Tiwhikete pou utu paerewa o Amerika (III) – Ngā taipitopito hoahoa o ngā pou AC (te pito o mua o te raina whakauru me te pane pū whakaputa)

Mai i te tirohanga o ngā mātāpono hua, kāore he rerekētanga o ngā teihana utu hiko AC paerewa o Amerika ki ngā paerewa ā-motu me Ūropi – he rite ēnei ki ngā pana hiko nui, e kawe ana i te mana AC mai i te whatunga hiko ki te rihi hiko o runga (OBC) i roto i te waka, kātahi ka huri i te mana AC ki te mana DC hei utu i te pākahiko hiko.

Ahakoa he rite tonu te nuinga o ēnei, he nui tonu ngā rerekētanga o ngā taipitopito ki ngā paerewa ā-motu me ngā paerewa o Ūropi. Ki te kore, he tino watea rawa te hoko tika atu i a rātou ki te Hononga o Amerika me te kore he whakarerekētanga.

(1)

I mua i te matapaki i ngā rārangi tāuru o ngā teihana utu hiko AC o Amerika Te Raki, me whakaatu tuatahi tātou i te pūnaha ngaohiko o te whatunga hiko AC i te Hononga o Amerika.

Ko ngā pūnaha whatunga hiko o te nuinga o ngā whenua o te ao he rite ki ērā o Ūropi (te koroni me te pakanga), arā, ko te ngaohiko noa o te whare he 220V~230Vac 50Hz, ā, ko te ngaohiko ā-wāhanga-toru o te ahumahi he 380~400Vac 50Hz. E mārama ana ko te ngaohiko o te hiko ahumahi e toru ngā wā te nui ake i te pūtake o te ngaohiko o te whare – te rerekētanga i waenga i te ngaohiko raina me te ngaohiko ā-wāhanga.

He ahurei te pūnaha ngaohiko i te Hononga o Amerika, ko te ngaohiko matua o te whare ko te 120V/240V 60Hz, ā, ko te ngaohiko matua o te ahumahi ko te 480V/277Vac 60Hz mō te whakamahinga ahumahi. Ko te ngaohiko e whakamahia ana mō ngā mahi arumoni, ngā mahi noho rānei he nui te kiato ko te 120V/208Vac 60Hz, ko ētahi o ngā ahumahi taumaha nui ko te 347/600Vac 60Hz.

Kei te miharo anō hoki koe he aha te pōrearea o te pūnaha hiko i te Hononga o Amerika.

I ahu mai te whakamahinga o te hiko 110V i a Edison. Ko Edison tēnei, he tangata rongonui mō te hanga i te pūrama rama. Whai muri i ngā whakamātautau me ngā whakatairite maha, i kitea e ia ko te pūrama rama te mea tino pai te kanapa me te roa o te ora mahi ina ko te hiko he 110V. Nō reira, i te tau 1882, i whakauru mana a Edison i te hiko 110V DC ki te mākete i te Pearl Street Power Station, te tipu hiko DC arumoni tuatahi i te United States.

Engari e mōhio ana tātou katoa he ngoikoretanga nui tō te au hiko tika, arā, he nui te ngaronga o te wera i te wā e tukuna ana i tawhiti, e moumou ana i te nui o te hiko. Hei karo i te ngaronga nui o te pūngao i te wā e tukuna ana i tawhiti, i whakaurua e Nikola Tesla tana pūnaha au hiko tauutuutu (AC). Ahakoa i hinga te au hiko tauutuutu i te mutunga, e mano tini ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu i whakatapua ki te 110V kua tāutahia ki ngā whare me ngā wheketere o Amerika i taua wā.

Hei whakahaere i te whakawhiti maeneene ki te wā o te au hurihuri, i whakatau a Tesla i tētahi whakaaetanga: i whakatakoto hoki ia i te ngaohiko o te whare mō te au hurihuri ki te 110V. Ehara i te mea i tiakina noa te haumi taputapu a ngā kaiwhakamahi o nāianei, engari i whakakorea hoki te wehi o te marea mō te au hurihuri ngaohiko teitei (i whakaponohia whānuitia he kino ake ki te hauora o te tangata i taua wā).

Nō reira, ko te tangohanga o te mana 110V AC i te Hononga o Amerika he hua o te whakauru i te mana 110V DC.

I te taenga mai o te ao hiko, ka āta kite ngā kaihangarau, ki te whakatauritea ki te whakamahinga o te hiko 220V/240V i Ūropi i muri mai, he nui ake ngā mate o te pūnaha 110V i te Hononga o Amerika i te wā e tukuna ana te hiko mana-teitei, ā, me hiahia he waea parahi matotoru ake hei karo i te wera. Engari ki te whakapai ake tātou ki te 220Vac, he nui rawa te utu. Ko ngā taputapu, ngā putanga hiko, ngā fiusi, tae atu ki te whatunga tohatoha katoa o te tāone i roto i ngā miriona whare puta noa i te Hononga o Amerika, kua hangaia katoatia kia rite ki te 110V.

Nā konei i hangaia ai e ngā miihini hiko o te Hononga o Amerika tētahi "tikanga oneone" tino atamai - te hangarau wāhanga wehewehe.

