Isiqinisekiso seepali zokutshaja ezisemgangathweni waseMelika (III) – Iinkcukacha zoyilo lweepali ze-AC (isiphelo esingaphambili somgca wokufaka kunye nentloko yesibhamu esiphumayo)

Ngokwembono yemigaqo yemveliso, izitishi zokutshaja ze-AC ezisemgangathweni zaseMelika azahlukanga kwimigangatho yesizwe neyaseYurophu - zombini zisebenza njengeeswitshi ezinkulu zombane, ziqhuba amandla e-AC ukusuka kwigridi ukuya kwitshaja ekwinqwelo (i-OBC) emotweni, ethi emva koko iguqule amandla e-AC abe ngamandla e-DC ukuze itshaje ibhetri yamandla.

Nangona ngokubanzi zifana, kusekho umahluko omkhulu kwiinkcukacha ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho yesizwe neyeYurophu. Ngaphandle koko, bekuya kuba lula kakhulu ukuzithengisa ngqo eMelika ngaphandle kotshintsho.

(1)

Ngaphambi kokuba sixoxe ngemigca yokufaka izitishi zokutshaja ze-AC zaseMntla Melika, masiqale sazise ngenkqubo yombane yegridi yamandla e-AC eMelika.

Iinkqubo zegridi yamandla kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini zihambelana nezo zaseYurophu (ubukoloniyali kunye nemfazwe), oko kukuthi, i-voltage eqhelekileyo yasekhaya yi-220V ~ 230Vac 50Hz, kwaye i-voltage yesigaba sesithathu yemizi-mveliso yi-380 ~ 400Vac 50Hz. Kuyacaca ukuba i-voltage yombane wemizi-mveliso iphindwe kathathu kune-voltage yasekhaya - umahluko phakathi kwe-voltage yomgca kunye ne-voltage yesigaba.

Inkqubo ye-voltage eMelika ikhethekile, apho i-voltage yasekhaya ephambili yi-120V/240V 60Hz kwaye i-voltage yemizi-mveliso ephambili yi-480V/277Vac 60Hz yokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso. I-voltage esetyenziselwa iinjongo zorhwebo okanye zokuhlala ezixineneyo yi-120V/208Vac 60Hz, ngelixa kwezinye iimizi-mveliso ezinkulu ezinzima yi-347/600Vac 60Hz.

Ngaba nawe uyamangaliswa kukuba kutheni inkqubo yombane eMelika ingalawuleki kangaka?

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-voltage ye-110V kwavela ku-Edison. Ngu-Edison, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuvelisa ibhalbhu yokukhanya. Emva kovavanyo oluninzi kunye nokuthelekisa, wafumanisa ukuba ibhalbhu yokukhanya yayisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye yayisebenza ixesha elide xa i-voltage yayiyi-110V. Ngoko ke, ngo-1882, u-Edison wazisa ngokusesikweni umbane we-110V DC kwimarike kwiSikhululo soMbane sasePearl Street, isikhululo sombane sokuqala se-DC sorhwebo eMelika.

Kodwa sonke siyazi ukuba i-direct current ineengxaki ezinkulu, ezikukulahlekelwa bubushushu obukhulu ngexesha lokudluliselwa komgama omde, nto leyo echitha amandla amaninzi ombane. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahleka kwamandla amaninzi ngexesha lokudluliselwa komgama omde, uNikola Tesla wazisa inkqubo yakhe ye-alternating current (AC). Nangona i-alternating current ekugqibeleni yoyisa i-direct current, amawaka ezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezinikezelwe kwi-110V zazisele zifakiwe kumakhaya nakwiifektri zaseMelika ngelo xesha.

Ukuze kube lula ukutshintsha okuthe tye kwixesha lokutshintshana kwamandla ombane, uTesla wenza isivumelwano: wabeka ne-voltage yasekhaya yokutshintshana kwamandla ombane kwi-110V. Oku akuzange kukhusele kuphela utyalo-mali lwezixhobo zabasebenzisi abakhoyo, kodwa kwasusa noloyiko loluntu lokutshintshana kwamandla ombane ombane ombane ophezulu (okwakukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba uyingozi ngakumbi kwimpilo yabantu ngelo xesha).

Ngoko ke, ukwamkelwa kwamandla e-110V AC eMelika yimveliso yokwamkela amandla e-110V DC.

Ngokufika kwexesha lombane, iinjineli zaqonda kancinci kancinci ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nokwamkelwa kamva kwe-voltage ye-220V/240V eYurophu, inkqubo ye-110V eMelika yalahlekelwa kakhulu xa ithumela umbane onamandla aphezulu kwaye yafuna iingcingo zobhedu ezijiyileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukufudumeza. Kodwa ukuba siphucula siye kwi-220Vac ngokupheleleyo, ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu. Izixhobo, iisokhethi, iifusi, kwanenethiwekhi yokusasazwa kwesixeko sonke kwizigidi zemizi kulo lonke elase-United States zonke zenziwe ngokwe-110V.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iinjineli zombane eMelika ziye zasungula “indlela yomhlaba” ekrelekrele kakhulu – iteknoloji yesigaba sokwahlulahlula.

Phakathi kwentambo ephilayo kunye nentambo engathathi cala embindini, kwakheka i-voltage ye-110V/120V, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa izixhobo zasekhaya ezincinci ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo, oomabonakude, kunye neebhalbhu zokukhanya (ezikhuselekileyo kwaye azishushu xa uzichukumisa).

