Isitifiketi senqwaba yokushaja ejwayelekile yaseMelika (III) – Imininingwane yomklamo wezinqwaba ze-AC (ingxenye engaphambili yomugqa wokufaka kanye nekhanda lesibhamu esikhiphayo)

Ngokombono wezimiso zomkhiqizo, iziteshi zokushaja ze-AC ezijwayelekile zaseMelika azihlukile ezindinganisweni zezwe nezaseYurophu - zombili zisebenza njengezishintshi ezinkulu zikagesi, ziqhuba amandla e-AC kusukela kugridi kuya kushaja engaphakathi emotweni (i-OBC), bese iguqula amandla e-AC abe amandla e-DC ukuze ishaje ibhethri lamandla.

Nakuba ngokuvamile zifana, kusenomehluko omkhulu emininingwaneni eminingi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zezwe nezaseYurophu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungaba lula kakhulu ukuzithengisa ngqo e-United States ngaphandle kokuguqulwa.

(1)

Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngemigqa yokufaka yeziteshi zokushaja ze-AC zaseNyakatho Melika, ake siqale sethule uhlelo lwe-voltage lwegridi yamandla e-AC e-United States.

Izinhlelo zegridi yamandla zamazwe amaningi emhlabeni zihambisana nezaseYurophu (ubukoloni nempi), okungukuthi, i-voltage evamile yasekhaya ingu-220V ~ 230Vac 50Hz, kanti i-voltage yesigaba sesithathu yezimboni ingu-380 ~ 400Vac 50Hz. Kusobala ukuthi i-voltage kagesi yezimboni iphindwe kathathu kune-voltage yasekhaya - umehluko phakathi kwe-voltage yomugqa kanye ne-voltage yesigaba.

Uhlelo lwe-voltage e-United States luhlukile, lapho i-voltage yasekhaya ejwayelekile ingu-120V/240V 60Hz kanti i-voltage yezimboni ejwayelekile ingu-480V/277Vac 60Hz yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni. I-voltage esetshenziselwa izinjongo zezentengiselwano noma zokuhlala kwabantu abaningi ingu-120V/208Vac 60Hz, kanti kwezinye izimboni ezinkulu ezisindayo ingu-347/600Vac 60Hz.

Uyamangala futhi ukuthi kungani uhlelo lwe-voltage e-United States ludidekile kangaka.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-voltage engu-110V kwavela ku-Edison. Ngu-Edison, owaziwa kakhulu ngokusungula i-bulb yokukhanya. Ngemva kokuhlola okuningi nokuqhathanisa, wathola ukuthi i-bulb yokukhanya yayisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi isebenza isikhathi eside kakhulu lapho i-voltage ingu-110V. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1882, u-Edison wethula ngokusemthethweni ugesi we-110V DC emakethe ePearl Street Power Station, isitshalo sokuqala sikagesi se-DC sezentengiselwano e-United States.

Kodwa sonke siyazi ukuthi ugesi oqondile unephutha elikhulu, okuwukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokushisa ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ibanga elide, okuchitha amandla amaningi kagesi. Ukuze agweme ukulahlekelwa amandla ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ibanga elide, uNikola Tesla wethula uhlelo lwakhe lwamandla ashintshanayo (AC). Nakuba ugesi oshintshanayo wagcina unqobe ugesi oqondile, izinkulungwane zemishini namadivayisi anikezelwe ku-110V zase zifakiwe kakade emakhaya nasemafektri aseMelika ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuze kube lula ukushintshela enkathini yamandla ashintshanayo, uTesla wenza isivumelwano: wabeka ne-voltage yasekhaya yamandla ashintshanayo ku-110V. Lokhu akuvikeli nje kuphela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini kwabasebenzisi abakhona, kodwa futhi kwaqeda ukwesaba komphakathi nge-voltage ephezulu (eyayikholelwa kabanzi ukuthi iyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu ngaleso sikhathi).

Ngakho-ke, ukwamukelwa kwamandla e-110V AC e-United States kuwumkhiqizo wokwamukela amandla e-110V DC.

Ngokufika kwesikhathi sikagesi, onjiniyela baqaphela kancane kancane ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kamuva kwe-voltage engu-220V/240V eYurophu, uhlelo lwe-110V e-United States lwalahlekelwa kakhulu lapho ludlulisa ugesi onamandla amakhulu futhi lwadinga izintambo zethusi ezijiyile ukuze kugwenywe ukushisa. Kodwa uma sithuthukela ku-220Vac ngokuphelele, izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu. Izinto zikagesi, amasokhethi, ama-fuse, ngisho nenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yedolobha lonke ezigidini zemindeni kulo lonke elase-United States konke kwaklanywa ngokwe-110V.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, onjiniyela bakagesi e-United States basungule “indlela yomhlabathi” ehlakaniphe kakhulu – ubuchwepheshe besigaba sokuhlukanisa.

Phakathi kwentambo ephilayo kanye nentambo engathathi hlangothi ephakathi, kwakheka i-voltage engu-110V/120V, eyenzelwe ngqo izinto ezincane zasekhaya ezifana namaselula, amathelevishini, kanye nama-bulb okukhanyisa (aphephile futhi awashisi uma uwathinta).

Uma izintambo ezimbili eziphilayo zihlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​​​ziphenduka ngokushesha zibe yi-220V/240V, eziklanyelwe ngqo "ama-giger kagesi" njengezi-air conditioner, izifudumezi zamanzi kagesi, kanye nezomisi (ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zisebenzisa izintambo kancane).

