Gushora imari muri Wallbox DC Home Chargers: Ingufu za SiC, Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira V2H, no Kuramba

Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye no kwimuka kw’amazu: Impamvu ishoramari muri Wallbox DC Home Chargers rirenga inzitizi za OBC, rituma V2H/V2G ibasha kwihanganira, kandi rigakoresha neza ingufu binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rya SiC kugira ngo habeho ubuzima burambye mu gihe kizaza.

Incamake

Impinduka ku isi yose igana ku gutwara amashanyarazi irimo kwinjira mu cyiciro cya kabiri kandi giteye imbere. Nubwo imyaka icumi ya mbere yibanze ku gukoresha imodoka no ku bikorwa remezo rusange, imyaka icumi iriho igenwa no kunoza imikorere y’urusobe rw’amashanyarazi mu ngo. Ishingiro ry’iri hinduka ni Wallbox DC Home Charger. Ubusanzwe, amashanyarazi mu ngo yabaye urwego rwa Alternating Current (AC) Level 2, zishingiye ku mashini zikoresha umuriro (OBC) mu modoka. Ariko, imbogamizi za tekiniki za OBC—zishingiye ku buremere, ingano, n’igiciro—zateje imbogamizi ku bana b’incuke batagikoresha ingufu.

Iyi nkuru itanga ibisobanuro byimbitse ku buhanga, amashanyarazi, n'ubukungu bw'udusanduku twa DC. Turasuzuma uburyo ibi bikoresho binyura muri OBC kugira ngo bitange charger yihuta kandi ikora neza; uburyo bikoresha semiconductor za Silicon Carbide (SiC) kugira ngo bigabanye igihombo cy'ubushyuhe; n'impamvu ari ishingiro ry'ingenzi rya porogaramu za Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) na Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). Byongeye kandi, turasesengura uburyo DC chargers zishyirwa muri Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), uruhare rwazo mu kwamamaza ibicuruzwa by'akataraboneka, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kugabanya ikiguzi n'inyungu mu gihe kirekire nk'umusaruro.

Igice cya 1: Ihinduka rya Paradigm mu Gusharija Imodoka zo mu Rugo – Kuva ku Isosiyete Ikoresha AC kugera ku Butasi bwa DC

Amateka yo gushyushya imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EV) yabaye ay’ibibazo. Mu ntangiriro z’iki gihe cya none, intego nyamukuru yari ukugenzura ko imodoka ishobora kongera kuzura mu ijoro ryose hakoreshejwe ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi byari bisanzweho. Ibi byatumye habaho kwiganza mu gushyushya imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Mu buryo bwa AC, agasanduku k’inkuta ni uburyo bwo gushyushya imodoka neza (EVSE - Ibikoresho byo Gutanga Imodoka Zikoresha Amashanyarazi) bunyuza ingufu za AC mu modoka mu buryo butaziguye. Guterura ibintu biremereye—guhindura izo ngufu za AC mu ngufu za DC zisabwa na bateri—bikorwa na On-Board Charger (OBC) y’imodoka.

Nubwo gushyiramo AC charger bihendutse, ni bike cyane. Uko ubushobozi bwa bateri bugenda buva kuri 60kWh bukagera kuri 100kWh no kurenzaho, igihe gisabwa cyo gusharija kuri 7kW cyangwa 11kW AC kiba imbogamizi ku ngo zikoresha cyane. Ikirenzeho, uburyo bwa AC bufata EV nk'umutwaro udakora—"ikinyuranyo" cy'ingufu.

Injira muri Wallbox DC Home Charger. Mu kwimura inzira yo guhindura AC-to-DC mu modoka tukayishyira mu gikoresho cyihariye gishyizwe ku rukuta, tuba dufunguye urwego rushya rw'imikorere. Iri hinduka rigaragaza ihinduka kuva kuri "AC Utility" kugera kuri "DC Intelligence." DC wallbox si charger gusa; ni ikigo cy'amashanyarazi gihanitse. Ivugana mu buryo butaziguye na Sisitemu yo Gucunga Bateri (BMS), itanga voltage nyayo n'igenzura ry'amashanyarazi ritarenze imipaka y'imbere y'imodoka.

Iki gice kirasuzuma imiterere migari yatumye habaho iyi mpinduka:

1. Gukurikirana Umuvuduko:Imodoka za EV zo mu rwego rwo hejuru ubu zishyigikira inyubako za 800V. Imashini zikoresha AC ntizishobora kubyaza umusaruro uyu muvuduko mu rugo. Amasanduku yo ku nkuta ya DC, ndetse no ku rwego rwo hasi rw'amashanyarazi yo mu rugo (urugero, 20kW kugeza 30kW), atanga ivugurura rikomeye ugereranyije n'imashini zisanzwe za AC za 7kW.
2. Ubusugire bw'ingufu:Ukwiyongera kw'ububiko bw'izuba n'amabatiri mu ngo bituma habaho "ikinyabuzima cya DC". Guhindura ingufu z'izuba za DC muri AC yo mu nzu, hanyuma ukazisubiza muri DC yo mu modoka, bitera gutakaza byinshi mu guhindura imiterere y'inzu. Imiterere y'urugo ihujwe na DC, ifite agasanduku ka DC mu gice cyayo cy'ibanze, bigabanya iyi "misoro yo guhindura imiterere y'inzu."
3. Urusobe rw'ubwenge:Uko ibigo by’amashanyarazi bigenda bitera imbere mu bijyanye no gutanga ibiciro ku gihe cyo gukoresha no gutanga ibisubizo ku byifuzo, uburyo bwo kugenzura butangwa na sisitemu za DC butuma ba nyir'amazu bagira uruhare mu kubungabunga amashanyarazi kurusha uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyiraho AC.

Igice cya 2: Itandukaniro rya tekiniki - Kurenga ku mugozi wo gushyushya imodoka (OBC)

Kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe impamvu DC home charger ari nziza cyane, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa "OBC Bottleneck." Buri EV ifite AC charger iba ifite On-Board Charger. Iki gice ni inverter y'amashanyarazi ifata 120V cyangwa 240V AC ikayikosora kuri DC voltage ya bateri.

Ariko, OBC ni ikigo cyakorewe fiziki y'imodoka. Kubera ko igomba kugendana n'imodoka, igengwa n'amategeko akomeye:

• Ubunini n'ingano:Buri kilogarama ya OBC ni kilogarama y'uburemere igabanya ubunini bw'imodoka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora imodoka benshi bagabanya OBC kuri 7kW cyangwa 11kW kugira ngo bazigame umwanya n'uburemere.
• Imicungire y'ubushyuhe:Guhindura ingufu za 11kW bitanga ubushyuhe bukabije. Urusobe rw'ubukonje bw'imodoka rugomba gukuraho ubu bushyuhe, bugatwara ingufu z'inyongera.
• Ikiguzi:Imodoka za OBC zifite ingufu nyinshi (urugero, 22kW) zirahenze kuzikora kandi akenshi zishyirwa mu mamodoka meza cyangwa izindi zivugururwa ku buryo bworoshye.

