Te auahatanga o te whanaketanga o te umanga waeine utu waka hiko hou

1. Tirohanga whānui mō te whanaketanga o te umanga mōrahi utu

Ko ngā waeine utu te uho o ngā puranga utu DC mō ngā waka hiko hou. I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te tere urunga me te mana o ngā waka hiko hou i Haina, kei te piki haere hoki te hiahia mō ngā puranga utu. Kua wehea te utu waka hiko hou ki te utu puhoi AC me te utu tere DC. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te utu tere DC he ngaohiko teitei, he mana teitei me te utu tere. I te mea kei te whai te mākete i te whai huatanga o te utu, kei te whānui haere tonu te tauine mākete o ngā puranga utu tere DC me ngā waeine utu.

2. Taumata hangarau me ngā āhuatanga o te umanga waeine utu hiko

Kei te umanga waeine utu hiko hou mō te waka hiko hiko he āhuatanga hangarau pēnei i te mana teitei o te waeine kotahi, te auau teitei, te whakaitiiti, te pai o te hurihanga teitei, me te whānuitanga o te ngaohiko.

Mō te mana o te waeine kotahi, kua kitea te whanaketanga hua matua o te 7.5kW i te tau 2014 i roto i te umanga waeine utu puranga hiko hou, te au pumau 20A me te 15kW i te tau 2015, me te mana pumau 25A me te 15kW i te tau 2016. Ko ngā waeine utu matua o nāianei ko te 20kW me te 30kW. Ko ngā otinga waeine kotahi me te hurihanga ki te 40kW te pūtake hiko puranga hiko hou, ngā otinga waeine kotahi. Kua noho ngā waeine utu mana-teitei hei ia whanaketanga mākete ā muri ake nei.

Mō te ngaohiko putanga, i whakaputa te State Grid i te putanga 2017 o "Ngā Paerewa Manatoko Tohu me te Āheinga mō ngā Kaiwhakarato Taputapu Utu Waka Hiko" e kī ana ko te awhe ngaohiko putanga o ngā rihi DC he 200-750V, ā, ko te ngaohiko mana pumau e kapi ana i te iti rawa o te 400-500V me te 600-750V. Nō reira, ko ngā kaihanga kōwae katoa e hoahoa ana i ngā kōwae mō te 200-750V me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mana pumau. I te pikinga ake o te awhe tere o ngā waka hiko me te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi waka hiko hou hei whakaiti i te wā utu, kua whakaarohia e te umanga he hoahoa utu tere rawa 800V, ā, kua kitea e ētahi kamupene te tuku o ngā kōwae utu puranga utu DC me te awhe ngaohiko putanga whānui o te 200-1000V.

Mō te auau-teitei me te whakaitiiti i ngā waeine utu, kua piki ake te mana o ngā waeine mīhini-kotahi o ngā pūhiko hiko puranga utu hiko hou, engari kāore e taea te whakanui ake i tōna rahinga i runga i te ōwehenga. Nō reira, ko te whakanui ake i te auau whakawhiti me te whakauru i ngā wāhanga aukume kua noho hei huarahi nui ki te whakanui ake i te kiato mana.

Mō te whai huatanga o te waeine utu, ko ngā kamupene nui i roto i te umanga waeine utu puranga utu hiko hou he 95%-96% te nuinga. Ā muri ake nei, me te whanaketanga o ngā wāhanga hiko pēnei i ngā taputapu hiko o te tuatoru o ngā whakatipuranga me te rongonuitanga o ngā waka hiko me te 800V, neke atu rānei. Me te tūāpapa ngaohiko teitei, e matapaetia ana ka kawea mai e te umanga ngā hua me te whai huatanga o te tihi neke atu i te 98%.

I te pikinga ake o te kaha o ngā waeine utu, ka nui ake hoki ngā raruraru mō te whakamarara wera. Mō te whakamarara wera o ngā waeine utu, ko te tikanga whakamarara wera matua i roto i te umanga ko te whakamatao hau ā-kaha, ā, kei reira anō ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā paipa hau matao kati me te whakamatao wai. He pai te whakamatao hau, arā, he iti te utu me te hanganga ngāwari. Heoi, i te pikinga ake o te pēhanga whakamarara wera, ka kitea anō ngā ngoikoretanga o te iti o te kaha whakamarara wera me te haruru nui o te whakamatao hau. Ko te whakarato i te waeine utu me te raina pū ki te whakamatao wai kua waiho hei otinga nui. aronga hangarau.

