Icyemezo cy’imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zo muri Amerika (III) – Ibisobanuro birambuye ku miterere y’imirongo ya AC (imbere y’umurongo w’injira n’umutwe w’imbunda isohoka)

Ukurikije amahame y’ibicuruzwa, sitasiyo zo gushyushya amashanyarazi zisanzwe zo muri Amerika ntaho zitaniye n’amabwiriza y’igihugu n’ay’i Burayi - zombi zikora nk’ibikoresho binini by’amashanyarazi, bitwara ingufu za AC kuva ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi kugera kuri charger iri mu modoka (OBC), hanyuma igahindura ingufu za AC muri DC kugira ngo ishyushye bateri y’amashanyarazi.

Nubwo muri rusange ari bimwe, haracyari itandukaniro rinini mu buryo bwinshi ugereranije n'amahame y'igihugu n'ay'i Burayi. Bitabaye ibyo, byaba byoroshye cyane kubigurisha muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nta mpinduka.

(1)

Mbere yo kuganira ku mirongo y’amashanyarazi ya AC yo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, reka tubanze tugaragaze uburyo ingufu z’amashanyarazi za AC zikoreshwa muri Amerika zikoreshwa.

Sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zo mu bihugu byinshi ku isi zihujwe n'iz'i Burayi (ubukoloni n'intambara), ni ukuvuga ko voltage isanzwe yo mu rugo ari 220V ~ 230Vac 50Hz, naho voltage y'inganda eshatu ikaba 380 ~ 400Vac 50Hz. Biragaragara ko voltage y'amashanyarazi yo mu nganda ikubye inshuro eshatu umuzi w'amashanyarazi yo mu rugo - itandukaniro riri hagati y'voltage y'umurongo n'voltage y'igice.

Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni yihariye, aho ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo mu ngo zikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe ari 120V/240V 60Hz naho ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo mu nganda zikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe ari 480V/277Vac 60Hz. Ingufu zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi cyangwa mu mazu y'ubucucike bwinshi ni 120V/208Vac 60Hz, mu gihe ku nganda zimwe na zimwe nini ziremereye ari 347/600Vac 60Hz.

Ese nawe uratangaye impamvu sisitemu y'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika irimo akajagari?

Ikoreshwa rya voltage ya 110V ryaturutse kuri Edison. Ni Edison, uzwi cyane mu kuvumbura itara. Nyuma yo kugerageza no kugereranya kenshi, yasanze itara rifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga urumuri rwinshi kandi rimara igihe kirekire mu gihe voltage yari 110V. Rero, mu 1882, Edison yashyize ku mugaragaro amashanyarazi ya 110V DC ku isoko rya Station y'amashanyarazi ya Pearl Street, uruganda rwa mbere rw'ubucuruzi rwa DC muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Ariko twese tuzi ko umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi utaziguye ufite ikibazo gikomeye, ari cyo gutakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cyo kohereza umuriro mu ntera ndende, bigapfusha ubusa ingufu nyinshi z’amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza ingufu nyinshi mu gihe cyo kohereza umuriro mu ntera ndende, Nikola Tesla yashyizeho sisitemu ye y’amashanyarazi asimburana (AC). Nubwo umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi utaziguye watsinze umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi utaziguye, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho ibihumbi byagenewe 110V byari byaramaze gushyirwa mu ngo no mu nganda z’Abanyamerika icyo gihe.

Kugira ngo yorohereze impinduka nziza mu gihe cy’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi usimburana, Tesla yagize icyo yumvikanwaho: yanashyizeho ingufu z’amashanyarazi zisimburana mu rugo kuri 110V. Ibi ntibyarinze gusa ishoramari ry’ibikoresho ku bakoreshaga, ahubwo byanakuyeho ubwoba bw’abaturage ku muvuduko w’amashanyarazi usimburana ufite ingufu nyinshi (wari wizewe cyane ko wangiza ubuzima bw’abantu icyo gihe).

Kubwibyo, gukoresha ingufu za AC za 110V muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni umusaruro wo kwakira ingufu za DC za 110V.

Ubwo amashanyarazi yatangiraga, injeniyeri zagiye zimenya buhoro buhoro ko ugereranyije n’uko amashanyarazi ya 220V/240V yakoreshejwe mu Burayi, sisitemu ya 110V muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yagize igihombo kinini mu kohereza amashanyarazi afite ingufu nyinshi kandi ikenera insinga z’umuringa ziremereye kugira ngo hirindwe ubushyuhe. Ariko iyo tuzamuye amashanyarazi kuri 220Vac mu buryo bwuzuye, ikiguzi kiba kiri hejuru cyane. Ibikoresho, amasoko, ibyuma, ndetse n’umuyoboro wose w’amashanyarazi mu mujyi mu ngo za miliyoni muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika byose byakozwe hakurikijwe 110V.

Kubera iyo mpamvu, injeniyeri mu by'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bavumbuye "uburyo bw'ubutaka" bufite ubwenge cyane - ikoranabuhanga ryo gutandukanya ibice.

Hagati y'insinga ikora n'insinga idafite aho ihuriye n'iy'imbere iri hagati, hakorwa voltage ya 110V/120V, yagenewe by'umwihariko ibikoresho bito byo mu rugo nka telefoni zigendanwa, televiziyo, n'amatara (yizewe kandi idashyushye iyo uyikozeho).

