Takaddun shaida na tudun caji na Amurka (III) - Cikakkun bayanai game da tudun AC (ƙarshen gaba na layin shigarwa da kan bindigar fitarwa)

Daga mahangar ka'idojin samfura, tashoshin caji na AC na Amurka ba su bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da na Turai ba - dukansu suna aiki a matsayin manyan maɓallan lantarki, suna gudanar da wutar AC daga grid zuwa caja a cikin motar (OBC) a cikin abin hawa, wanda daga nan zai canza wutar AC zuwa wutar DC don cajin batirin wutar.

Duk da cewa gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne, har yanzu akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin cikakkun bayanai da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da na Turai. In ba haka ba, zai yi matuƙar sauƙi a sayar da su kai tsaye a Amurka ba tare da wani gyara ba.

(1)

Kafin mu tattauna layukan shigarwa na tashoshin caji na AC na Arewacin Amurka, bari mu fara gabatar da tsarin wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki ta AC a Amurka.

Tsarin wutar lantarki na yawancin ƙasashe a duniya ya yi daidai da na Turai (mulkin mallaka da yaƙi), wato, ƙarfin lantarki na gida na yau da kullun shine 220V ~ 230Vac 50Hz, kuma ƙarfin lantarki na masana'antu mai matakai uku shine 380 ~ 400Vac 50Hz. A bayyane yake cewa ƙarfin lantarki na masana'antu ya ninka tushen ƙarfin lantarki na gida sau uku - bambanci tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na layi da ƙarfin lantarki na lokaci.

Tsarin wutar lantarki a Amurka ya kebanta da sauran nau'ikan wutar lantarki, inda wutar lantarki ta gida ta fi girma 120V/240V 60Hz, yayin da wutar lantarki ta masana'antu ta fi girma 480V/277Vac 60Hz, don amfanin masana'antu. Wutar lantarki da ake amfani da ita don amfanin kasuwanci ko gidaje masu yawan jama'a ita ce 120V/208Vac 60Hz, yayin da ga wasu manyan masana'antu masu nauyi ita ce 347/600Vac 60Hz.

Shin kana mamakin dalilin da yasa tsarin wutar lantarki a Amurka yake da rudani haka?

Amfani da wutar lantarki ta 110V ya samo asali ne daga Edison. Edison ne, wanda aka san shi da ƙirƙiro wutar lantarki. Bayan gwaje-gwaje da kwatancen da yawa, ya gano cewa wutar lantarkin tana da mafi girman inganci da tsawon lokacin aiki lokacin da wutar lantarkin ta kasance 110V. Don haka, a cikin 1882, Edison ya gabatar da wutar lantarki ta 110V DC a kasuwa a Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Pearl Street, cibiyar wutar lantarki ta farko ta kasuwanci a Amurka.

Amma duk mun san cewa wutar lantarki kai tsaye tana da babban koma-baya, wato mummunan asarar zafi a lokacin watsawa ta nesa, wanda ke ɓatar da kuzarin lantarki mai yawa. Domin guje wa asarar makamashi mai yawa yayin watsawa ta nesa, Nikola Tesla ya gabatar da tsarinsa na alternating current (AC). Duk da cewa alternating current daga ƙarshe ya kayar da direct current, an riga an sanya dubban kayan aiki da na'urori da aka keɓe ga 110V a cikin gidaje da masana'antu na Amurka a wancan lokacin.

Domin sauƙaƙe sauyi zuwa zamanin canjin wutar lantarki, Tesla ya yi sulhu: ya kuma saita ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gida na canjin wutar lantarki a 110V. Wannan ba wai kawai ya kare jarin kayan aiki na masu amfani da shi ba ne, har ma ya kawar da fargabar jama'a game da canjin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya fi cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wancan lokacin).

Saboda haka, amfani da wutar lantarki ta 110V AC a Amurka ya samo asali ne daga karɓar wutar lantarki ta 110V DC.

Da zuwan zamanin wutar lantarki, injiniyoyi a hankali sun fahimci cewa idan aka kwatanta da amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na 220V/240V daga baya a Turai, tsarin 110V a Amurka ya fuskanci asara mafi girma lokacin da ake watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi kuma yana buƙatar wayoyin jan ƙarfe masu kauri don guje wa dumama. Amma idan muka haɓaka zuwa 220Vac gaba ɗaya, farashin ya yi yawa. Kayan aiki, soket, fis, har ma da hanyar sadarwa ta rarraba birnin a miliyoyin gidaje a faɗin Amurka duk an tsara su bisa ga 110V.

Saboda wannan dalili, injiniyoyin lantarki a Amurka sun ƙirƙiro wata fasaha mai matuƙar wayo ta "hanyar ƙasa" - fasahar da aka raba.

Tsakanin wayar da ke raye da kuma wayar tsaka-tsaki da ke tsakiya, ana samar da wutar lantarki ta 110V/120V, musamman don ƙananan kayan aikin gida kamar wayoyin hannu, talabijin, da kwararan fitila (mai aminci kuma ba mai zafi ba idan aka taɓa).

