Uburyo bushya bwo gushyushya imodoka zikoresha ingufu bugezweho

1. Incamake y'iterambere ry'inganda zikora module zo gushyushya

Uburyo bwo gusharija ni bwo shingiro ry’ibice by’amashanyarazi bya DC ku modoka nshya zikoresha ingufu. Uko igipimo cy’ubwinjirire n’umutungo w’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu mu Bushinwa bikomeje kwiyongera, ni ko icyifuzo cy’ibice by’amashanyarazi gikomeje kwiyongera. Gusharija imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu gigabanyijemo AC slow charger na DC charger. Gusharija DC byihuse bifite imiterere y’amashanyarazi menshi, ingufu nyinshi no gusharija vuba. Uko isoko rikomeza gukora neza mu gusharija, urwego rw’isoko rw’ibice by’amashanyarazi bya DC byihuse n’ibice by’amashanyarazi bikomeje kwaguka.

2. Urwego rwa tekiniki n'imiterere y'inganda zikora module zo gusharija za ev

Inganda nshya zikoresha charger ya pile ev charger module ubu zifite imikorere ya tekiniki nka single module ifite ingufu nyinshi, frequency nyinshi, miniaturization, imikorere myiza yo guhindura ibintu, hamwe n'uburyo bwagutse bwo gukoresha voltage.

Ku bijyanye n'ingufu za module imwe, inganda nshya zo gushyushya imigozi y'ingufu zagize iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa bya 7.5kW mu 2014, amashanyarazi ahoraho ya 20A na 15kW mu 2015, n'ingufu zihoraho za 25A na 15kW mu 2016. Imigozi ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ni 20kW na 30kW. Ibisubizo bya module imwe no guhindura 40kW bishya byo gushyushya imigozi y'ingufu nshya. Imigozi ikoreshwa muri module imwe yabaye icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'isoko mu gihe kizaza.

Ku bijyanye n'amashanyarazi asohoka, State Grid yasohoye verisiyo ya 2017 ya “Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugenzura ubushobozi bw'abatanga ibikoresho byo gushyushya imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi” ivuga ko ingufu zitangwa n'amashanyarazi ari hagati ya 200-750V, kandi ingufu zihoraho zitwikira nibura 400-500V na 600-750V. Kubwibyo, abakora module bose muri rusange bashushanya module za 200-750V kandi bujuje ibisabwa ku ngufu zihoraho. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi n'ubusabe bw'abakoresha imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu kugira ngo bagabanye igihe cyo gushyushya, inganda zatanze igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho uburyo bwo gushyushya imodoka bwa 800V bwihuse cyane, kandi amwe mu masosiyete yabonye uburyo bwo gutanga module zo gushyushya imodoka za DC zifite ingufu zisohoka zingana na 200-1000V.

Ku bijyanye no gukoresha modules zo gushyushya inshuro nyinshi no kuzigabanya, imbaraga za modules z’imashini imwe z’amashanyarazi mashya yo gushyushya ingufu zariyongereye, ariko ingano yazo ntishobora kwaguka mu buryo bungana. Kubwibyo, kongera frequency yo guhindura no guhuza ibice bya rukuruzi byabaye uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kongera ubucucike bw’imbaraga.

Ku bijyanye n'imikorere myiza ya module zo gushyushya, ibigo bikomeye mu nganda nshya zo gushyushya module zo gushyushya ingufu muri rusange bifite imikorere myiza cyane ya 95%-96%. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga nk'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu no gukwirakwiza imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite 800V cyangwa zirenzeho. Bitewe n'urubuga rufite amashanyarazi menshi, uru ruganda rwitezweho kuzana ibicuruzwa bifite imikorere myiza irenga 98%.