I waenganui i te waea ora me te waea kūpapa i waenganui, ka hangaia he ngaohiko 110V/120V, he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā taputapu iti o te whare pērā i ngā waea pūkoro, ngā pouaka whakaata, me ngā pūangi rama (he haumaru, kāore e wera ki te pā).

Ina tāpaea ngā waea ora e rua, ka huri tonu hei 220V/240V, he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā "hiko hiko" pērā i ngā hauhautanga, ngā whakamahana wai hiko, me ngā whakamaroke (he tino whai hua, he iti hoki te whakamahinga waea).

I te mea kua mārama ki ngā takenga mai o te 120Vac me te 240Vac, he māmā noa iho te mārama ki te takenga mai o te 208Vac. Ko te 208V te ngaohiko raina o te 120V (e toru ngā wā o te pūtake).

(II)

I muri i te mārama ki te pūnaha ngaohiko i te Hononga o Amerika, me titiro tātou ki te ngaohiko tāuru o te puranga AC o Amerika.

E toru ngā momo ngaohiko mō ngā teihana utu AC noa e whakamahia ana i te Hononga o Amerika, arā, 120V, 208V, me te 240Vac. Ko te whakatairanga i ngā kamupene pou ka ahu mai i ngā roopu ngaohiko e tautokona ana e rātou, 110~120Vac, 200V~240Vac rānei.

Me mōhio ko te teihana utu me te tāuru 208V he tāuru kotahi-wāhanga anō hoki, ehara i te 16kw, i te 22kw rānei e ai ki tā mātou whakaaro he rite ki te tāuru waea rima-wāhanga-toru o Ūropi. Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā teihana utu tāuru-wāhanga-toru i te Hononga o Amerika kua rapua puta noa i te mākete engari kāore anō kia kitea.

I roto i ēnei, ko te 110~120Vac he hononga mono noa e taea ai te tautoko i te whakaurunga iahiko mōrahi o te 16A.

Mō ngā teihana utu hiko AC me te tāuru 200V~240Vac (208Vac, 240Vac rānei), ka taea te whakamahi i te pito o mua o te raina tāuru hei mono, hei taura rānei. Ko te putanga "ngaohiko teitei" me te tāuru 240Vac i te Hononga o Amerika (e whā ngā waea: e rua ngā waea ora, kotahi te waea kūpapa, me tetahi waea whenua) me whakaoti e te tohunga hiko ngaio.

Heoi anō, me tutuki te hononga mō te mono whakauru o te teihana utu hiko 240Vac AC ki ngā whakaritenga o NEMA14-50. Ko tōna au kawe mōrahi ko te 50A. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga o te American Electrical Installation Standard NFPA 70, kaua te au mōrahi e whakamahia ana e ngā taputapu hiko e neke ake i te 80% o te putanga kua whakatauria. Nō reira, ko te au mōrahi o te teihana utu hiko whakauru 240V me te mono ka eke ki te 40A anake, me te mana o te 9.6kW.

(3)

I muri i te matapaki i ngā whakaritenga mō te taha tāuru o te teihana utu AC paerewa o Amerika, me peke atu tātou i te anga ka titiro tika ki te taha putanga.

He tino māmā te taha putanga o te teihana utu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ko te pupuri pū me te taura pū e ōrite ana ki te pupuri pū.

Ki te tirotiro koe i te paetukutuku o te teihana whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i te Hononga o Amerika, ka kitea e koe e rua ngā momo putanga pū o tētahi teihana utu, arā, ko te atanga TYPE1 e tutuki ana i te SAE J1772 me te atanga NACS e tutuki ana i te Tesla SAE J3400.

Ka kitea ngā taipitopito hanganga me te rahi o te pane pū me te pupuri pū me ngā atanga e rua i roto i ngā paerewa e pā ana.

I roto, kāore he rerekētanga i waenga i te atanga NACS a Tesla me te atanga TYPE1 a SAE J 1772, e rima ngā waea o ia mea – L/N/PE/CP/PP. He tino mohio te hoahoa a Tesla, he rite tonu te huinga o ngā atanga DC me AC.

Mō te mākete puranga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o Amerika Te Raki, kei te neke te atanga utu putanga mai i te atanga TYPE1 tawhito ki te atanga NACS, ā, ka piki haere te maha o ngā waka ka whiriwhiri ki te tautoko i ngā atanga Tesla ā muri ake nei. Kāore i taea e ngā teihana utu AC o mua me ngā atanga TYPE1 te utu i te NACS hou.

Kāore he take e manukanuka nui ai, he maha ngā urutau kei te mākete hei āwhina i a koe.

E tino rāhuitia ana ngā urutau pane pū i roto i te paerewa Pākehā IEC 61851-1:2017, engari kāore ēnei momo kupu i roto i te UL 2594 i te Hononga o Amerika. Kāore i te rāhuitia e te ture, me whakamahi tika noa.

Koinā katoa ngā taha whakauru me ngā taha whakaputa o te teihana utu AC paerewa o Amerika. I te tuhinga e whai ake nei, ka tohaina e mātou ngā taipitopito hoahoa o te "whare".