Imodeli entsha yokutshaja izithuthi zamandla inika amathuba ophuhliso kushishino

1. Isishwankathelo sophuhliso lweshishini lemodyuli yokutshaja

Iimodyuli zokutshaja zezona ziphambili kwiinqwaba zokutshaja zeDC kwizithuthi ezintsha zamandla. Njengoko izinga lokungena kunye nobunini bezithuthi ezintsha zamandla eTshayina liqhubeka lisanda, imfuno yeenqwaba zokutshaja iyanda. Ukutshaja kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kwahlulwe kwiindleko zokutshaja ezicothayo ze-AC kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kweDC. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kweDC kuneempawu zevolthi ephezulu, amandla aphezulu kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko imakethi ilandela ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja, ubungakanani bemarike yeenqwaba zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kweDC kunye neemodyuli zokutshaja buyaqhubeka nokukhula.

2. Inqanaba lobuchwephesha kunye neempawu zoshishino lwemodyuli yokutshaja ye-EV

Ishishini elitsha leemodyuli zetshaja ze-ev zesithuthi samandla okwangoku lineempawu zobugcisa ezinje ngamandla aphezulu emodyuli enye, i-frequency ephezulu, i-miniaturization, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa, kunye nobubanzi bevolthi.

Ngokuphathelele amandla emodyuli enye, ishishini elitsha lemodyuli yokutshaja iipali zokutshaja amandla liye lafumana uphuhliso lwemveliso ephambili ye-7.5kW ngo-2014, i-constant current engu-20A kunye ne-15kW ngo-2015, kunye namandla aqhubekayo angu-25A kunye ne-15kW ngo-2016. Iimodyuli zokutshaja ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku ziyi-20kW kunye ne-30kW. Izisombululo zemodyuli enye kunye nokuguqulwa kube yi-40kW entsha yamandla okutshaja iipali zokutshaja izisombululo zemodyuli enye. Iimodyuli zokutshaja ezinamandla aphezulu ziye zaba yindlela yophuhliso lwemarike kwixesha elizayo.

Ngokuphathelele i-voltage ephumayo, i-State Grid ikhuphe inguqulelo ka-2017 ye-"Qualification and Ability Verification Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Suppliers" isithi uluhlu lwe-voltage ephumayo kwiitshaja ze-DC yi-200-750V, kwaye i-voltage ehlala ihleli igubungela ubuncinane uluhlu lwe-400-500V kunye ne-600-750V. Ke ngoko, bonke abavelisi beemodyuli ngokubanzi bayila iimodyuli ze-200-750V kwaye bahlangabezana neemfuno zamandla ezihlala zihleli. Ngokunyuka koluhlu lwezithuthi zombane kunye nemfuno yabasebenzisi bezithuthi zamandla amatsha ukunciphisa ixesha lokutshaja, eli shishini licebise uyilo lokutshaja olukhawulezayo lwe-800V, kwaye ezinye iinkampani ziye zafumanisa ukubonelelwa kweemodyuli zokutshaja iipali ze-DC ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwe-voltage ephumayo ye-200-1000V. .

Ngokuphathelele ukwenziwa kwee-frequency eziphezulu kunye nokunciphisa amandla eemodyuli zokutshaja, amandla eemodyuli zomatshini omnye wezixhobo ezintsha zombane wokutshaja amandla anyukile, kodwa ivolumu yawo ayinakwandiswa ngokulinganayo. Ke ngoko, ukunyusa i-frequency yokutshintsha kunye nokudibanisa izinto zemagnethi kube yindlela ebalulekileyo yokwandisa uxinano lwamandla.

Ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kakuhle kweemodyuli zokutshaja, iinkampani ezinkulu kushishino olutsha lweemodyuli zokutshaja iinqwaba zamandla ngokubanzi zinokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-95%-96%. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuphuhliswa kwezinto ze-elektroniki ezifana nezixhobo zamandla zesizukulwana sesithathu kunye nokusasazwa kwezithuthi zombane ezine-800V nangaphezulu. Ngeqonga le-voltage ephezulu, kulindeleke ukuba eli shishini lizise iimveliso ezinokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-98%.

