Chitsimikizo cha mulu woyikira wa ku America (III) - Tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka milu ya AC (kutsogolo kwa mzere wolowera ndi mutu wa mfuti yotulutsa)

Malinga ndi mfundo za malonda, malo ochapira a AC omwe ali muyezo waku America sasiyana ndi miyezo ya dziko ndi ya ku Ulaya - onsewa amagwira ntchito ngati ma switch akuluakulu amagetsi, omwe amatulutsa mphamvu ya AC kuchokera pa gridi kupita ku chochapira chamkati (OBC) mgalimoto, chomwe chimasintha mphamvu ya AC kukhala mphamvu ya DC kuti chichapire batri yamagetsi.

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana, pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'zinthu zambiri poyerekeza ndi miyezo ya dziko ndi ya ku Ulaya. Kupanda kutero, zingakhale zosavuta kuzigulitsa mwachindunji ku United States popanda kusintha kulikonse.

(1)

Tisanakambirane za mizere yolowera ya malo ochapira magetsi a AC ku North America, choyamba tiyeni tifotokozere za makina amagetsi a AC power grid ku United States.

Makina amagetsi a mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amagwirizana ndi a ku Europe (ukoloni ndi nkhondo), kutanthauza kuti, magetsi abwinobwino apakhomo ndi 220V ~ 230Vac 50Hz, ndipo magetsi a magawo atatu apakhomo ndi 380 ~ 400Vac 50Hz. N'zoonekeratu kuti magetsi amagetsi apakhomo ndi owirikiza katatu kuposa mphamvu ya magetsi apakhomo - kusiyana pakati pa magetsi a mzere ndi magetsi a gawo.

Dongosolo la magetsi ku United States ndi lapadera, pomwe magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi 120V/240V 60Hz ndipo magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ndi 480V/277Vac 60Hz ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale. Magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazamalonda kapena m'nyumba zokhala anthu ambiri ndi 120V/208Vac 60Hz, pomwe m'mafakitale ena akuluakulu ndi 347/600Vac 60Hz.

Kodi mukudabwanso chifukwa chake makina amagetsi ku United States ali osokonezeka chonchi?

Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 110V kunachokera kwa Edison. Ndi Edison, yemwe amadziwika bwino popanga babu la magetsi. Pambuyo poyesa kangapo komanso kufananiza, adapeza kuti babu la magetsi linali ndi mphamvu yowala kwambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito pamene magetsi anali 110V. Chifukwa chake, mu 1882, Edison adayambitsa mwalamulo magetsi a 110V DC pamsika ku Pearl Street Power Station, malo oyamba opangira magetsi a DC ku United States.

Koma tonse tikudziwa kuti mphamvu yolunjika ili ndi vuto lalikulu, lomwe ndi kutaya kutentha kwambiri panthawi yotumiza magetsi kutali, komwe kumawononga mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi. Pofuna kupewa kutayika kwa mphamvu kwambiri panthawi yotumiza magetsi kutali, Nikola Tesla adayambitsa njira yake yosinthira mphamvu (AC). Ngakhale kuti mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu pamapeto pake idagonjetsa mphamvu yolunjika, zida zambirimbiri ndi zida zoperekedwa ku 110V zinali zitayikidwa kale m'nyumba ndi mafakitale aku America panthawiyo.

Pofuna kuti zinthu zisinthe mosavuta kupita ku nthawi ya alternating current, Tesla adagwirizana: adakhazikitsanso voltage ya nyumba ya alternating current pa 110V. Izi sizinangoteteza ndalama zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito anali nazo pazida zawo, komanso zinachotsa mantha a anthu onse a alternating current yamphamvu kwambiri (yomwe anthu ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti inali yoopsa kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu panthawiyo).

Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 110V AC ku United States ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ya 110V DC.

Pamene magetsi anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mainjiniya anazindikira pang'onopang'ono kuti poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 220V/240V ku Ulaya, makina a 110V ku United States anataya mphamvu zambiri potumiza magetsi amphamvu kwambiri ndipo anafunika mawaya a mkuwa okhuthala kuti asatenthedwe. Koma ngati tikweza magetsi kufika pa 220Vac mokwanira, mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri. Zipangizo, soketi, ma fuse, komanso netiweki yonse yogawa magetsi mumzinda m'mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri ku United States zonse zinapangidwa motsatira 110V.

Pachifukwa ichi, mainjiniya amagetsi ku United States apanga "njira ya nthaka" yanzeru kwambiri - ukadaulo wa gawo logawanika.

Pakati pa waya wamoyo ndi waya wapakati, pamakhala magetsi a 110V/120V, omwe amapangidwa makamaka kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zazing'ono zapakhomo monga mafoni am'manja, ma TV, ndi mababu amagetsi (otetezeka komanso osatentha kwambiri).