Iyo ukoresheje Wallbox DC Home Charger, OBC iba yarenze burundu. DC wallbox ihuza neza na bateri y'imodoka binyuze mu dupira twa DC twa CCS cyangwa NACS connector. Ibi bigira ingaruka nyinshi zikomeye:

2.1 Ubucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi budafite uburemere bw'imodoka

Mu gushyira ibikoresho byo guhindura ibintu ku rukuta rwa gareji, injeniyeri ntabwo zigishobora kubangamira uburemere bw'imodoka. Dushobora gukoresha inductor nini, capacitors zikomeye, na sisitemu zo gukonjesha nziza. Ibi bituma habaho umuvuduko wo gushyushya imodoka wa 15kW, 20kW, cyangwa 25kW—umuvuduko utagaragara neza mu buryo bufatika no mu bukungu kugira ngo winjire muri iyo modoka ubwayo.

2.2 Inyungu mu mikorere myiza

Ubusanzwe ubushobozi bwa OBC buri hagati ya 85% na 92%. Igihombo "cy'urugendo rwo gusubiramo" ni kinini iyo utekereje ku bihumbi by'imiziki yo gusharija mu myaka icumi ishize. Udusanduku twa DC, dukoresha ibikoresho byo mu rwego rw'inganda n'ubukonje bwihariye, dushobora kugera ku musaruro urenze 96%. Mu kurenga icyuma gisubiza inyuma imodoka imbere, ingufu ziva ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi (cyangwa imirasire y'izuba) zijya mu bubiko bw'imiti bwa bateri nta myanda myinshi.

2.3 Kwizerwa no Gutanga Serivisi

Iyo OBC yangiritse, imodoka iba yabuze aho ikorera kandi isaba gusanwa bihenze kandi bigoye mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi. Iyo DC wallbox yangiritse, imodoka ishobora kongera kwishyuzwa kuri sitasiyo rusange cyangwa hakoreshejwe charger ya AC, kandi wallbox ubwayo ishobora gusuzumwa cyangwa gusimbuzwa umuhanga mu by'amashanyarazi utarinze gukora ku bice by'imbere by'imodoka bifite voltage nyinshi.

Igice cya 3: Ibyiza bya elegitoroniki – Kunoza igihe kirekire cya batiri no kuyikoresha neza

Igitekerezo gikunze kugaragara ni uko “gusharija DC ari bibi kuri batiri.” Nubwo gusharija DC yihuta cyane ku isoko (350kW+) bishobora gutera ubushyuhe,Gushyushya DC yo mu rugo(mu gipimo cya 10kW kugeza kuri 25kW) mu by'ukuri ni "ikintu cyiza" gikoresha amashanyarazi gitanga ibyiza byinshi ugereranyije no gushyushya AC.

3.1 Uburyo bwo guhindura ubugari bw'ingufu (PWM) n'uburyo bwo kugenzura imirasire y'amazi

Uburyo bwo guhindura AC-kuva kuri DC muri OBC y'imodoka bukunze gutanga "umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhindagurika" - impinduka nto mu musaruro wa DC zishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwa microscopic mu turemangingo twa bateri. Utubati two ku nkuta twa DC dukoresha poroseseri zigezweho za digitale (DSPs) kugira ngo zitange ikimenyetso cya DC "gisukuye cyane". Uku guhagarara kugabanya igihombo cy'ubudahangarwa bw'imbere mu turemangingo twa Li-ion mu gihe cyo gusharija.

3.2 Imirongo yo Gusharija Ihindagurika

Iyo ukoresha AC, BMS y'imodoka igomba gusaba ingufu za OBC, hanyuma ikazikura ku rukuta. Iyi itumanaho ry'intambwe nyinshi rishobora kugira igihe cyo gutinda. Agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gatumana na BMS binyuze muri protocole ya ISO 15118. Ibi bituma habaho uburyo bwo gushyushya buhindagurika kandi busubiza inyuma. Iyo BMS ibonye ko ubushyuhe buzamuka gato muri module runaka y'ingirabuzimafatizo, agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gashobora guhita gahindura amashanyarazi, neza cyane kurusha uko OBC yabikora.

3.3 Kugabanya "Ubushyuhe bwo Guhindura"

Mu gihe cyo gushyushya AC, ubushyuhe buturuka kuri OBC bukunze kwimurirwa kuri bateri kuko basangiye uburyo bumwe bwo gukonjesha kandi bakaba bari hafi. Ubu bushyuhe bwa kabiri bushobora kwihutisha kwangirika kwa electrolyte. Mu kwimura inzira yo guhindura ubushyuhe ikajya ku rukuta, bateri y'imodoka ikomeza gukonja mu gihe cy'imyitozo, bigatuma urwego rwa SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) rugumana ubuzima bwiza kuri anode.

Muri make, gusharija DC yo mu rugo bitanga umuvuduko wa sharija yihuta hamwe n' "ubwitonzi" bwa sharija igenda buhoro, byose hamwe bigakomeza kugumana ubuziranenge bw'amashanyarazi mu gihe cyose bateri ihagaze.

Igice cya 4: Ikoranabuhanga rya Silicon Carbide (SiC) - Umutima w'Ihinduka ry'Ubuhanga Buhanitse

Ikintu cy'ibanga gituma udusanduku twa DC dugezweho two ku nkuta dushobora gukoreshwa mu rugo ni uguhindura kuva kuri Silicon (Si) MOSFET na IGBT bisanzwe kugera kuri Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors. SiC ni ibikoresho bifite icyuho kinini (WBG) byahinduye cyane imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingufu.

4.1 Imiterere myiza y'icyuho cy'umugozi

Icyuho cya Silicon Carbide gifite ubugari bungana n'inshuro eshatu kurusha icya silicon isanzwe. Ibi bituma ibikoresho bya SiC bikora ku muvuduko n'ubushyuhe biri hejuru cyane. Mu gasanduku k'urukuta ka DC, ibi bivuze ko igikoresho gishobora gukora ibisabwa na bateri za EV zigezweho za 400V cyangwa 800V zifite igice gito cy'igice cy'ibikoresho.