Uko imbaraga z'ibikoresho byo gushyushya ziyongera, binazana ibibazo bikomeye byo gushyushya. Ku bijyanye no gushyushya module zo gushyushya, uburyo bukoreshwa ubu mu gushyushya ubushyuhe mu nganda ni ugukonjesha umwuka ku ngufu, kandi hari n'uburyo nk'imiyoboro y'umwuka ikonje ifunze no gukonjesha amazi. Gukonjesha umwuka bifite ibyiza byo kugabanuka no koroshya imiterere. Ariko, uko umuvuduko wo gushyushya ubushyuhe ugenda wiyongera, ingaruka mbi z'ubushobozi buke bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe n'urusaku rwinshi bizakomeza kugaragara. Gushyira module yo gushyushya n'umurongo w'imbunda mu gukonjesha amazi byabaye igisubizo gikomeye.

3. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryihutisha amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda nshya z'ingufu

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikoranabuhanga rishya mu nganda zitanga ingufu ryakomeje gutera imbere no gutera imbere, kandi kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'ingufu za bateri byateje imbere imikorere y'inganda zitanga ingufu. Ubwiyongere bukabije bw'ubucucike bw'ingufu za bateri bwakemuye ikibazo cy'uburyo indege nshya zikoresha ingufu zidahagije, kandi ikoreshwa rya module zitanga ingufu nyinshi ryagabanyije cyane igihe cyo gutanga ingufu, bityo byihutisha kwinjira kw'imodoka nshya zitanga ingufu no kubaka imiyoboro ishyigikira gusharija. Mu gihe kizaza, guhuza no kongera ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga nko kubika no gushyushya amatara no guhuza imiyoboro y'imodoka za V2G byitezwe ko bizakomeza kwihutisha kwinjira kw'inganda nshya zitanga ingufu no gukwirakwiza ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho.

4. Imiterere y'irushanwa mu nganda: Inganda zikoresha module zo gushyushya zihanganye cyane kandi isoko ry'ibicuruzwa ni rinini.

Uburyo bwo gushyushya ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibice by'amashanyarazi bya DC. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'umuvuduko w'ibinyabiziga bishya bikoresha ingufu hirya no hino ku isi, abaguzi barushaho guhangayikishwa n'uburyo bwo gushyushya no koroshya gusharija. Ubukene bw'isoko bw'ibice by'amashanyarazi bya DC byariyongereye cyane, kandi isoko ry'ibikorwa byo gushyushya ibice by'amashanyarazi mu gihugu ryariyongereye kuva mu ntangiriro, ikoranabuhanga rya Leta ryari imbaraga zikomeye mu iterambere ry'ingeri zitandukanye. Hari abakora imari shingiro y'abaturage, haba mu gukora ibikoresho byo gushyushya no gukora ibikoresho byo gushyushya, bavutse vuba. Abakora ibikoresho byo gushyushya ibice by'amashanyarazi mu gihugu bakomeje kwagura umusaruro wabo n'ibicuruzwa byabo kugira ngo bubake ibice by'amashanyarazi bishyigikira, kandi ubushobozi bwabo bwo guhangana n'ibindi bukomeje kwiyongera.

Kuri ubu, nyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo gukusanya no guteza imbere modules zo gushyushya, ipiganwa ry'inganda rirahagije. Ibicuruzwa bikuru birimo gutera imbere mu cyerekezo cy'amashanyarazi menshi n'ubucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi, kandi isoko ry'ibicuruzwa ni rinini. Ibigo by'inganda bibona cyane isoko n'inyungu binyuze mu kunoza topology y'ibicuruzwa, algorithms zo kugenzura, kunoza ibyuma n'uburyo bwo kubitunganya, n'ibindi.

5. Imiterere y'iterambere rya modules zo gusharija za ev

Mu gihe module zo gusharija zituma isoko rirushaho gukenerwa cyane, ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere rigana ku bucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi, urwego rwagutse rw'amashanyarazi, no gukoresha neza ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhindura amashanyarazi.