3. Ka tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakaurunga ki te umanga pūngao hou nā te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau

I ngā tau tata nei, kua haere tonu te ahunga whakamua me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau o te umanga pūngao hou, ā, ko te pikinga o te tere urunga kua whakatairanga i te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga waeine utu whakarunga. Nā te pikinga nui o te kiato pūngao pākahiko kua whakatau i te raruraru o te korenga o te whānuitanga tere o ngā waka pūngao hou, ā, nā te whakamahinga o ngā waeine utu mana-teitei kua tino whakapoto i te wā utu, ā, nā reira ka tere ake te urunga o ngā waka pūngao hou me te hanganga o ngā pou utu tautoko. I te heke mai, ko te whakaurunga me te hohonu ake o te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau pēnei i te rokiroki whatu me te whakaurunga utu me te whakaurunga whatunga waka V2G e tumanakohia ana ka tere ake te urunga o ngā umanga pūngao hou me te rongonui o te kai.

4. Te āhua whakataetae o te ahumahi: He tino whakataetae te ahumahi waeine utu, ā, he whānui te wāhi mākete hua.

Ko te waeine utu te wāhanga matua o ngā puranga utu DC. Nā te pikinga ake o te tere urunga o ngā waka hiko hou huri noa i te ao, kei te piki haere te manukanuka o ngā kaihoko mō te whānuitanga utu me te watea o te utu. Kua piki haere te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā puranga utu tere DC, ā, kua tipu te mākete whakahaere puranga utu ā-rohe mai i te. I ngā rā tōmua, ko te State Grid te kaha matua i roto i te whanaketanga kanorau. He maha ngā kaiwhakahaere pūtea pāpori me ngā āheinga hanga taputapu puranga utu me te whakahaere. I haere tonu ngā kaihanga waeine utu ā-rohe ki te whakawhānui ake i ā rātou tauine whakaputa me te hoko mō te hanganga o ngā puranga utu tautoko, ā, i haere tonu te kaha o tā rātou whakataetae whānui. .

I tēnei wā, whai muri i ngā tau maha o te whakahounga hua me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā waeine utu, kua rawaka te whakataetae ahumahi. Kei te whanake haere ngā hua matua i te huarahi o te ngaohiko teitei me te kiato mana teitei, ā, he whānui te wāhi mākete hua. Ko te nuinga o ngā umanga o te ahumahi ka whiwhi i te wāhi mākete teitei ake me ngā taumata hua mā te whakapai tonu i te āhua o te hua, ngā rauropi whakahaere, te arotau i ngā taputapu me ngā pūnaha whakaputa, me ētahi atu.

5. Ngā au whanaketanga o ngā kōwae utu hiko

I te mea e hua mai ana te tono nui o te mākete mō ngā waeine utu, kei te whanake tonu te hangarau ki te kiato mana teitei, te awhe ngaohiko whānui, me te pai o te huringa.

1) Te nekehanga e ārahihia ana e te kaupapa here ki te nekehanga e ārahihia ana e te tono

Hei tautoko me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko hou, ko te kāwanatanga te nuinga o te hunga i ārahi i te hanganga o ngā pou utu i te tīmatanga, ā, i ārahi mārire i te whanaketanga o te umanga ki tētahi tauira taraiwa ā-roto mā te tautoko kaupapa here. Mai i te tau 2021, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko hou kua nui te tono mō te hanganga o ngā whare tautoko me ngā pou utu. Kei te whakaoti te umanga pou utu i te whakawhiti mai i te kaupapa here ki te tono.

I te mea kei te piki haere te maha o ngā waka hiko hou, me te whakanui ake i te kiato o te whakatakotoranga o ngā puranga utu, me whakapoto ake te wā utu. He tere ake te utu o ngā puranga utu DC, he poto ake hoki ngā wā utu, he pai ake mō ngā hiahia utu rangitahi me ngā hiahia utu ohorere o ngā kaiwhakamahi waka hiko, ā, ka taea te whakaoti rapanga o te manukanuka tawhiti me te manukanuka utu waka hiko. Nō reira, i ngā tau tata nei, kua tere te tipu o te mākete utu tere DC i roto i ngā puranga utu hou, inā koa ngā puranga utu tūmatanui, ā, kua noho hei ia o te ao whānui i roto i ngā tāone matua o Haina.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, i tētahi taha, i te mea kei te piki haere tonu te maha o ngā waka hiko hou, me whakapai tonu te hanganga tautoko o ngā pou utu. I tētahi atu taha, ko te tikanga, ko ngā kaiwhakamahi waka hiko e whai ana i te utu tere DC. Kua noho ko ngā pou utu DC hei ia o te ao whānui, ā, kua uru mai hoki ngā wae utu ki te tono. He wāhanga whanaketanga tēnei e kaha ai te kukume.