4.2 Kugabanuka kw'ibihombo byo guhindura ikoranabuhanga

Akamaro gakomeye ka SiC mu ishariji yo mu rugo ni ukugabanya igihombo cyo guhinduranya. Imashini zisanzwe za silikoni zitakaza ingufu buri gihe zifungura cyangwa zizimya, ahanini bitewe n'igihe cyazo cyo gusubiza gito ndetse n'ubushobozi bwazo bwinshi. Imashini za SiC zishobora gukora ku murongo wo hejuru cyane (akenshi inshuro 10 zirenze silicon). Uku guhinduranya kwa silikoni kwagutse kwemerera:

• Magnetike ntoya:Kubera ko inshuro zo guhinduranya ari nyinshi, inductors na transformers biri mu gasanduku k'urukuta bishobora kuba bito cyane kandi byoroshye. Ibi nibyo bituma charger ya 20kW DC iba nto bihagije kugira ngo imanikwe ku rukuta rwa gareji aho kuba akabati kangana na firigo.
• Ubushobozi bwo hejuru:SiC igabanya igihombo cy'ingufu kugeza kuri 80% ugereranije no guhindura icyuma gishingiye kuri silicon. Ku nyir'inzu, ibi bivuze ko bigabanya fagitire z'amashanyarazi kandi bigagabanya ubushyuhe bw'imyanda.

4.3 Imicungire y'ubushyuhe n'ubwirinzi

Kubera ko SiC ikora neza, itanga ubushyuhe buke. Ubushyuhe buke bivuze ko agasanduku k'inkuta gashobora kudakenera abafana bakonjesha cyane kandi bashyushye. Udusanduku twinshi twa DC dushingiye kuri SiC dushobora gukoresha imiterere y'ubukonjesha bw'amazi cyangwa imiterere igezweho yo gushyushya. Ibi byongera igihe cyo kubaho cy'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, kuko ubwikorezi bw'ubushyuhe ari yo mpamvu ya mbere ituma ibice by'amashanyarazi binanirwa gukora neza.

4.4 Isesengura ry'igereranya: Si vs. SiC mu gusaba ko abantu batura

Kugira ngo umuntu arusheho gusobanukirwa SiC, agomba kureba iterambere ry’imibare. Muri converter isanzwe ya 20kW:

• Kugabanya ibirenge:Sisitemu ishingiye kuri silikoni ishobora gusaba agakingirizo ka litiro 15 kugira ngo gashyirwemo amafeni akonjesha n'ibice binini binini. Sisitemu ishingiye kuri SiC ishobora kwinjira mu gakingirizo ka litiro 4, ingano igabanutseho 73%.
• Inshuro zo Guhinduranya:Muri rusange, Silicon IGBTs igarukira kuri 20kHz kugeza 30kHz bitewe n'ubushyuhe buke. SiC MOSFETs zikora neza kuri 100kHz kugeza 300kHz. Iki si igipimo cya tekiniki gusa; gifitanye isano itaziguye n'uburemere bw'imigozi y'umuringa muri transformers, ari na byo bigize igice kinini cy'umubyimba w'ibikoresho (BOM).
• Ingufu ku mutwaro uciriritse:Imashini nyinshi zo mu rugo zikoresha ingufu nke (urugero, 5kW aho kuba 20kW) mu gihe kinini cy'ubuzima bwazo. SiC igumana ubushobozi bwo gukora neza (94%+) ndetse no ku mutwaro wa 20%, mu gihe ubushobozi bwa silikoni bukunze kugabanuka cyane bukagera kuri 80s zo hasi cyangwa 70s zo hejuru ku ngufu nke.

4.5 Ingaruka z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere ku bushyuhe ku gihe cy'ubuzima

Imashini zishyushya amazu ziba mu bihe bibi cyane—garaje zikonje mu gihe cy'itumba n'izishyushye cyane mu mpeshyi. Imashini zishyushya za silicon zikunze kwibasirwa cyane n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bw'amahuriro. Igihe cyose icyuma gishyushya cya silicon gitangiye, ibice by'imbere birakura kandi bigacika. Mu gihe cy'amasaha ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, ibi bitera umunaniro wa solder no gucika intege kw'insinga. Icyuho kinini cya SiC hamwe n'ubushobozi bwinshi bw'ubushyuhe bivuze ko ubushyuhe bw'imbere bukomeza kuba bwiza cyane, byongera cyane MTBF (Igihe cy'Uburinganire hagati y'Ibibazo) by'igikoresho kuva ku myaka 5 y'inganda kugeza ku myaka irenga 12.

Igice cya 5: Wallbox DC Chargers nk'Irembo rijya kuri V2H (Imodoka ijya mu rugo) na V2G (Imodoka ijya kuri Grid)

Impamvu ikomeye yo gushora imari mu gasanduku ka DC ni uruhare rwako mu gutuma ingufu zikwirakwira mu cyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri. Nubwo hariho sisitemu zimwe na zimwe za AC mu cyerekezo bibiri, zigengwa n’ibikoresho by’imbere by’imodoka. Gukoresha DC mu cyerekezo bibiri ni cyo gipimo cy’agaciro cyo kwihanganira ingufu.

5.1 Imodoka nk'ibati yo mu rugo (V2H)

Bateri ya EV igezweho ikunze gufata ingufu hagati ya 60kWh na 100kWh. Ibi birahagije kugira ngo ikoreshe ingufu mu rugo rusanzwe mu minsi itatu kugeza kuri itanu. Ariko, kugira ngo ukoreshe izi ngufu mu rugo rwawe mu gihe cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, ukeneye uburyo bwo gukuramo ingufu za DC muri bateri no kuyisubiza muri AC yo mu rugo rwawe. Agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gakora nk'iri rembo. Kubera ko kanyura kuri OBC, gashobora gukuramo ingufu mu buryo butaziguye muri bateri, kakayihindura muri 240V AC, hanyuma kakayishyira mu gikoresho cy'amashanyarazi cyo mu rugo (binyuze mu buryo bwo kohereza). Ibi bihindura EV "Powerwall" nini, igendanwa, itanga ubushobozi burenze bateri yo mu rugo isanzwe ku giciro gito.

5.2 Gutuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'amafaranga yinjira (V2G)

Imodoka ijya kuri Gridi (V2G) itera intambwe ikurikira. Mu buryo bwa V2G, agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gatumanaho n'ikigo gitanga serivisi. Mu gihe cy'ubukene bwinshi, icyuma gishobora "gutiza" ingufu nke ku modoka ibihumbi za EV ziparitse. Nyir'inzu akunze kwishyurwa iyi serivisi, bigabanura neza ikiguzi cyose cy'umutungo we. Agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC ni keza kuri V2G kuko gatanga igihe cyo gusubiza vuba no gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi. Niba icyuma gikeneye gukururwa gitunguranye cya 20kW kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwijima ushira, agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gashobora kugatanga ako kanya, mu gihe AC OBC isanzwe ishobora kugarukira kuri 7kW kandi ishobora no kudashyigikira urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi mu cyerekezo kimwe.

5.3 Inganda zitanga amashanyarazi (VPP)

Imashini zitanga umuriro wa DC zemerera ba nyir'amazu kwinjira mu nganda zitanga umuriro wa Virtual Power Plants. Mu guhuza amazu amagana ahujwe na DC, umuyobozi wa VPP ashobora gutanga ubushobozi bunini ku isoko ry'ingufu nyinshi. Ibi bitanga "ubukungu bushya bw'ingufu" ku rwego rw'imiturire, aho EV ari umutungo ufatika aho kuba ikiguzi kidakoreshejwe.