Njengoko uxinano lwamandla eemodyuli zokutshaja lusanda, kuzisa neengxaki ezinkulu zokusasaza ubushushu. Ngokuphathelele ukusasaza ubushushu kwiimodyuli zokutshaja, indlela yangoku yokusasaza ubushushu kwishishini kukuphola komoya okunyanzelekileyo, kwaye kukwakho neendlela ezifana nemibhobho yomoya ebandayo evaliweyo kunye nokupholisa amanzi. Ukupholisa umoya kuneengenelo zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nesakhiwo esilula. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uxinzelelo lokusasaza ubushushu lusanda ngakumbi, iingxaki zombane olinganiselweyo wokusasaza ubushushu kunye nengxolo ephezulu ziya kubonakala ngakumbi. Ukuxhobisa imodyuli yokutshaja kunye nomgca wesibhamu ngokupholisa ulwelo kuye kwaba sisisombululo esikhulu.

3. Inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ikhawulezisa amathuba ophuhliso lokungena kumashishini amatsha amandla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iteknoloji entsha kushishino lwamandla iqhubekile nokwenza inkqubela phambili, kwaye ukwanda kwesantya sokungena kuye kwakhuthaza uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kushishino lweemodyuli zokutshaja ezisezantsi. Ukwanda okukhulu koxinano lwamandla ebhetri kusombulule ingxaki yokungoneli koluhlu lwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweemodyuli zokutshaja ezinamandla aphezulu kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokutshaja, ngaloo ndlela kukhawulezisa ukungena kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqwaba zokutshaja ezixhasayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokwandiswa kokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji efana nokugcinwa kwe-optical kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi yezithuthi ze-V2G kulindeleke ukuba kukhawulezise ukungena kwamashishini amatsha amandla kunye nokusasazwa kokusetyenziswa.

4. Ukhuphiswano lweshishini: Ishishini leemodyuli zokutshaja likhuphisana ngokupheleleyo kwaye indawo yemarike yemveliso inkulu.

Imodyuli yokutshaja yeyona nto iphambili kwiinqwaba zokutshaja zeDC. Njengoko izithuthi ezintsha zamandla zisanda ukungena kwihlabathi liphela, abathengi baxhalabile ngakumbi malunga nobubanzi bokutshaja kunye nokulula kokutshaja. Imfuno yemarike yeenqwaba zokutshaja zeDC ngokukhawuleza iphumile, kwaye imakethi yokusebenza kweenqwaba zokutshaja zasekhaya ikhule ukususela kwimihla yokuqala, iGrid yeLizwe yayiyeyona nto iphambili kuphuhliso olwahlukeneyo. Inani labaqhubi bezemali yoluntu abanezixhobo zokuvelisa kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo zokutshaja zasekhaya bavele ngokukhawuleza. Abavelisi beemodyuli zokutshaja zasekhaya baqhubeka nokwandisa imveliso yabo kunye nomlinganiselo wokuthengisa ekwakheni iinqwaba zokutshaja ezixhasayo, kwaye ukhuphiswano lwabo olupheleleyo lwaqhubeka luqina.

Okwangoku, emva kweminyaka yokwenziwa ngokutsha kwemveliso kunye nophuhliso lweemodyuli zokutshaja, ukhuphiswano kushishino lwanele. Iimveliso eziphambili ziphuhliswa kwicala le-voltage ephezulu kunye noxinano lwamandla aphezulu, kwaye indawo yemarike yemveliso inkulu. Amashishini kushishino ikakhulu afumana isabelo semarike esiphezulu kunye namanqanaba enzuzo ngokuphucula rhoqo i-topology yemveliso, ii-algorithms zolawulo, ukuphucula iinkqubo zehardware kunye nemveliso, njl.

5. Iindlela zophuhliso lweemodyuli zokutshaja ze-EV

Njengoko iimodyuli zokutshaja zizisa imfuno enkulu yemarike, itekhnoloji iyaqhubeka nokukhula ijolise kubuninzi bamandla aphezulu, uluhlu olubanzi lwevolthi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa.