(2) Te kaha o te mana, te whānuitanga o te ngaohiko, te pai o te hurihanga

Ko te tikanga o te utu tere ko te kaha utu nui. Nō reira, i raro i te pikinga o te hiahia mō te utu tere, kei te whanake tonu ngā waeine utu i te huarahi ki te kaha teitei. E rua ngā huarahi e tutuki ai te kaha teitei o te puranga utu. Ko tētahi ko te hono i ngā waeine utu maha i te taha whakarara hei whakatutuki i te tūnga mana; ko tētahi ko te whakanui ake i te kaha kotahi o te waeine utu. I runga i ngā hiahia hangarau o te whakanui ake i te kiato mana, te whakaiti i te wāhi, me te whakaiti i te uaua o te hoahoa hiko, ko te whakanui ake i te kaha o tētahi waeine utu kotahi he ia whanaketanga roa. E toru ngā whakatipuranga whanaketanga o ngā waeine utu o tōku whenua, mai i te whakatipuranga tuatahi 7.5kW ki te whakatipuranga tuarua 15/20kW, ā, kei roto i te wā whakawhiti mai i te whakatipuranga tuarua ki te whakatipuranga tuatoru 30/40kW. Kua noho ngā waeine utu mana-teitei hei mea matua o te mākete. I taua wā anō, i runga i te kaupapa hoahoa o te whakaitiiti, kua piki ake hoki te kiato mana o ngā waeine utu i te wā kotahi me te pikinga o te taumata mana.

E rua ngā huarahi hei whakatutuki i te taumata hiko teitei ake o te utu tere DC: te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko me te whakanui ake i te iahiko. I whakamahia tuatahitia e Tesla te otinga utu tere-teitei. Ko te painga he iti ake te utu o te arotau i ngā wāhanga, engari ka nui ake te ngaronga wera me te nui o ngā whakaritenga mō te tohatoha wera mā te iahiko teitei, ā, ka whakaitihia te watea e ngā waea matotoru, ka whakatairangahia. Ko te otinga ngaohiko teitei ko te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko whakahaere mōrahi o te waeine utu. He tauira e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kaihanga motuka i tēnei wā. Ka taea te whakaaro ki ngā painga o te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao, te whakapai ake i te roa o te pākahiko, te whakaiti i te taumaha, me te penapena wāhi. Ko te otinga ngaohiko teitei me whai papaaho ngaohiko teitei ngā waka hiko hei tautoko i ngā tono utu tere. I tēnei wā, ko te otinga utu tere e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kamupene motuka ko te papaaho ngaohiko teitei 400V. Mā te rangahau me te tono o te papaaho ngaohiko 800V, ka pai ake te taumata ngaohiko o te waeine utu.

Ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tahuritanga he tohu hangarau e whaia tonutia ana e ngā waeine utu. Ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tahuritanga he tikanga kia nui ake te whai huatanga o te utu me te iti iho o ngā mate. I tēnei wā, ko te whai huatanga teitei rawa o ngā waeine utu he 95%~96%. Ā muri ake nei, me te whanaketanga o ngā wāhanga hiko pēnei i ngā taputapu hiko o te whakatupuranga tuatoru me te neke haere o te ngaohiko putanga o ngā waeine utu ki te 800V, ki te 1000V rānei, ka whakapai ake anō i te whai huatanga o te tahuritanga.

(3) Ka piki ake te uara o ngā waeine utu hiko

Ko te waeine utu te wāhanga matua o te puranga utu DC, e 50% te utu o te pūmārō o te puranga utu. Ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te utu ā muri ake nei e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakapai ake i te mahi o ngā waeine utu. I tetahi taha, ko te maha atu o ngā waeine utu e honoa ana i te taha whakarara ka whakapiki tika i te uara o te waeine utu; i tetahi atu taha, ko te whakapai ake i te taumata mana me te mātotoru mana o te waeine utu kotahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa pai o ngā ara iahiko pūmārō me te pūmanawa whakahaere me te hangarau o ngā wāhanga matua. Ko ngā putanga hou, koinei ngā hangarau matua hei whakapai ake i te mana o te puranga utu katoa, ka whakapiki ake i te uara o te waeine utu.

6. Ngā arai hangarau i roto i te umanga waeine utu hiko hiko

He kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga te hangarau tuku hiko e whakauru ana i te hangarau āhua porowhita, te hangarau matihiko, te hangarau aukume, te hangarau wāhanga, te hangarau haurua-ira, me te hangarau hoahoa wera. He umanga hangarau-kaha. Hei ngākau o te puranga utu DC, ka whakatau tika te waeine utu i te whai huatanga o te utu, te pumau mahi, te haumaru me te pono o te puranga utu, ā, he mea tino nui tōna hiranga me tōna uara. Me nui te haumi rauemi me ngā tohunga ngaio mō tētahi hua mai i te rangahau me te whakawhanake hangarau ki te tono whakamutunga. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhanga hiko me te tahora, te whakapai ake me te whakahou i ngā raupaparorohiko pūmanawa, te mārama tika ki ngā horopaki tono, me te whakahaere kounga pakeke me te whakamātautau i ngā āheinga papaaho ka pā ki te kounga me te pumau o te hua. He uaua ki ngā tāngata hou ki te umanga te kohikohi i ngā hangarau, ngā kaimahi, me ngā raraunga horopaki tono i roto i te wā poto, ā, he nui ngā arai hangarau.