5.4 Ingamba zo Kubungabunga “Imiterere y’Ibiro” (SoC)

Kimwe mu bintu bigezweho bya sisitemu za DC V2G ni ubushobozi bwo gucunga ubuzima bwa bateri mu gihe ishyigikira ikoranabuhanga. Bitandukanye na sisitemu zishingiye kuri AC zishobora "gutera" bateri mu buryo buciriritse kandi budakora neza, agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gashobora "gusohora neza." Gashobora gukuramo ingufu zisabwa n'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe kagenzura ko bateri itajya imanuka munsi y'umurongo ugenwa n'umukoresha (urugero, 20% SoC), kandi ikabikora ku gipimo cyiza cyo gusohora gigabanya ubushyuhe bw'imbere.

Igice cya 6: Guhuza byimbitse na sisitemu zo gucunga ingufu zo mu rugo (HEMS) n'izishobora kuvugururwa

Gutanga charger ya Wallbox DC si igikoresho cyihariye; ni ikintu cy'ingenzi muri "Smart Home of 2030." Iyo ihujwe na sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu zo mu rugo (HEMS), DC wallbox iba ari yo iyobora ingufu z'urugo.

6.1 Igitekerezo cya "DC Bus"

Amazu adashobora kuzaza arimo kwerekeza ku nyubako ya DC-primary. Panels z'izuba zikora DC. Bateri zo mu rugo zibika DC. EV zikoresha DC. Mu nzu isanzwe ya AC, ingufu zihinduka zigasubira inyuma (DC -> AC -> DC -> AC), hakabaho igihombo cya 3-5% kuri buri ntambwe. Agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gatuma habaho guhuza mu buryo butaziguye. Ingufu za DC zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zishobora koherezwa muri bateri ya EV zitanyuze muri inverter ya AC. Uku gusharija imirasire y'izuba "Direct-to-EV" ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi mu mikorere myiza, bigatuma buri photon yafashwe n'igisenge ikoreshwa mu kugenda.

6.2 Kugereranya imizigo mu buryo bw'ubwenge

Porogaramu ya HEMS ishobora gukoresha agasanduku ka DC kugira ngo ihuze umutwaro wose w’inzu. Urugero, iyo sisitemu ya HVAC itangiye gukora ikagera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’inzu, HEMS ishobora guhita igabanya umuvuduko wa DC kuva kuri 20kW kugera kuri 10kW. Kubera ko DC ikoreshwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga kandi ikarinda gutinda kw’imodoka imbere, izi mpinduka ziba mu masegonda make, bigatuma agasanduku k’amashanyarazi k’inzu kadacika.

6.3 Isesengura ry’ibiteganyijwe n’imyitwarire y’abakoresha

HEMS ihuriweho ishobora gusesengura iteganyagihe, ibiciro by'ibikoresho, na kalendari y'umukoresha. Niba sisitemu izi ko ufite urugendo rurerure ejo kandi izuba rizaca uyu munsi, izashyira imbere gusharija imirasire y'izuba ya DC nyuma ya saa sita. Niba ibonye ibiciro by'ibikoresho biri hejuru nimugoroba, izakoresha agasanduku ka DC gakoresha inkuta kugira ngo ikuremo ingufu mu modoka kugira ngo ikoreshe icyuma gikaraba amasahani n'amatara (V2H), hanyuma ishyire umuriro mu modoka saa cyenda za mu gitondo mu gihe ibiciro biri hasi.

6.4 Ingaruka z'ubwikorezi bw'amato mu miryango myinshi

Mu mazu y’amazu cyangwa mu mazu y’akataraboneka, udusanduku tw’inkuta twa DC dushobora gushyirwaho umuyoboro kugira ngo habeho "umuyoboro muto w’amashanyarazi." Aho kugira ngo buri nzu ibe ifite umurongo wabigenewe w’amashanyarazi uhoraho 90%, bisi ya DC ishobora gusangira ingufu hagati y’imodoka. Iyo imodoka imwe yuzuye umuriro, igice cyayo cy’ubushobozi bwa DC gihita kijyanwa ku modoka ihageze. Uku "gusangira ubushobozi budasanzwe" bishoboka gusa iyo itumanaho ryihuse kandi rigenzurwa neza riri muri sisitemu za DC.

Igice cya 7: Ubwubatsi bw'Ibintu - Gushyiramo, Gukoresha neza umwanya, no Gucunga Ubushyuhe

Guhindura DC ikoresha ingufu nyinshi kuva mu bubiko bw'inganda kugera muri gareji zo guturamo byasabye ubuhanga buhanitse mu by'ubuhanga. Nubwo DC ikoresha vuba akenshi ingana n'imashini nini igurisha ibicuruzwa, DC ikoresha inkuta igomba kuba nto, ishimishije kandi ituje. Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho hakenewe udushya mu bice byinshi by'ingenzi.

7.1 Topiology yo guhindura imbaraga: Umuhinduzi wa Resonant

Kugira ngo habeho ubucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi, udusanduku tw'inkuta twa DC two mu ngo dukunze gukoresha ibyuma bihindura resonant bya LLC cyangwa imiterere ya Phase-Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB). Izi circuits zemerera "Soft Switching," aho ibyuma bifungura kandi bizimya kuri zero voltage (ZVS) cyangwa zero current (ZCS). Ibi bigabanya cyane EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) - ingenzi ku bidukikije byo mu rugo aho Wi-Fi n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo bigezweho - kandi bigabanya ingano ya filters zo imbere n'ibikoresho bishyushya.

7.2 Imicungire y'ubushyuhe: Uretse umufana

Mu nzu, urusaku ni ikibazo gikomeye. Ishaje ya 20kW ifite umufana w’inganda urimo ijwi ryinshi ntiyemerwa kuri gareji iri ku cyumba cyo kuraramo. Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bakoresheje ingamba zitandukanye zo gucunga ubushyuhe bucece:

• Magnetike zikubiye mu gipfundikizo:Ibice nk'ibinyabutabire bishyirwa mu nkono mu mavuta atwara ubushyuhe akurura ubushyuhe akabujyana mu gasanduku k'inyuma.
• Ibikoresho byo guhindura ubushyuhe biva ku mazi bijya ku mwuka:Udusanduku tumwe na tumwe tw’inkuta twa DC dukoresha agace gato k’amazi kadacecetse (nk’uko bimeze kuri mudasobwa ikoresha imikino) kugira ngo twimure ubushyuhe buva kuri module za SiC bujya kuri chassis nini ya aluminiyumu ikora nk’urumuri rudakoresha amashanyarazi.
• Ibikoresho byo Guhindura Icyiciro (PCM):Ibikoresho bigezweho bikoresha PCM kugira ngo bikurure ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'ingufu nke kandi zikomeye, hanyuma biburekure buhoro buhoro uko igihe kigenda gihita, bigatuma habaho imbaraga nyinshi mu gihe nta gukonjesha gukomeye.