Njengoba sesiqonde imvelaphi ye-120Vac kanye ne-240Vac, imvelaphi ye-208Vac nayo kulula ukuyiqonda. I-208V iyi-voltage yomugqa engu-120V (iphindwe kathathu kunempande).

(II)

Ngemva kokuqonda uhlelo lwe-voltage e-United States, ake sibheke manje i-voltage yokufaka yenqwaba ye-AC yaseMelika.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-voltage zeziteshi zokushaja ze-AC ezivamile ezisetshenziswa e-United States, okungu-120V, 208V, kanye no-240Vac. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukhushulwa kwezinkampani zenqwaba kuzosuselwa kuma-voltage band abawasekelayo, i-110~120Vac noma i-200V~240Vac.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiteshi sokushaja esinokufakwayo okungu-208V naso singokufakwayo kwesigaba esisodwa, hhayi okungu-16kw noma okungu-22kw njengoba sikuqonda ukuthi kufana nokufakwayo kwentambo yesigaba sesihlanu saseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, zimbalwa kakhulu iziteshi zokushaja zokufaka zesigaba sesithathu e-United States eziye zaseshwa emakethe kodwa azikatholakali okwamanje.

Phakathi kwazo, i-110~120Vac iwuxhumano olujwayelekile lwepulaki olungasekela ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi okuphezulu okungu-16A.

Eziteshini zokushaja ze-AC ezinokufakwayo okungu-200V ~ 240Vac (208Vac noma 240Vac), ingxenye engaphambili yomugqa wokufaka ingaba ngesimo sepulaki noma ikhebula. Isokhethi "eliphezulu" elinokufakwayo okungu-240Vac e-United States (eliqukethe izintambo ezine: izintambo ezimbili ezibukhoma, intambo eyodwa engathathi hlangothi, kanye nentambo eyodwa yomhlabathi) kudingeka igcwaliswe uchwepheshe kagesi.

Ngendlela, isokhethi yokuxhuma ipulaki yokufaka yesiteshi sokushaja se-240Vac AC kufanele ihambisane nezidingo ze-NEMA14-50. Umthamo wayo omkhulu wokuthwala ungu-50A. Ngokwezidingo ze-American Electrical Installation Standard NFPA 70, umkhawulo ophezulu wamandla kagesi osetshenziswa yizinto zikagesi akufanele udlule u-80% wesokhethi elilinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo ophezulu wamandla wesiteshi sokushaja se-AC yokufaka esingu-240V esinepulaki ungafinyelela ku-40A kuphela, ngamandla angu-9.6kW.

(3)

Ngemva kokuxoxa ngezidingo zohlangothi lokufaka lwesiteshi sokushaja se-AC esijwayelekile saseMelika, ake sidlule esicongweni bese sibheka ngqo ohlangothini lokukhipha.

Uhlangothi lokukhipha lwesiteshi sokushaja sokuxhumana lulula kakhulu, isibambi sesibhamu kanye nekhebula lesibhamu elihambisana nesibambi sesibhamu.

Uma uphequlula iwebhusayithi yesiteshi sokuxhumana e-United States, uzothola ukuthi noma yisiphi isiteshi sokushaja sizohlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezisekelo zezibhamu, okungukuthi isixhumi se-TYPE1 esihlangabezana ne-SAE J1772 kanye nesixhumi se-NACS esihlangabezana ne-Tesla SAE J3400.

Isakhiwo esithile kanye nemininingwane yobukhulu bekhanda lesibhamu kanye nesiphathi sesibhamu esinezixhumi ezimbili kungatholakala ezindinganisweni ezifanele.

Ngaphakathi, akukho mehluko phakathi kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-NACS sikaTesla kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo se-TYPE1 sika-SAE J 1772, zombili ziqukethe izintambo ezinhlanu – i-L/N/PE/CP/PP. Yiqiniso, ukwakheka kwe-Tesla kuhlakaniphe kakhulu, zombili izixhumi ezibonakalayo ze-DC kanye ne-AC ziyisethi efanayo.

Ngokuphathelene nemakethe yenqwaba yokuxhumana yaseNyakatho Melika, isikhombimsebenzisi sokushaja okukhiphayo siyashintsha sisuka kusikhombimsebenzisi sakudala se-TYPE1 siye kusikhombimsebenzisi se-NACS, futhi izimoto eziningi zizokhetha ukusekela izikhombimsebenzisi ze-Tesla esikhathini esizayo. Iziteshi zokushaja ze-AC zokuqala ezihlonyiswe ngezikhombimsebenzisi ze-TYPE1 azikwazanga ukushaja i-NACS entsha.

Vele, asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka kakhulu, kunezi-adapter eziningi emakethe ezingakusiza.

Ama-adaptha ekhanda lesibhamu avinjelwe ngokuphelele ku-IEC 61851-1:2017 ejwayelekile yaseYurophu, kodwa izigaba ezinjalo azitholakali ku-UL 2594 e-United States. Akuvunyelwe ngumthetho, vele usebenzise ngqo.

Konke lokho kungenxa yezinhlangothi zokufaka nezokukhipha zesiteshi sokushaja se-AC esijwayelekile saseMelika. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizokwabelana ngemininingwane yokuklama "yendlu".