mai i te ahupūngao o te hekenga ngaohiko ki te tari whakahaere o te whakaaetanga, me hanga ia paparanga o tēnei puranga hiko me te kaupapa kotahi. Ko te kaupapa matua o te pukapuka ārahi ko te hanga i te pono mai i te whenua ki runga - arā, ko te tikanga. Ko te pono o te rihi hiko he rite tonu ki te awaawa e whāngai ana i a ia, te whakakī whakamuri e whakamatao ana i a ia, te taputapu tiaki e tiaki ana i a ia, me te kaiwhakahaere e aroturuki ana i a ia.

Te Mahere Ara i roto i ngā Hipanga e Rima

1. Te hoahoa mō te pae tukutuku, kaua mō te pepa raraunga:Me tatau te hekenga ngaohiko, te rahi o te whakawhiti hiko, me te kaha ratonga mō ngā oma taura me ngā kōtaha kawenga tuturu, kaua mō tētahi tāutanga ariā tino tika.
2. Tiakina i ngā rohe katoa:Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te parenga ngaru hiko, ngā RCD, me te parenga hapa whenua i te tomokanga ratonga, te papa tohatoha, me te tāuru rihi.
3. Kia tino aro ki te paru:Ko te hohonu o te awaawa, te paipa wai, te rīpene whakatūpato, me te whakakī wai wera e whakatau ana mēnā ka ora te whāngai i ngā tekau tau o te kawenga tonu me te kore e pakaru te whakamarumaru.
4. Whakaaetia i mua i te hanganga:He iti ake te utu e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga a te NEC me te IEC 60364, me ngā whakaaetanga ā-rohe, i te whakamahi pepa i te whakahou i te mara.
5. Aroturuki i muri i te whakakaha i a koe:Ka hurihia e te telemetry kapua te wā mahi mai i te tumanako hei ine kirimana ka taea te ine, te whakamana — ā, koinei te taputapu e hopu ana i te nekehanga puhoi o te wera e patu ana i ngā taura tanumia.

Whakarāpopototanga Whakamutunga

I whakaūhia e ia upoko o tēnei aratohu te pono ōhanga kotahi: i roto i te utunga EV arumoni,ko te pono he moni whiwhiKo te whakapainga 1% o te wā mahi i tauahia i roto i te whakaurunga — tekau mano tāra puta noa i te whatunga teihana 100 — ka tutukihia i te wā kotahi, i te wā kotahi, i te wā kotahi, i te wā kotahi. Ko ngā kaihangarau e tohu ana i ngā taputapu tiaki me te whakakī wera me te kaha ōrite e whakamahia ana ki ngā whakatauranga mana rihi ka hanga whatunga e eke ana ki runga ake i ō rātou hoa whakataetae mō ngā tekau tau.

• He take haumaru te hekenga o te ngaohiko me te hohonu o te awaawai mua i te puta o ngā raruraru utu — me whakatika ngā mea e rua i te rā tuatahi.
• He iti te utu mō te whakakī anō i te werahei ārai i ngā pakaru taura utu nui i runga i ngā oma DCFC mana-tiketike.
• Me tohu ngā taputapu tiaki, kaua e whakaarohia— ko ngā tūponotanga whakararuraru me ngā kino o te ngaru hiko ngā tino take o te rahunga o te papa.
• Ka kati te porowhita i te aroturuki kapua, te huri i te kounga tāutanga hei wā mahi ka taea te ine.

Mō ngā kaiwhakahaere waka e neke haere ana mai i te teihana whakamātautau ki te 100 teihana, ka nui haere te mahi. Ko ia pae e tuku ana me te hohonu tika o te awaawa, te whakakī wera, me ngā whakaritenga tiaki ka puta he raraunga wā mahi ma; ko ia huinga raraunga ma ka whakapakari i te tono putea e whai ake nei me te whiriwhiringa hononga ratonga e whai ake nei. Ko te kounga tāutanga te whakarea puku i muri i ia inenga tipu i roto i te take pakihi hiko - ā, ina huihuia, ko ngā whakaritenga i roto i tēnei pukapuka ā-ringa e whakaahua ana i tētahi whatunga e ora tonu ana i tōna tekau tau tuatahi, ā, e utu ana i a ia anō i te huarahi.

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