7.3 Imiterere y'Ishyirwaho: Sisitemu ya "Gutandukanya"

Kugira ngo barenge uburemere bw'ibikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi bya 20kW+, bamwe mu bakinnyi barimo kwerekeza ku buryo butandukanye. Module y'amashanyarazi ishyirwa mu cyumba cyo hejuru cyangwa mu kabati k'ibikoresho, mu gihe "umutwe" muto kandi woroshye kuwushyira mu igaraje (urimo ecran na cable). Ibi byoroshya uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho, kuko akazi k'amashanyarazi gakorerwa hafi y'igice kinini, kandi insinga za DC zifite voltage nyinshi ni zo gusa zigomba kujyanwa aho imodoka zihagarara.

7.4 Ibisabwa ku guhuza gridi

Gushyiramo agasanduku ka DC ku rukuta biragoye cyane kurusha icyuma gisanzwe cya AC. Ubusanzwe bisaba ko habaho umurongo wihariye wa 3-phase (mu Burayi) cyangwa uruziga rufite amperage ya 240V split-phase circuit (muri Amerika ya Ruguru).

• Kugabanya Imitwaro ku Rutonde rw'Imirimo:Ibikoresho byinshi ubu birimo "CT clamps" (Current Transformers) bigenzura ikoreshwa ry'inzu yose. Iyo nyir'inzu afunguye sauna cyangwa ifuru ikoresha amashanyarazi, DC wallbox yihuta ako kanya kugira ngo hirindwe ko fuse nyamukuru ihuha.
• Transformers zo kwitandukanya:Imashini zikoresha DC chargers zigomba gutanga uburyo bwo gushyira galvanic hagati y’urukuta rw’imodoka na bateri kugira ngo umutekano ube mwiza. Transformers zigezweho zifite frequency yo hejuru zasimbuye transformers zikomeye za 50/60Hz, zigabanya uburemere kuva kuri 50kg zikagera munsi ya 5kg.

7.5 Ubwubatsi bw'Insinga n'Ubuhanga mu by'Ikoranabuhanga

Insinga za DC zirakomeye cyane kandi ziremereye kurusha insinga za AC kuko zigomba gutwara umuriro mwinshi cyane (akenshi kugeza kuri 80A cyangwa 100A). Ibi bitanga imbogamizi ku buryo bworoshye. Abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga bakoze "insinga zikonjeshwa n'amazi" (ndetse no mu ngo) zikoresha urwego rworoshye rw'amazi akonjesha kugira ngo zemererwe gukoresha umuringa muto cyane. Ibi bituma insinga iba nziza kandi yoroheje nk'insinga isanzwe ya AC, binongera cyane ubunararibonye bw'abakoresha ku bantu bakuze cyangwa abafite ubumuga bwo kugenda buhoro.

Igice cya 8: Isesengura ry'Ubukungu – Ingano y'Ikiguzi n'Ikiguzi cyose cy'Ubutunzi (TCO)

Imbogamizi nyamukuru ku gukoresha DC mu gusharija inzu kuva kera ni "Igiciro cya Sticker." Agasanduku k'inkuta ka AC gafite ubuziranenge buhanitse kagura $500–1.000, mu gihe agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gashobora kugura $4.000–10.000. Ariko, kwibanda ku giciro cyo kugura byirengagiza inyungu zikomeye z'Ikiguzi cy'Ubucuruzi (TCO).

8.1 "Ikiguzi cyirinzwe" cyo kubika ibintu mu buryo butaziguye

Iyo nyir'inzu atekereza gukoresha amashanyarazi ya EV na batiri yo mu rugo (nk'iya Tesla Powerwall), imibare y'ubukungu irahinduka. Powerwall ya 13.5kWh igura hafi $10.000. Mu guhitamo agasanduku k'inyuma ka DC gafite icyerekezo gibiri, nyir'inzu ashobora gukoresha batiri ya 80kWh yamaze kuba muri EV ye. "Ikiguzi kuri kWh" cyo kubika ukoresheje agasanduku k'inyuma ka DC ni zeru (kuko wamaze kugura imodoka), ugereranyije na $700/kWh yo kubika ahantu hataragera. Ku nzu ikeneye ubushobozi bunini bwo kubika, agasanduku k'inyuma ka DC ni ko gakwiye gukoreshwa.gihendutseinzira igana ku bwigenge mu bijyanye n'ingufu.

8.2 Kuzigama mu buryo bwo gukoresha neza ingufu

Inyungu ya 5% kugeza kuri 8% yo gukoresha DC-to-DC charger (ikoresha imirasire y'izuba kuri EV) irayongera. Mu birometero 100.000 utwaye imodoka, EV izakoresha ingufu za kWh zigera ku 33.000. Inyungu ya 5% yo gukoresha neza izigama kWh 1.650. Ku $0.25/kWh, ni ukuvuga $412 mu kuzigama mu buryo butaziguye. Mu gihe cy'imyaka 15 charger imaze, inyungu yo gukoresha neza yonyine ishobora kwishyura igiciro cy'igiciro cy'imodoka ihendutse ya AC.

8.3 Kwinjiza amafaranga binyuze muri V2G

Mu turere dufite gahunda za V2G zikora, DC wallbox ishobora kwinjiza amafaranga. Kaliforuniya n'ibihugu byinshi by'i Burayi birimo kugerageza porogaramu zishyura abakoresha $0.50 kugeza $1.00 kuri kWh kugira ngo bahabwe ubufasha bw' "ingamba zihutirwa". Iyo umushoferi atanga inkunga ya 10kWh inshuro 50 mu mwaka, ashobora kwinjiza $500 ku mwaka. Hamwe n'ibitera inkunga byo gusubiza ibyo umuntu akeneye, DC wallbox ihinduka iva ku kigo cy'ikiguzi ikajya ku mutungo winjiza amafaranga.

8.4 Isesengura ry'ubukana bw'amashanyarazi: Ingaruka ku biciro by'amashanyarazi

URUSORO RW'Isanduku y'amashanyarazi ya DC ruterwa cyane n'ikwirakwira ry'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi hagati y'igihe kinini n'igihe kitari icy'igihe kinini. Mu masoko afite igipimo cya "Igihe cyo Gukoresha" (ToU) aho ikwirakwira ari $0.30/kWh cyangwa irenga, igihe cyo kwishyura ku sanduku y'amashanyarazi ya DC ya $5,000 (harimo no kuyishyiraho) gishobora kuba gito cyane hagati y'imyaka 4 na 6 iyo habayeho kuzigama V2H no gukoresha neza imirasire y'izuba. Mu masoko afite igipimo gihoraho, igihe cyo kwishyura kirakomeza, bigatuma igikoresho kigurwa nk'ikintu "cy'agaciro kandi kidahinduka" kuruta ikintu cy'amafaranga gusa.