1) Impinduka ishingiye kuri politiki ijya ku ibyifuzo

Mu rwego rwo gushyigikira no guteza imbere iterambere ry’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, kubaka imiyoboro yo gushyushya byayobowe ahanini na leta mu ntangiriro, kandi buhoro buhoro byatumye iterambere ry’inganda rigera ku buryo bwo gutwara ibintu busanzwe binyuze mu gushyigikira politiki. Kuva mu 2021, iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu ryashyize ingufu nyinshi mu kubaka ibikoresho bizishyigikira n’imiyoboro yo gushyushya. Inganda zikoresha imiyoboro yo gushyushya zirimo kurangiza impinduka ziva ku ihame rya politiki zijya ku ihame rya ngombwa.

Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, uretse kongera ubucucike bw’imitako yo gusharija, igihe cyo gusharija kigomba kugabanuka cyane. Imitako yo gusharija ya DC ifite umuvuduko wo gusharija wihuta n’igihe gito cyo gusharija, ibi bikaba bikwiriye cyane ku bakoresha imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’agateganyo n’igihe cy’impanuka, kandi bishobora gukemura neza ibibazo by’ihungabana ry’imitako y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi no guhangayika mu gihe cyo gusharija. Kubwibyo, mu myaka ya vuba aha, urwego rw’isoko rw’imitako yo gusharija yihuta ya DC mu mitako mishya yubatswe, cyane cyane imitako rusange yo gusharija, rwariyongereye cyane kandi rwabaye ikintu gikunze kugaragara mu mijyi myinshi ikomeye mu Bushinwa.

Muri make, ku ruhande rumwe, uko umubare w'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu ukomeza kwiyongera, imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gushyushya igomba kunozwa buri gihe. Ku rundi ruhande, abakoresha imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi muri rusange bakurikirana gahunda yo gushyushya vuba DC. Ibikoresho byo gushyushya DC byabaye ikintu gikunze kugaragara, kandi module zo gushyushya nazo zarinjiye mu ikenerwa. Intambwe y'iterambere aho gukurura ari byo bitera imbaraga.

(2) Ubucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi, urwego rwagutse rw'amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu mu buryo buhanitse

Icyo bita "farcharging" bivuze "high charge" bivuze "high charge". Kubera iyo mpamvu, bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubwiyongere bw'ingufu zo gusharija, "high charge modules" zikomeza gutera imbere mu cyerekezo cy'ingufu nyinshi. "High power of the charger pile" igerwaho mu buryo bubiri. Bumwe ni uguhuza "charging modules" nyinshi icyarimwe kugira ngo haboneke "power superposition"; ubundi ni ukongera "single power" ya "charging module". Hashingiwe ku bikenewe mu bya tekiniki byo kongera "power wideness", kugabanya umwanya, no kugabanya uburyohe bw'imiterere y'amashanyarazi, kongera "power" ya "one charger module" ni intambwe y'iterambere ry'igihe kirekire. "Fircharing modules" zo mu gihugu cyanjye zanyuze mu bisekuru bitatu by'iterambere, kuva ku gisekuru cya mbere cya 7.5kW kugeza ku gisekuru cya kabiri cya 15/20kW, ubu ziri mu gihe cyo guhindura kuva ku gisekuru cya kabiri kugeza ku gisekuru cya gatatu cya 30/40kW. "High charge modules" zabaye "major" ku isoko. Muri icyo gihe, hashingiwe ku ihame ry'igishushanyo mbonera cya "miniaturization", "power wide" ya "charging modules" nayo yariyongereye icyarimwe hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ingufu.