Iyo insinga ebyiri zikora zifatanye, zihita zihinduka 220V/240V, zagenewe by'umwihariko "amashanyarazi" nka icyuma gikonjesha, icyuma gishyushya amazi gikoresha amashanyarazi, n'icyuma cyumisha (gikoresha amashanyarazi menshi kandi gikoresha insinga nkeya).

Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa inkomoko ya 120Vac na 240Vac, inkomoko ya 208Vac nayo biroroshye kuyumva. 208V ni voltage y'umurongo wa 120V (ikubye gatatu umuzi).

(II)

Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa sisitemu y'amashanyarazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, reka turebere hamwe ingufu z'amashanyarazi yinjira mu gikoresho cya AC cyo muri Amerika.

Hari ubwoko butatu bw'amashanyarazi akoreshwa muri sitasiyo zisanzwe zo gushyushya AC zikoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ari zo 120V, 208V, na 240Vac. Muri make, kwamamaza ibigo binini bizashingira ku migozi y'amashanyarazi bishyigikira, 110~120Vac cyangwa 200V~240Vac.

Icyitonderwa ni uko sitasiyo yo gusharija ifite 208V input nayo ari imwe mu buryo bw’icyiciro kimwe, ntabwo ari 16kw cyangwa 22kw kuko tubizi ko isa n’insinga eshatu z’i Burayi zikoreshwa mu buryo bw’insinga eshanu. Ariko, hari sitasiyo nke cyane zo gusharija zikoreshwa mu buryo bw’icyiciro gatatu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashakishijwe hirya no hino ku isoko ariko ntiziraboneka kugeza ubu.

Muri byo, 110 ~ 120Vac ni uburyo busanzwe bwo guhuza amashanyarazi bushobora gushyigikira ingufu ntarengwa z'amashanyarazi zigera kuri 16A.

Ku bijyanye n'aho amashanyarazi ashyirwamo amashanyarazi afite 200V ~ 240Vac (208Vac cyangwa 240Vac), impera y'imbere y'umurongo w'amashanyarazi ishobora kuba mu buryo bwa plug cyangwa terminal y'insinga. Umuyoboro "w'amashanyarazi menshi" ufite 240Vac muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (ugizwe n'insinga enye: insinga ebyiri zikora, insinga imwe idafite aho ibogamiye, n'insinga imwe yo hasi) ugomba kuzuzwa n'umuhanga mu by'amashanyarazi w'inzobere.

Mu by’ukuri, soketi yo guhuza plug y’inyongera ya sitasiyo yo gusharija ya 240Vac AC igomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na NEMA14-50. Umuvuduko ntarengwa wo gutwara ni 50A. Dukurikije ibisabwa na American Electrical Installation Standard NFPA 70, umuvuduko ntarengwa ukoreshwa n’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi ntugomba kurenza 80% by’isoketi yemewe. Bityo rero, umuvuduko ntarengwa wa sitasiyo yo gusharija ya 240V ifite plug ushobora kugera kuri 40A gusa, ufite imbaraga za 9.6kW.

(3)

Nyuma yo kuganira ku bisabwa ku ruhande rw'inyongera rw'ikigega cyo gusharija AC gisanzwe cyo muri Amerika, reka dusimbuke icyo gice cy'inyongera turebe neza ku ruhande rw'inyongera.

Uruhande rw'umusaruro w'aho itumanaho ricanira ni rworoshye cyane, ni agakoresho k'imbunda n'insinga y'imbunda ihuye n'agakoresho k'imbunda.

Iyo usuye urubuga rwa interineti rwa sitasiyo y'itumanaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uzasanga sitasiyo iyo ari yo yose itanga ubwoko bubiri bw'aho imbunda zihagarara, ari bwo TYPE1 ihurira na SAE J1772 n'umurongo wa NACS uhura na Tesla SAE J3400.

Imiterere n'ingano byihariye by'umutwe w'imbunda n'icyuma gifata imbunda bifite aho bihurira bibiri biboneka mu bipimo bihuye.

Imbere muri Tesla, nta tandukaniro riri hagati ya NACS ya Tesla na SAE J 1772's TYPE1 interface, zombi zigizwe n'insinga eshanu - L/N/PE/CP/PP. Birumvikana ko imiterere ya Tesla ari nziza cyane, aho DC na AC interfaces byombi ari bimwe.

Ku bijyanye n'isoko ry'itumanaho ryo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, uburyo bwo gushyushya ibicuruzwa burimo guhinduka kuva ku buryo bwa kera bwa TYPE1 bujya ku buryo bwa NACS, kandi imodoka nyinshi zizahitamo gushyigikira uburyo bwa Tesla mu gihe kizaza. Sitasiyo zo gushyushya AC za mbere zifite uburyo bwa TYPE1 ntizashoboye gushyushya NACS nshya.

Birumvikana ko nta mpamvu yo guhangayika cyane, hari adaptateri nyinshi ku isoko zishobora kugufasha.

Adaptateri z'umutwe w'imbunda zirabujijwe cyane mu ihame ry'i Burayi rya IEC 61851-1:2017, ariko ingingo nk'izo ntiziboneka muri UL 2594 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntabwo bibujijwe n'amategeko, koresha gusa neza.

Ibyo byose ni iby’ibyinjira n’ibisohoka bya sitasiyo yo gushyushya AC isanzwe yo muri Amerika. Mu nkuru ikurikira, tuzasangiza imiterere y’ “inzu”.