8.5 Kubungabunga n'agaciro k'ibisigaye

Udusanduku tw’inkuta twa AC dusanzwe dukunze gufatwa nk’ibikoresho byo gukoreshwa gusa. Mu buryo bunyuranye, udusanduku tw’inkuta twa DC twubatswe hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’inganda. Agaciro kazo gasigaye ku isoko rya kabiri gashobora gukomeza kuba hejuru, nk’uko bimeze ku byuma bikoresha imirasire y’izuba. Byongeye kandi, uko amazu agenda arushaho gupimwa hashingiwe ku "bushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu," agasanduku k’inkuta ka DC kamaze gushyirwaho gashobora gutanga ubwinshi bwa 2% kugeza kuri 5% by’agaciro ko kugurisha imitungo.

Igice cya 9: Inzu nziza n'agaciro k'ikirango - Impamvu amasoko y'amazu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ahitamo DC

Mu bijyanye n'amazu meza n'imodoka zihenze, "Wallbox DC" yabaye ikimenyetso cy'icyubahiro, nk'igikoni cy'umwuga cyangwa ikinamico yo mu rugo. Igaragaza ubwitange mu ikoranabuhanga, imikorere, no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

9.1 Impaka z' “Igihe ni cyo cyonyine cy'akataraboneka”

Ku muntu ufite imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa EV ikora neza nka Porsche Taycan cyangwa Lucid Air, gutegereza amasaha 10 kugira ngo ishyurwe yuzuye ni ikibazo. Agasanduku k'inyuma gashobora gutanga "inyongera" mu masaha 1.5 gahuye n'ubuzima bw'umuntu ufite agaciro gakomeye. Uburyo bworoshye bwo gusubira mu rugo avuye mu rugendo rwa golf rwa mu gitondo no kugira imodoka yuzuye yiteguye inama yo ku gicamunsi ni ikintu cy'agaciro kirenze imibare yoroshye y'amashanyarazi.

9.2 Guhuza ubwiza n'igishushanyo mbonera

Udusanduku tw’inkuta twa DC twiza (dukomoka ku bicuruzwa nka Wallbox, Delta, cyangwa ABB) twagenewe kuzuza inyubako nziza. Harimo:

• Ibikoresho by'igiciro cyinshi:Ibyuma bya aluminiyumu, ikirahure gishyushye, n'ibirungo bya fibre ya karuboni.
• Imicungire y'Insinga Zihishe:Utwuma dukoresha moteri two gukuraho insinga cyangwa sisitemu za "plug-in-and-discard" zituma hasi muri gareji haguma hasukuye.
• Umucyo w'ibinyabutabire n'amatara agezweho:Imashini zikoresha charger zimenya umukoresha binyuze kuri telefoni cyangwa igikumwe cye kandi zigatanga urumuri rwerekana uko charge ihagaze ako kanya.

9.3 Gutanga agaciro k'ubutaka butimukanwa

Abahanga mu iterambere ry’amazu bashyize imbere ibintu birimo kwitwa "Net Zero Luxury". Inzu ifite charger ya DC ya 20kW ikoreshwa mu buryo bubiri iratangazwa nka "V2H Ready." Mu isoko rikomeje guhangayikishwa n’ihindagurika ry’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, iyi porogaramu itanga amahirwe yo kongera kugurisha, ikurura abaguzi bazi ikoranabuhanga babona charger isanzwe ya AC nk' "umuhanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga ukomoka ku mateka."

9.4 Ubunararibonye bwa "Flagship" ku bakora imodoka

Abakora imodoka nziza barimo gufatanya n'abakora charger za DC kugira ngo batange ibisubizo byo gusharija mu rugo. Iyo umukiriya aguze EV ya $150.000, uruganda rukora imodoka rurashaka kwemeza ko charger ihuye n'uburambe bwo gutwara. Agasanduku k'urukuta ka DC gatanga "ecosystem" ihuza ubwumvikane bw'ikirango kandi ikagabanya "imihangayiko yo mu bwoko" binyuze mu gutanga ihumure ry' "imihangayiko yo mu buryo bwihuse".

9.5 Akamaro k'imitekerereze ya "Zero Gutegereza"

Uretse umuvuduko usanzwe, hari impinduka ikomeye mu mitekerereze y'umuntu ufite inzu abona imodoka ye iyo afite agasanduku ka DC. Hamwe n'icyuma gisanzwe cya AC, imodoka ikunze gufatwa nk' "idafite imbaraga" - igikoresho gisaba guhora gicungwa buhoro. Hamwe n'icyuma gisanzwe cya 25kW DC, imodoka ifatwa nk "iboneka." Ibi bigabanya umutwaro wo kumenya gutunga imodoka za EV, bikuraho gukenera gutegura neza imirimo n'ingendo. Ku muguzi w'akataraboneka, uku gusobanukirwa mu bwenge akenshi ni cyo kintu cy'agaciro kanini muri sisitemu yose.

Igice cya 10: Imiterere y'amategeko n'ahazaza h'amahame agenga gusharija hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga

Uko ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya DC mu mazu rigenda rikura, ibidukikije bigenzura amategeko biragorwa no kugendana n'umuvuduko. Guhindura kuva ku gushyushya "ibidasobanutse" kugera ku mikoranire ya DC mu cyerekezo kibiri bisaba amategeko ahuriweho ajyanye n'amahame agenga imodoka, amategeko y'amashanyarazi, na gahunda z'itumanaho ry'ibikoresho.

10.1 Igipimo cya ISO 15118-20: Ururimi rw'Isi Yose

Iterambere ry'ingenzi cyane mu mwanya wo gusharija ni ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ISO 15118-20, bikunze kwitwa "Plug & Charge" hamwe n'ubufasha bw'icyerekezo kibiri. Iyi porotokoli yemerera:

• Kwemeza mu buryo bwikora:Imodoka yiyerekana ku gasanduku k'inyuma k'urukuta ka DC ikimara gucomekwaho, bigatuma hatabaho gukenera porogaramu cyangwa amakarita ya RFID.
• Imicungire y'Umutwaro Uhinduka:Itangazo rirambuye ku bijyanye n'imiterere ya bateri, ubushyuhe, n'ibikenewe mu kuyishaja.
• Inkunga y'icyerekezo cy'ibiri:Iyi gahunda ishyiraho ku mugaragaro uburyo bwo gusabana busabwa kuri V2H na V2G, ikagenzura ko Ford EV ishobora kuvugana na Wallbox charger na Siemens grid interface nta kibazo cyo guhuza.

