IYurophu neMelika: inkxaso-mali yomgaqo-nkqubo iyanda, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zokutshaja kuyaqhubeka nokukhawulezisa

Phantsi kwenjongo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, i-EU kunye namazwe aseYurophu akhawulezise ukwakhiwa kweenqwaba zokutshaja ngokusebenzisa izikhuthazo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Kwimarike yaseYurophu, ukusukela ngo-2019, urhulumente wase-UK ubhengeze ukuba uza kutyala imali eyi-300 yezigidi zeepawundi kwiindlela zothutho ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kwaye iFransi yabhengeza ngo-2020 ukuba iza kusebenzisa i-100 yezigidi zeerandi ukutyala imali ekwakhiweni kwezikhululo zokutshaja. Ngomhla we-14 kweyeKhala ngo-2021, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yakhupha iphakheji ebizwa ngokuba yi-"fit for 55″", efuna amazwe angamalungu ukuba akhawulezise ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso zezithuthi zamandla ezintsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho isikhululo sokutshaja sezithuthi zombane rhoqo emva kweekhilomitha ezingama-60 kwiindlela ezinkulu; ngo-2022, amazwe aseYurophu aqalise imigaqo-nkqubo ethile, kubandakanya inkxaso-mali yokwakha izikhululo zokutshaja zorhwebo kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja ekhaya, ezinokugubungela iindleko zokwakha kunye nokufakela izixhobo zokutshaja kwaye zikhuthaze abathengi ukuba bathenge iitshaja.

Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu aqalise imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza izikhululo zamandla zasekhaya kunye nezitishi zamandla zorhwebo ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa kwezitishi zokutshaja. Amazwe alishumi elinesihlanu, kuquka iJamani, iFransi, i-UK, iSpain, i-Itali, iNetherlands, i-Austria kunye neSweden, aqalise imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza izikhululo zokutshaja zasekhaya kunye nezorhwebo enye emva kwenye.

Izinga lokukhula kwezikhululo zokutshaja eYurophu lisemva kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla, kwaye izikhululo zikawonke-wonke ziphezulu. Ngowama-2020 nangowama-2021 kuza kubakho izithuthi ezintsha zamandla ezizizigidi ezi-2.46 kunye nezigidi ezi-4.37 eYurophu ngokwahlukeneyo, +77.3% kunye +48.0% unyaka nonyaka; izinga lokungena kwezithuthi zombane liyanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imfuno yezixhobo zokutshaja nayo iyanda kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokukhula kwezixhobo zokutshaja eYurophu lisemva kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla. Ngokufanelekileyo, kuqikelelwa ukuba umlinganiselo wezikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV zikawonke-wonke eYurophu uza kuba yi-9.0 kunye ne-12.3 ngo-2020 nangowama-2021 ngokwahlukeneyo, oku kukwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uza kukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweziseko zokutshaja eYurophu, nto leyo eya kunyusa kakhulu imfuno yezikhululo zokutshaja. Izikhululo zokutshaja ezingama-360,000 ziya kubanjelwa eYurophu ngo-2021, kwaye ubungakanani obutsha bemarike buza kuba malunga ne-$470 yezigidi. Kulindeleke ukuba ubungakanani obutsha bemarike yezikhululo zokutshaja eYurophu buza kufikelela kwi-USD 3.7 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2025, kwaye izinga lokukhula liya kuhlala liphezulu kwaye indawo yemarike inkulu.

Itshaja yokupaka 2

Inkxaso-mali yaseMelika ayikaze ibonwe ngaphambili, ivuselela ngamandla imfuno. Kwimarike yaseMelika, ngoNovemba ka-2021, iSenate yapasisa ngokusesikweni umthetho-sivivinywa weziseko zophuhliso ezinamaqela amabini, oceba ukutyala imali eyi-$7.5 yeebhiliyoni eebhiliyoni ekwakhiweni kweziseko zophuhliso. NgoSeptemba 14, 2022, uBiden wabhengeza kwiDetroit Auto Show ukuvunywa kwenkxaso-mali yokuqala ye-$900 yezigidi kwinkqubo yeziseko zophuhliso yokwakha izitishi zokutshaja zezithuthi zombane kumazwe angama-35. Ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-2022, amazwe ase-US akhawulezise inkxaso-mali yokwakha izitishi zokutshaja ze-EV zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukuqaliswa kwezikhululo zokutshaja. Isixa senkxaso-mali yetshaja ye-AC yokuhlala yesikhululo esinye sigxile kuluhlu lwe-US$200-500; isixa senkxaso-mali yesikhululo sikawonke-wonke se-AC siphezulu, sigxile kuluhlu lwe-US$3,000-6,000, esinokugubungela i-40%-50% yokuthengwa kwezixhobo zokutshaja, kwaye sikhuthaze kakhulu abathengi ukuba bathenge itshaja ye-EV. Ngokukhuthazwa komgaqo-nkqubo, kulindeleke ukuba izitishi zokutshaja eYurophu nase-United States zizise ixesha lokwakha elikhawulezayo kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.

Uphuhliso lweetshaja ze-DC EV eMelika

Urhulumente wase-US ukhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja, kwaye imfuno yezikhululo zokutshaja iya kubona ukukhula okukhawulezileyo. ITesla ikhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kwimarike yase-US, kodwa ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja kusemva kophuhliso lwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla. Ekupheleni kuka-2021, inani lezikhululo zokutshaja zezithuthi ezintsha zamandla e-US yayiziiyunithi ezili-113,000, ngelixa inani lezithuthi ezintsha zamandla yayiziiyunithi ezizizigidi ezingama-2.202, kunye nomlinganiselo wesikhululo sezithuthi oyi-15.9.

Ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sokutshaja akwanelanga ngokucacileyo. Ulawulo lukaBiden lukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kweziseko zokutshaja ze-EV ngenkqubo ye-NEVI. Inethiwekhi yesizwe yezikhululo zokutshaja ezingama-500,000 iya kusekwa ngo-2030, kunye nemigangatho emitsha yesantya sokutshaja, ukugubungela abasebenzisi, ukusebenzisana, iinkqubo zokuhlawula, amaxabiso kunye nezinye izinto. Ukwanda kokungena kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kunye nenkxaso eqinileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo kuya kuqhuba kakhulu ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kwemfuno yesikhululo sokutshaja. Ukongeza, imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla eMelika kukhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nezithuthi ezintsha zamandla ezingama-652,000 ezithengisiweyo ngo-2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kwizigidi ezi-3.07 ngo-2025, kunye ne-CAGR engama-36.6%, kunye nobunini bezithuthi ezintsha zamandla bufikelela kwizigidi ezi-9.06. Izikhululo zokutshaja ziziseko ezibalulekileyo zezithuthi ezintsha zamandla, kwaye ukunyuka kobunini bezithuthi ezintsha zamandla kufuneka kuhambisane neenqwaba zokutshaja ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokutshaja zabanini bezithuthi.

Imfuno yesitishi sokutshaja sase-United States kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke ikhula ngokukhawuleza, indawo yemarike inkulu. Ngo-2021 ubungakanani bemarike yetshaja ye-EV yase-United States buncinci, malunga ne-180 yezigidi zeerandi zaseMelika, kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kobunini bezithuthi ezintsha zamandla okubangelwe yitshaja ye-EV exhasa imfuno yokwakha, imakethi yetshaja ye-EV yesizwe kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kubungakanani obupheleleyo be-2.78 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zaseMelika ngo-2025, i-CAGR ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70%, imakethi iyaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza, indawo yemarike yexesha elizayo inkulu. Imakethi iyaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imakethi yexesha elizayo inendawo enkulu.