1) Utshintsho oluqhutywa yimigaqo-nkqubo oluya kwimfuno

Ukuze kuxhaswe kwaye kukhuthazwe uphuhliso lwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla, ukwakhiwa kweenqwaba zokutshaja kwakukhokelwa ngurhulumente kwinqanaba lokuqala, kwaye kancinci kancinci kwakhokela uphuhliso lweli shishini ukuya kwimodeli yokuqhuba yendalo ngenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo. Ukusukela ngo-2021, uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla lubeke iimfuno ezinkulu ekwakhiweni kwezibonelelo ezixhasayo kunye neenqwaba zokutshaja. Ishishini lenqwaba yokutshaja ligqibezela utshintsho ukusuka ekuqhutyweni komgaqo-nkqubo ukuya ekuqhutyweni kwemfuno.

Njengoko sijongene nenani elikhulayo lezithuthi ezintsha zamandla, ukongeza ekwandiseni uxinano lwesakhiwo seenqwaba zokutshaja, ixesha lokutshaja kufuneka lifinyezwe ngakumbi. Iinqwaba zokutshaja ze-DC zinesantya sokutshaja esikhawulezayo kunye namaxesha amafutshane okutshaja, afaneleke ngakumbi kwiimfuno zokutshaja zexeshana nezengxamiseko zabasebenzisi bezithuthi zombane, kwaye zinokusombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki zokuxhalaba kunye nokuxhalaba kokutshaja kwezithuthi zombane. Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubungakanani bemarike yokutshaja kwe-DC ngokukhawuleza kwiinqwaba zokutshaja ezisandula ukwakhiwa, ngakumbi iinqwaba zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke, bukhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye bube ngumkhwa oqhelekileyo kwizixeko ezininzi eziphambili eTshayina.

Ngamafutshane, kwelinye icala, njengoko inani lezithuthi ezintsha zamandla liqhubeka nokukhula, ulwakhiwo oluxhasayo lweenqwaba zokutshaja kufuneka luphuculwe rhoqo. Kwelinye icala, abasebenzisi bezithuthi zombane ngokubanzi balandela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC. Iinqwaba zokutshaja ze-DC ziye zaba yindlela eqhelekileyo, kwaye iimodyuli zokutshaja nazo zingene kwimfuno. Inqanaba lophuhliso apho ukutsala kungamandla aphambili okuqhuba.

(2) Uxinano lwamandla aphezulu, uluhlu olubanzi lwevolthi, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu

Oko kubizwa ngokuba kukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kuthetha amandla okutshaja aphezulu. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwemfuno ekhulayo yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, iimodyuli zokutshaja ziyaqhubeka nokukhula kwicala lamandla aphezulu. Amandla aphezulu enqwaba yokutshaja afezekiswa ngeendlela ezimbini. Enye kukudibanisa iimodyuli ezininzi zokutshaja ngaxeshanye ukuze kufezekiswe ukubekwa kwamandla; enye kukwandisa amandla omnye wemodyuli yokutshaja. Ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zobugcisa zokwandisa uxinano lwamandla, ukunciphisa indawo, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima boyilo lombane, ukwandisa amandla emodyuli yokutshaja enye yindlela yophuhliso lwexesha elide. Iimodyuli zokutshaja zelizwe lam zidlule kwizizukulwana ezithathu zophuhliso, ukusuka kwisizukulwana sokuqala esingu-7.5kW ukuya kwisizukulwana sesibini esingu-15/20kW, kwaye ngoku zikwixesha lokuguqulwa ukusuka kwisizukulwana sesibini ukuya kwisizukulwana sesithathu esingu-30/40kW. Iimodyuli zokutshaja ezinamandla aphezulu ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwimarike. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokusekwe kumgaqo woyilo lwe-miniaturization, uxinano lwamandla lweemodyuli zokutshaja nalo luye lwanda ngaxeshanye nokunyuka kwamanqanaba amandla.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla okutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC: ukunyusa i-voltage kunye nokunyusa i-current. Isisombululo sokutshaja esiphezulu samkelwe okokuqala yiTesla. Inzuzo kukuba iindleko zokuphucula icandelo ziphantsi, kodwa i-current ephezulu iya kuzisa ukulahleka kobushushu okuphezulu kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zokusasaza ubushushu, kwaye iingcingo ezityebileyo zinciphisa ukulula kwaye zikhuthaze Ngomlinganiselo omncinci. Isisombululo se-voltage ephezulu kukunyusa i-voltage ephezulu yokusebenza yemodyuli yokutshaja. Okwangoku yimodeli esetyenziswa rhoqo ngabenzi beemoto. Ingaqwalasela iingenelo zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuphucula ubomi bebhetri, ukunciphisa ubunzima, kunye nokonga indawo. Isisombululo se-voltage ephezulu sifuna ukuba izithuthi zombane zixhotyiswe ngeqonga le-voltage ephezulu ukuxhasa usetyenziso lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Okwangoku, isisombululo sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza esisetyenziswa kakhulu ziinkampani zeemoto yiqonga le-voltage ephezulu ye-400V. Ngophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweqonga le-voltage ye-800V, inqanaba le-voltage yemodyuli yokutshaja liya kuphuculwa ngakumbi.

Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kokuguqula luphawu lobuchwephesha oluhlala lulandelwa ziimodyuli zokutshaja. Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kokuguqula kuthetha ukusebenza okuphezulu kokutshaja kunye nokulahlekelwa okuphantsi. Okwangoku, ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kweemodyuli zokutshaja ngokubanzi yi-95% ~ 96%. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuphuhliswa kwezinto ze-elektroniki ezifana nezixhobo zamandla zesizukulwana sesithathu kunye ne-voltage yokukhupha yeemodyuli zokutshaja eziya kwi-800V okanye kwi-1000V, ukusebenza kokuguqula kuya kuphucuka ngakumbi.

(3) Ixabiso leemodyuli zokutshaja ze-ev liyakhula

Imodyuli yokutshaja yeyona nto iphambili kwinqwaba yokutshaja ye-DC, ebalelwa malunga ne-50% yeendleko zehardware zenqwaba yokutshaja. Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja kwixesha elizayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuphuculweni kokusebenza kweemodyuli zokutshaja. Kwelinye icala, iimodyuli zokutshaja ezingaphezulu ezidityaniswe ngaxeshanye ziya kunyusa ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lemodyuli yokutshaja; kwelinye icala, ukuphuculwa kwenqanaba lamandla kunye noxinano lwamandla emodyuli yokutshaja enye kuxhomekeke kuyilo oluphuculweyo lweesekethe zehardware kunye nesoftware yokulawula kunye netekhnoloji yezinto eziphambili. Ukuphumelela, ezi ziiteknoloji eziphambili zokuphucula amandla enqwaba yokutshaja yonke, eya kunyusa ixabiso lemodyuli yokutshaja.

6. Imiqobo yobugcisa kwishishini lemodyuli yokutshaja amandla e-EV

Iteknoloji yobonelelo lwamandla sisifundo esidibanisa iteknoloji ye-circuit topology, iteknoloji yedijithali, iteknoloji yemagnethi, iteknoloji yecandelo, iteknoloji ye-semiconductor, kunye neteknoloji yoyilo lobushushu. Lishishini elisebenzisa iteknoloji kakhulu. Njengentliziyo yenqwaba yokutshaja ye-DC, imodyuli yokutshaja imisela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja, uzinzo lokusebenza, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwenqwaba yokutshaja, kwaye ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nexabiso layo libalasele. Imveliso ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lwezixhobo kunye neengcali ukusuka kuphando lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso ukuya kwisicelo sesiphelo. Indlela yokukhetha izinto ze-elektroniki kunye noyilo, ukuphuculwa kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-algorithm yesoftware, ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo iimeko zesicelo, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho oluvuthiweyo kunye nobuchule beqonga lovavanyo konke oku kuya kuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuzinza kunempembelelo ethe ngqo. Kunzima kubantu abatsha abangenela ishishini ukuqokelela ulwazi oluhlukeneyo lwetekhnoloji, abasebenzi, kunye nedatha yemeko yesicelo ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye banemiqobo ephezulu yobuchwepheshe.