10.2 Iterambere ry'amategeko y'amashanyarazi: NEC na IEC

Amategeko y'amashanyarazi yo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga arimo kuvugururwa kugira ngo ashyiremo "DC Microgrids".

• Ingingo ya 706 ya NEC (Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu):Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Itegeko ry'Igihugu ry'Amashanyarazi ubu ritanga amabwiriza asobanutse neza ku buryo bwo gufata amashanyarazi ya elegitoroniki nk'uburyo bwo kubika. Ibi birimo ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho kuzimya vuba no gufunga byihuse, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu bikomeye kuri sisitemu za DC kurusha sisitemu za AC.
• Ingufuri z'umutekano:Udusanduku twa DC dukenera uburyo bwo kumenya amazi y’ubutaka mu buryo bugezweho no kurinda arc-flash. Kubera ko arc za DC zidafite "zero-crossing" nka AC, biragoye kuzimya. Udusanduku twa DC dugezweho dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n’udukingirizo kugira ngo umutekano w’amazu ukomeze kuba mwiza.

10.3 Guhuza imikorere n'ibipimo bya interineti

Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ni byo by'ingenzi. Kugira ngo nyir'inzu akoreshe V2G, ikigo kigomba kwemeza "amasezerano yo guhuza."

• IEEE 1547:Iri hame rigenga uburyo ingufu zikwirakwizwa (nk'amashanyarazi ahujwe na DC) zishobora guhuzwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Rituma umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uramutse ugabanutse, amashanyarazi ahagarika kongera gukoresha ingufu mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo arinde abakozi bashinzwe ibikorwa remezo (barwanya ikirwa).
• Udushya mu gutanga inguzanyo:Turimo kubona izamuka rya "Real-Time Pricing" (RTP). Muri ubu buryo, DC wallbox ni igikoresho cy'imari, kigura ingufu ku biciro biri hasi (bikunze kugaragara mu turere duhura n'umuyaga mwinshi) hanyuma kikazigurisha mu gihe cy'ihungabana rikomeye.

Igice cya 11: Ibyerekeye ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibintu - Inyigo ku byabaye ku isi nyayo

Kugira ngo dushyire mu bikorwa ibi bitekerezo bya tekiniki, reka turebere hamwe ibintu bitatu bitandukanye byo gushyira mu bikorwa aho udusanduku twa DC dutanga agaciro gahindura ibintu.

Inyigo A: Inzu y'Ubutayu Ifite Ingufu Zihagije ku Mirasire y'Izuba (Arizona, Amerika)

Igenamiterere:Inzu ifite ubuso bwa metero kare 4,000 ifite ingufu z'izuba zo hejuru za 15kW, agasanduku k'inkuta ka 20kW DC, na 100kWh EV.Ikibazo:Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cyo mu gace gifite “ibiciro byo gukenera” biri hejuru kandi gifite inguzanyo nke yo kohereza hanze ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba.Igisubizo cya DC:Nyir'inzu akoresha agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC kugira ngo ashyushye umuriro wa EV uturutse ku mirasire y'izuba kuri 15kW DC. Mu kwirinda igihombo cya AC-DC hamwe n' "umuhuza" w'ibikoresho, inzu igera kuri 95% by'ikoreshwa ry'izuba ubwayo. Mu gihe cy'umuvuduko mwinshi w'ijoro (16h00 - 20h00), agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gatanga inkunga ya V2H ya 8kW, gatanga ingufu kuri pompe za AC na pisine. Ibi bikuraho gukenera sisitemu ya bateri ihoraho ya $20.000, bikarinda nyir'inzu amafaranga menshi mu gihe imodoka ye yiteguye kujya mu rugendo rwa mugitondo.

Inyigo ya B: Inzu nziza ifite amazu menshi (London, UK)

Igenamiterere:Inzu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ifite ahantu 10 ho guparika imodoka, buri imwe ifite akabati gasangiwe kW 50 DC n'"ibice by'umutwe" byihariye.Ikibazo:Ingufu zose z'amashanyarazi muri iyi nyubako ni nke. Gushyiramo chargers za AC za 10 x 22kW byasaba kuvugurura sitasiyo nini cyane, itwara miliyoni nyinshi z'amapawundi.Igisubizo cya DC:Inyubako ikoresha amashanyarazi ya DC akoreshwa mu buryo buhuriweho. Aho gukoresha AC 10 zitandukanye, sisitemu ishyira mu buryo buhamye ubushobozi bwa DC bwa 50kW ku modoka iyo ari yo yose ikeneye cyane. Kubera ko charger ya DC icungwa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga kandi ikora neza cyane, inyubako ishobora gushyigikira EV 10 kuri feed y'ibikoresho isanzweho. Abaturage bishimira uburambe bwa "concierge" bwo charger ya 25kW, ibi bikaba bidashoboka iyo ukoresheje ibikorwa remezo bisanzwe by'inyubako za AC.

Inyigo C: "Guhunga" kwa kure hanze y'umuyoboro (imisozi miremire ya Ecosse)

Igenamiterere:Inzu yo guturamo ikoresha turbine ntoya y'amazi n'imashini ntoya ikoresha umuyaga.Ikibazo:Udukoresho duto tw’amashanyarazi turagoye kandi ntidushobora guhangana n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ukoreshwa mu gushyushya amashanyarazi ukoresheje “amashanyarazi asanzwe” (inrush current) nk’uko bisanzwe.Igisubizo cya DC:Agasanduku k'inkuta ka DC gakora nk'agasanduku gakomeye. Gakurura umuyoboro wa DC uhoraho kandi ufite ingufu nke uva muri sisitemu y'amazi/umuyaga ukajya muri batiri ntoya y'agasanduku, hanyuma "gatera" izo ngufu muri EV kuri 20kW DC iyo bikenewe. Gucunga neza icyuma gitanga DC bibuza micro-grid gusenyuka, bigatuma EV itunga mu mpande za kure cyane z'isi.

Igice cya 12: Imbogamizi za tekiniki n'ingamba zo kugabanya ingaruka

Nubwo inyungu ari nyinshi, inzira yo kwishyura imiyoboro ya DC mu mazu yose ntabwo ibura imbogamizi. Gukemura ibi bibazo ni cyo cyibandwaho mu bushakashatsi n’iterambere biriho muri uru rwego.

12.1 Urusaku rwinshi n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi (EMC)

Gukoresha icyuma gihindura amashanyarazi cya 20kW SiC kuri 200kHz muri gareji yo mu rugo bishobora guteza urusaku rukomeye rwa electromagnetic. Iyo rudakingiwe neza, uru rusaku rushobora kubangamira Wi-Fi yo mu rugo, ibimenyetso bya telefoni, ndetse n'ibikoresho by'imodoka ubwayo.Kugabanya ikibazo:Inganda zikomeye zikoresha filters za EMI zifite ibyiciro byinshi hamwe no guhinduranya "spread-spectrum". Mu guhindura gato frequency yo guhinduranya aho kuguma ku gasongero kamwe gahamye, "urusaku" rukwirakwira mu gice kinini, bigabanura urwego rwo kugabanya ubwinshi bw'ubwinshi ku rugero rujyanye n'amahame ya FCC na CE yo guturamo.