Hari inzira ebyiri zo kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu zo gushyushya vuba DC: kongera voltage no kongera amashanyarazi. Uburyo bwo gushyushya ingufu nyinshi bwakoreshejwe na Tesla bwa mbere. Inyungu ni uko ikiguzi cyo gutunganya ibice biri hasi, ariko ingufu nyinshi zizazana igihombo kinini cy'ubushyuhe n'ibikenewe byinshi mu gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kandi insinga nini zigabanya uburyo bworoshye kandi zikazamura ku rugero ruto. Uburyo bwo gushyushya ingufu nyinshi ni ukongera ingufu ntarengwa zo gukoresha module yo gushyushya. Ubu ni moderi ikoreshwa cyane n'inganda zikora imodoka. Ishobora kwita ku byiza byo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kunoza igihe bateri imara, kugabanya uburemere, no kuzigama umwanya. Uburyo bwo gushyushya ingufu nyinshi busaba ko imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zishyirwaho urubuga rwo gushyushya ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo zishyigikire porogaramu zo gushyushya vuba. Kuri ubu, uburyo bwo gushyushya ingufu vuba bukoreshwa n'ibigo by'imodoka ni urubuga rwo gushyushya ingufu nyinshi rwa 400V. Hamwe n'ubushakashatsi n'ikoreshwa rya platform yo gushyushya ingufu rwa 800V, urwego rw'amashanyarazi rwa module yo gushyushya ruzarushaho kunozwa.

Kunoza imikorere y’impinduka ni ikimenyetso cya tekiniki modules zihora zikoresha. Kunoza imikorere y’impinduka bivuze ko imikorere y’impinduka izarushaho kwiyongera kandi hagasigara igihombo gito. Kuri ubu, imikorere y’impinduka nyinshi muri modules zitanga amashanyarazi muri rusange ni 95% ~ 96%. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga nk’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu ndetse n’umuvuduko w’impinduka za modules zitanga amashanyarazi ugana kuri 800V cyangwa 1000V, imikorere y’impinduka izarushaho kunozwa.

(3) Agaciro ka modules zo gusharija ev kariyongera

Moduli yo gusharija ni yo gice cy'ingenzi cy'umugozi wa DC wo gusharija, ikaba ingana na 50% by'igiciro cy'ibikoresho byo gusharija. Kurushaho kunoza imikorere yo gusharija mu gihe kizaza biterwa ahanini no kunoza imikorere ya module zo gusharija. Ku ruhande rumwe, module nyinshi zo gusharija zihujwe icyarimwe zizongera agaciro ka module yo gusharija; ku rundi ruhande, kunoza urwego rw'imbaraga n'ubucucike bw'imbaraga za module imwe yo gusharija biterwa n'imiterere myiza ya circuits za hardware na software yo kugenzura ndetse n'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibice by'ingenzi. Impinduka, izi ni ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryo kunoza imbaraga z'umugozi wose wo gusharija, bizongera agaciro ka module yo gusharija.

6. Inzitizi za tekiniki mu nganda zitanga umuriro w'amashanyarazi wa ev

Ikoranabuhanga ritanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi ni isomo rihuza ikoranabuhanga rya topology y'uruziga, ikoranabuhanga rya digitale, ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi, ikoranabuhanga ry'ibice, ikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor, n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya ubushyuhe. Ni inganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga cyane. Nk'ishingiro ry'ikirundo cyo gushyushya cya DC, module yo gushyushya igena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere myiza yo gushyushya, ihamye mu mikorere, umutekano n'ubwizerwe bw'ikirundo cyo gushyushya, kandi akamaro kacyo n'agaciro kacyo ni byiza cyane. Igicuruzwa gisaba ishoramari rinini ry'umutungo n'inzobere kuva ku bushakashatsi mu ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ikoreshwa ryacyo kugeza ku ikoreshwa rya terminal. Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibice by'ikoranabuhanga n'imiterere yabyo, kuvugurura no gusubiramo porogaramu, gusobanukirwa neza ibihe bya porogaramu, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no gupima urubuga byose bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'igicuruzwa no guhagarara neza bigira ingaruka ku bwiza. Biragoye ku bashya binjira mu nganda gukusanya amakuru atandukanye y'ikoranabuhanga, abakozi, n'imiterere y'ikoreshwa mu gihe gito, kandi bafite imbogamizi nyinshi mu bya tekiniki.