Mawaya awiri amoyo akamayikidwa pamodzi, nthawi yomweyo amasanduka 220V/240V, omwe amapangidwira makamaka "magetsi amphamvu" monga ma air conditioner, ma heater amadzi amagetsi, ndi ma dryer (ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso osagwiritsa ntchito waya wambiri).

Popeza tamvetsa chiyambi cha 120Vac ndi 240Vac, chiyambi cha 208Vac n'chosavuta kumvetsa. 208V ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 120V (kuposa katatu kuposa muzu).

(II)

Pambuyo pomvetsetsa dongosolo la magetsi ku United States, tiyeni tsopano tiwone mphamvu ya magetsi yolowera mu mulu wa AC waku America.

Pali mitundu itatu ya magetsi amagetsi a malo ochapira magetsi a AC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States, omwe ndi 120V, 208V, ndi 240Vac. Mwachidule, kukwezedwa kwa makampani odzaza magetsi kudzadalira ma voltage omwe amathandizira, 110~120Vac kapena 200V~240Vac.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malo ochapira omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 208V ndi malo ochapira omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya gawo limodzi, osati 16kw kapena 22kw chifukwa timamvetsetsa kuti ndi ofanana ndi malo ochapira a waya atatu a gawo lachisanu ku Europe. Komabe, pali malo ochepa kwambiri ochapira magetsi atatu ku United States omwe afufuzidwa pamsika koma sanapezekebe.

Pakati pawo, 110 ~ 120Vac ndi pulagi yolumikizira yomwe imatha kuthandizira mphamvu yamagetsi yokwana 16A.

Pa malo ochapira magetsi a AC okhala ndi 200V ~ 240Vac (208Vac kapena 240Vac), mbali yakutsogolo ya mzere wolowera ikhoza kukhala ngati pulagi kapena chingwe. Soketi ya "voltage yapamwamba" yokhala ndi 240Vac input ku United States (yopangidwa ndi mawaya anayi: mawaya awiri amoyo, waya umodzi wosalowerera, ndi waya umodzi wotsikira pansi) iyenera kumalizidwa ndi katswiri wamagetsi.

Mwa njira, soketi yolumikizira pulagi yolowera ya siteshoni yochapira ya 240Vac AC iyenera kutsatira zofunikira za NEMA14-50. Mphamvu yake yayikulu yonyamula ndi 50A. Malinga ndi zofunikira za American Electrical Installation Standard NFPA 70, mphamvu yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zamagetsi siyenera kupitirira 80% ya soketi yoyesedwa. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yayikulu ya siteshoni yochapira ya 240V AC yokhala ndi pulagi ingafikire 40A yokha, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 9.6kW.

(3)

Pambuyo pokambirana zofunikira pa mbali yolowera ya siteshoni yoyatsira ya AC ya ku America, tiyeni tidumphe chipolopolocho ndikuyang'ana mwachindunji mbali yotulutsira.

Mbali yotulutsira ya malo olumikizirana ndi yosavuta, chogwirira mfuti ndi chingwe cha mfuti chomwe chikugwirizana ndi chogwirira mfuti.

Mukayang'ana tsamba lawebusayiti la siteshoni yolumikizirana ku United States, mupeza kuti siteshoni iliyonse yochajira idzakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya malo olumikizirana mfuti, yomwe ndi TYPE1 interface yomwe imakumana ndi SAE J1772 ndi NACS interface yomwe imakumana ndi Tesla SAE J3400.

Kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa mutu wa mfuti ndi chogwirira mfuti chokhala ndi malo awiri olumikizirana zikupezeka mu miyezo yofanana.

Mkati, palibe kusiyana pakati pa mawonekedwe a Tesla a NACS ndi mawonekedwe a SAE J 1772 a TYPE1, onse ali ndi mawaya asanu - L/N/PE/CP/PP. Zachidziwikire, kapangidwe ka Tesla ndi kanzeru kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe onse a DC ndi AC ndi ofanana.

Ponena za msika wamagetsi olumikizirana ku North America, mawonekedwe ochapira otulutsa akusintha kuchoka pa mawonekedwe akale a TYPE1 kupita ku mawonekedwe a NACS, ndipo magalimoto ambiri adzasankha kuthandizira mawonekedwe a Tesla mtsogolo. Malo oyambilira ochapira a AC okhala ndi mawonekedwe a TYPE1 sanathe kuchapira NACS yatsopano.

Zachidziwikire, palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa kwambiri, pali ma adapter ambiri pamsika omwe angakuthandizeni.

Ma adapter a mfuti ndi oletsedwa kwambiri mu European standard IEC 61851-1:2017, koma zigawo zotere sizipezeka mu UL 2594 ku United States. Siziletsedwa ndi lamulo, ingogwiritsani ntchito mwachindunji.

Zonsezo ndi za mbali zolowera ndi zotulutsa za siteshoni yoyatsira ya AC ya ku America. Mu nkhani yotsatira, tidzagawana tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka "nyumba".