12.2 Imiterere y'amahuriro n'ubwiza bw'ingufu

Imashini nini zo gushyushya za DC zishobora kongeramo "harmoniki" mu gikoresho cy'amashanyarazi. Ibi ni uguhindura umuraba wa sine nziza utangwa n'ikigo. Guhindura harmoniki nyinshi bishobora gutuma izindi moteri (nk'izo muri firigo cyangwa imashini zimesa) zishyuha cyane kandi zikananirwa gukora imburagihe.Kugabanya ikibazo:Udusanduku twa DC dukoresha imiyoboro ya Active Power Factor Correction (APFC). Utu dusanduku twerekana ko umuyoboro ukururwa n’amashanyarazi uhagaze neza hamwe n’amashanyarazi, ugakomeza kuba na "Power Factor" ya >0.99 kandi ugatuma urugo rudahinduka (TTHD) munsi y’imipaka yagenwe na IEEE 519 na IEC 61000-3-2. Hamwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uri hejuru ya 0.99 na THD ubusanzwe uri munsi ya 5% iyo yuzuye, agasanduku k’inyuma ka SiC gatuma urugo rurushaho kugira imbaraga: APFC ikora neza ku buryo ibikoresho bihujwe bibona umuyoboro mwiza kurusha uko byagaragara mu bikoresho byinshi by’ikoranabuhanga byo mu rugo.

12.3 Imicungire y'ubushyuhe mu cyumba cy'icumbi

Agasanduku k'inkuta ka 20kW DC gashyiramo ubushyuhe bwinshi mu buryo bwagenewe kuba muri gareji. Inyungu ya SiC mu mikorere myiza ni ingenzi cyane hano. Ku bushyuhe bwa 97-98%, unit ya 20kW igabanya ubushyuhe bwa 400-600W - ugereranyije na 1,000W cyangwa irenga ku gishushanyo mbonera gishingiye kuri silikoni. Iryo tandukaniro ryemerera agasanduku k'inkuta gukoresha ubukonje bufunze, budafite umufana mu birere byinshi, bigakuraho ahantu hakunze kubura imbaraga mu bikoresho byo gusharija: abafana bazibye ivumbi n'urusaku rujyana nabyo.

Ku bijyanye no gushyiramo ibikoresho muri gareji zidafite amashanyarazi, ibahasha y'ubushyuhe ni ingenzi. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi za charger ziragabanuka cyane: uko ubushyuhe bw'ikirere buzamuka burenga 40°C (104°F), iyi mashini igabanya imbaraga zisohoka mu buryo bworoshye, ikarinda ibice by'imbere mu modoka mu gihe ikomeza gusharija imodoka ku gipimo gito. Umushoferi ahora azi uko ibintu bimeze binyuze muri porogaramu ijyanye nayo, igaragaza imbaraga zo gusharija n'iz'ubushyuhe.

12.4 Umutekano, Icyemezo, n'Ishusho y'Ingoro Yose

Gushyira umuriro mu mazu bisaba umutekano nk'uw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga. Agasanduku k'inkuta karimo kurinda ikibazo cy'ubutaka, kumenya ikibazo cy'arc, na RCD ya "Type B" (igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi gisigaye) gishobora kumenya imiyoboro ya DC isohoka RCD za AC gusa zitabona. Gufunga ubushyuhe burenze urugero, kurinda polarity inyuma, na contactors zidafite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo uburyo bwo gucika intege bube bwiza kandi bugenzurwa - ntabwo ari arc igenzurwa.

Icy'ingenzi ni uko agasanduku k'inkuta gatumanaho hifashishijwe OCPP na sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu z'inzu. Iyo gahujwe n'izuba ryo hejuru y'inzu na batiri yo mu rugo, gashobora gusana imodoka ikoresheje imirasire y'izuba y'inyongera gusa, kohereza ingufu mu rugo (V2H) mu gihe cy'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi biri hejuru cyane, no kugabanya umutwaro mu gihe cy'impanuka z'amashanyarazi. Ingaruka ni igikoresho kimwe, gihujwe n'ingufu aho kuba ibikoresho byigenga - kandi inzu igumana amatara yayo iyo imirasire idafunguye.

Koroshya gushyiramo ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane.Agasanduku k'inkuta ka 20kW DC gahuza n'agasanduku k'inzu gasanzweho binyuze mu gikoresho kimwe cy'ibyiciro bitatu cyangwa ibice bibiri, kandi icyuma gipima ingufu cyubatswe muri charger gikuraho gukenera gushyiraho CT-clamp itandukanye mu buryo bwinshi. Byaba byasubiwemo muri gareji irangiye cyangwa byagenewe kubakwa bushya, imiterere y'urukuta ruto hamwe n'aho guhagarara hashingiwe ku buryo bwihariye biha ba nyir'amazu n'abakora amashanyarazi ubushobozi bworoshye - kandi buri gushyiraho gushyigikiwe na CE, UL, n'ibyemezo byo mu gace bituma kwemererwa byoroha.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Impera z'imbere za APFC zifite ingufu zirenze 0.99 kandi zikagira ubukana bw'ingufu mu rugero rwa IEEE 519, zirinda ibikoresho byo mu rugo.
• Ubuhanga bwa SiC butuma imitako y'amazu idafite umufana, ikonjeshwa n'amashanyarazi, ikanakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi.
• RCD zo mu bwoko bwa B, kumenya amakosa yo mu bwoko bwa arc, no gucunga ingufu zishingiye kuri OCPP bituma agasanduku k'inkuta kaba igikoresho cyo mu rugo gifite umutekano kandi cyoroshye gukoresha gridi.
• Ubushobozi bwa V2H buhindura imodoka isoko y'amashanyarazi, butanga ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ikibazo mu gihe habayeho impanuka.

Hamagara MIDA Power

Imashini za MIDA Power zo mu isanduku yo ku rukuta (DC chargers) — kuva kuri 20kW kugeza kuri 60kW — zakorewe ku isoko ry’amazu n’ubucuruzi buciriritse zifite ingufu za SiC, ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ISO 15118 Plug & Charge, hamwe n’uburyo bwose bwo kubahiriza OCPP 1.6J/2.0.1. Kugira ngo ubone amakuru, amabwiriza yo gushyiraho, cyangwa ibiciro by’umushinga wawe, hamagara itsinda ryacu rishinzwe kugurisha. Injeniyeri zacu zizagufasha gupima isanduku yo ku rukuta ikwiye hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwa paneli yawe, imirasire y’izuba, n’imiterere ya bateri yo mu rugo.