Idan aka haɗa wayoyi biyu masu rai tare, nan take za su zama 220V/240V, wanda aka ƙera musamman don "damisoshin lantarki" kamar na'urorin sanyaya iska, na'urorin dumama ruwa na lantarki, da na'urorin busar da kaya (tare da ingantaccen aiki da ƙarancin amfani da waya).

Bayan fahimtar asalin 120Vac da 240Vac, asalin 208Vac kuma yana da sauƙin fahimta. 208V shine ƙarfin layin 120V (sau uku tushen).

(II)

Bayan fahimtar tsarin wutar lantarki a Amurka, bari mu duba ƙarfin shigarwa na tarin AC na Amurka.

Akwai nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda uku ga tashoshin caji na AC na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su a Amurka, wato 120V, 208V, da 240Vac. Ainihin, tallata kamfanonin tulu zai dogara ne akan madaurin wutar lantarki da suke tallafawa, 110~120Vac ko 200V~240Vac.

Ya kamata a lura cewa tashar caji mai shigarwar 208V ita ma shigarwar mataki ɗaya ce, ba 16kw ko 22kw ba domin mun fahimci cewa tana kama da shigarwar waya mai matakai uku na Turai. Duk da haka, akwai ƙananan tashoshin caji mai matakai uku a Amurka waɗanda aka bincika a kasuwa amma ba a same su ba tukuna.

Daga cikinsu, 110 ~ 120Vac haɗin toshe ne na yau da kullun wanda zai iya tallafawa matsakaicin shigarwar wutar lantarki na 16A.

Ga tashoshin caji na AC masu shigarwar 200V ~ 240Vac (208Vac ko 240Vac), ƙarshen gaba na layin shigarwar na iya zama kamar filogi ko tashar kebul. Soket ɗin "babban ƙarfin lantarki" tare da shigarwar 240Vac a Amurka (wanda ya ƙunshi wayoyi huɗu: wayoyi biyu masu rai, waya ɗaya mai tsaka tsaki, da waya ɗaya ta ƙasa) yana buƙatar ƙwararren mai gyaran lantarki ya kammala shi.

Af, soket ɗin da za a haɗa toshewar shigarwar tashar caji ta 240Vac AC ya kamata ya cika buƙatun NEMA14-50. Matsakaicin wutar da ke ɗauke da ita shine 50A. Dangane da buƙatun Tsarin Shigar da Wutar Lantarki na Amurka NFPA 70, matsakaicin wutar da kayan lantarki ke amfani da ita bai kamata ta wuce kashi 80% na soket ɗin da aka ƙididdige ba. Don haka, matsakaicin wutar da ke amfani da tashar caji ta AC mai shigar da 240V tare da toshewa zai iya kaiwa 40A kawai, tare da ƙarfin 9.6kW.

(3)

Bayan mun tattauna buƙatun ɓangaren shigarwa na tashar caji ta AC ta Amurka, bari mu tsallake harsashi mu kalli ɓangaren fitarwa kai tsaye.

Bangaren fitarwa na tashar caji ta sadarwa abu ne mai sauƙi, kawai mai riƙe bindiga da kebul ɗin bindiga da ya dace da mai riƙe bindigar.

Idan ka duba gidan yanar gizon tashar sadarwa a Amurka, za ka ga cewa kowace tashar caji za ta samar da nau'ikan soket guda biyu na bindiga, wato hanyar sadarwa ta TYPE1 wacce ta hadu da SAE J1772 da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta NACS wacce ta hadu da Tesla SAE J3400.

Ana iya samun takamaiman tsari da girman kan bindiga da mai riƙe bindiga tare da hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu a cikin ƙa'idodin da suka dace.

A cikin gida, babu wani bambanci tsakanin hanyar sadarwa ta NACS ta Tesla da hanyar sadarwa ta TYPE1 ta SAE J 1772, dukkansu sun ƙunshi wayoyi biyar - L/N/PE/CP/PP. Tabbas, ƙirar Tesla tana da wayo sosai, tare da hanyar sadarwa ta DC da AC iri ɗaya ne.

Dangane da kasuwar tarin sadarwa ta Arewacin Amurka, hanyar caji ta fitarwa tana canzawa daga tsohuwar hanyar sadarwa ta TYPE1 zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta NACS, kuma motoci da yawa za su zaɓi tallafawa hanyoyin sadarwa na Tesla a nan gaba. Tashoshin caji na AC na farko waɗanda aka sanye da hanyoyin sadarwa na TYPE1 ba su iya cajin sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na NACS ba.

Ba shakka, babu buƙatar damuwa da yawa, akwai wadatattun adaftar da za su iya taimaka maka.

An haramta adaftar kan bindiga sosai a cikin ƙa'idar Turai ta IEC 61851-1:2017, amma irin waɗannan sassan ba a same su a cikin UL 2594 a Amurka ba. Ba doka ta hana ba, kawai a yi amfani da shi kai tsaye.

Wannan shi ne kawai ga ɓangarorin shigarwa da fitarwa na tashar caji ta AC ta Amurka. A cikin labarin da ke gaba, za mu raba cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar "gidaje".