Xa iingcingo ezimbini eziphilayo zidibene ndawonye, ​​zijika ngoko nangoko zibe yi-220V/240V, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa "iingwe zombane" ezifana nee-air conditioner, izifudumezi zamanzi zombane, kunye nezomisi (ezisebenza kakuhle kwaye zingasebenzisi kakhulu iingcingo).

Ekubeni sele siyiqonda imvelaphi ye-120Vac kunye ne-240Vac, imvelaphi ye-208Vac kulula ukuyiqonda. I-208V yi-voltage yomgca we-120V (iphindwe kathathu kuneengcambu).

(II)

Emva kokuqonda inkqubo ye-voltage eMelika, makhe sijonge i-input voltage ye-American AC pile.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ze-voltage kwizikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa eMelika, ezizezi: i-120V, i-208V, kunye ne-240Vac. Ngokusisiseko, ukukhuthazwa kweenkampani ze-pile kuya kusekelwa kwiibhendi ze-voltage abazixhasayo, i-110~120Vac okanye i-200V~240Vac.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isikhululo sokutshaja esine-208V input sikwayi-single-phase input, hayi i-16kw okanye i-22kw njengoko siyiqonda ukuba ifana ne-European three-phase five wire input. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa kakhulu izikhululo zokutshaja ze-input input ezine-three-phase eMelika ezikhangelwe kwimarike kodwa azikafunyanwa okwangoku.

Phakathi kwazo, i-110~120Vac luqhagamshelo lweplagi eqhelekileyo enokuxhasa umbane ophezulu we-16A.

Kwizikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC ezine-200V ~ 240Vac (208Vac okanye 240Vac), isiphelo sangaphambili somgca wokufaka singaba kwimo yeplagi okanye i-terminal yekhebula. Isokethi "ye-voltage ephezulu" ene-240Vac eMelika (eyenziwe ngeengcingo ezine: iintambo ezimbini eziphilayo, intambo enye engathathi cala, kunye nentambo enye yomhlaba) kufuneka izaliswe yingcali yombane.

Ngendlela, isokhethi yokudibanisa iplagi yokufaka yesikhululo sokutshaja se-240Vac AC kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno ze-NEMA14-50. Umbane wayo ophezulu wokuthwala yi-50A. Ngokweemfuno ze-American Electrical Installation Standard NFPA 70, umbane ophezulu osetyenziswa zizixhobo zombane akufuneki udlule kwi-80% yesokhethi elinganisiweyo. Ngoko ke, umbane ophezulu wesikhululo sokutshaja se-240V AC eneplagi unokufikelela kwi-40A kuphela, ngamandla e-9.6kW.

(3)

Emva kokuxoxa ngeemfuno zecala lokufaka kwisikhululo sokutshaja se-AC esisemgangathweni saseMelika, masiyitsibe igobolondo size sijonge ngqo kwicala lokukhupha.

Icala lokukhupha i-output yesikhululo sokutshaja unxibelelwano lilula kakhulu, sisibambi semipu kunye nentambo yemipu ehambelana nesibambi semipu.

Ukuba ukhangela iwebhusayithi yesitishi sonxibelelwano eMelika, uya kufumanisa ukuba nasiphi na isikhululo sokutshaja siya kubonelela ngeentlobo ezimbini zeesokhethi zezibhamu, ezizezi: ujongano lweTYPE1 oludibana neSAE J1772 kunye nojongano lweNACS oludibana neTesla SAE J3400.

Ulwakhiwo oluthile kunye neenkcukacha zobungakanani bentloko yesibhamu kunye nesiphathi sesibhamu esineendawo ezimbini zokunxibelelanisa zinokufumaneka kwimigangatho ehambelanayo.

Ngaphakathi, akukho mahluko phakathi kwe-interface ye-Tesla ye-NACS kunye ne-interface ye-SAE J 1772 ye-TYPE1, zombini ziqulathe iingcingo ezintlanu – i-L/N/PE/CP/PP. Kakade ke, uyilo lwe-Tesla lukrelekrele kakhulu, zombini i-interface ze-DC kunye ne-AC ziseti enye.

Ngokuphathelele imakethi yonxibelelwano lwaseMntla Melika, ujongano lokutshaja oluphumayo luyatshintsha ukusuka kujongano lwakudala lweTYPE1 ukuya kujongano lweNACS, kwaye iimoto ezininzi ziya kukhetha ukuxhasa ujongano lweTesla kwixesha elizayo. Izikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC zokuqala ezixhotyiswe nge-TYPE1 azikwazanga ukutshaja i-NACS entsha.

Kakade ke, akukho mfuneko yokukhathazeka kakhulu, kukho iiadaptha ezininzi kwimarike ezinokukunceda.

Iiadaptha zeentloko zezibhamu azivumelekanga ngokungqongqo kwi-European standard IEC 61851-1:2017, kodwa loo miqathango ayifumaneki kwi-UL 2594 e-United States. Ayivumelekanga ngumthetho, yisebenzise ngqo.

Konke oko kuxhomekeke kwicala lokufaka kunye nelokukhupha lesikhululo sokutshaja se-AC esisemgangathweni saseMelika. Kwinqaku elilandelayo, siza kwabelana ngeenkcukacha zoyilo "lwezindlu".