Dzidza zvakadzama nezveCCS1 vs CCS2 Standards: Mitemo yekutaurirana uye kubatanidzwa kweNACS

Kutsanangura Dambudziko reKuchaja Pasirose: Kupinda Mukati meMatanho Akasiyana-siyana muCCS1 vs. CCS2 Standards, Physical Layer Communication Protocols, Insulation Monitoring Architectures, uye Geopolitical Shift Toward NACS Integration

Chitsauko 1: Nhanganyaya: Mamiriro Ekushandiswa Kwemagetsi Pasi Rose neHondo Yemazuva Ano

Indasitiri yepasi rose yemotokari pari zvino iri kufamba mune imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekuchinja tekinoroji munhoroondo yayo yezana remakore: shanduko kubva kuinjini dzemoto dzinopisa mukati (ICE) kuenda kumotokari dzemagetsi (EV). Kunyange hazvo makemikari emabhatiri e-lithium-ion uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesilicon carbide (SiC) inverters zvichiwanzobata misoro yenhau, gamba risingazivikanwe - uye dambudziko rinowanzoitika - rekuchinja uku i-charging interface.

Chiyero chekuchaja itambo yemusana wemagetsi emagetsi. Haisi chivharo nesoketi chete; isystem yakaoma yemagetsi ane simba remagetsi ane simba guru, mapuroteni ekutaurirana kwedhijitari, uye ma "safety interlocks". Nhasi, nyika yakakamurwa zvikuru mumapoka maviri eCombined Charging System (CCS): CCS1 (Yakajairika muNorth America neKorea) uye CCS2 (Yakajairika muEurope nedzimwe nzvimbo zhinji).

Zvisinei, kusiyana uku kuri kukanganiswa. Kukwira kweNorth American Charging Standard (NACS), iyo ichangobva kunyorwa seSAE J3400, kwakonzera kushamisika muindasitiri, zvichityisidzira kuita kuti CCS1 isashande mumusika wayo wepamba. Panguva iyi, kuomarara kweCCS2 kuri kuramba kuchichinja nekushandiswa kweISO 15118-20, zvichibvumira maficha akaita sePlug & Charge uye Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Chinyorwa chino chinopa ongororo yakakwana yehunyanzvi yeCCS1 neCCS2 yemadhigirii makumi matatu nemakumi matanhatu. Tichaongorora kusiyana kwavo kwemuchina, pfungwa yechiratidzo chePulse Width Modulation (PWM) nePower Line Communication (PLC), basa rakakosha rekuchengetedza reInsulation Monitoring Devices (IMD), uye masimba akaomarara ezvematongerwo enyika uye ezvekutengeswa akaumba zviyero izvi. Tichaongororawo matambudziko ekubatana kwemagetsi anotambudza network dzekuchaja dzeveruzhinji uye mamiriro epamutemo ane njodzi huru pakushandiswa kwemaadapter echitatu.

Chitsauko 2: Midzi yekushanduka-shanduka: SAE J1772 vs. IEC 62196-2 uye Nzira yekuenda kuCCS

Kuti unzwisise Combined Charging System, munhu anofanira kutanga atarisa mwero wekuchaja weAC waakatangira. CCS inonyanya kushandiswa pakuwedzera ma AC plugs aripo, saka zita rekuti "Combined."

Kuzvarwa kweRudzi 1 (SAE J1772)

Mukutanga kwema2000, sangano reSociety of Automotive Engineers (SAE) muUnited States rakagadzira standard yeJ1772. Chinobatanidza chemuviri, chinowanzonzi Yazaki plug kana Type 1, chakagadzirwa kuti chikwanise kuchaja AC yechikamu chimwe chete. Chaive nemapini mashanu: L1 (Line 1), N (Neutral), PE (Protective Earth), CP (Control Pilot), uye PP (Proximity Pilot).

Rudzi rwekutanga rwakagadziriswa kuti rushandiswe pamagetsi ekuNorth America, uko magetsi emumba anowanzova 120V kana 240V single-phase. Dhizaini yemuchina yaisanganisira chigunwe-latch chemaoko chekubatanidza chinongedzo kumotokari uye microswitch yekuratidza kutanga nekuguma kwekuchaja.

Kukwira kweRudzi rwechipiri (IEC 62196-2)

Panguva imwe chete, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) muEurope yaishanda padanho rakakodzera grid reEurope, iro rinotsigira simba reAC rine zvikamu zvitatu. Zvakaguma zvaitika ndezvekuti plug yeMennekes, kana kuti Type 2, yakanyorwa pasi peIEC 62196-2.

Kusiyana neType 1, Type 2 ine mapini manomwe: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, uye PP. Nekutsigira zvikamu zvitatu, Type 2 inogona kupa simba reAC rinosvika 22 kW (32A pa400V), nepo Type 1 yaiwanzo ganhurira ku7.4 kW kana 19.2 kW mumagadzirirwo asingawanzoitika emagetsi ane simba guru. Uyezve, Type 2 yakasiya latch yemaoko, ikasarudza electron locking solenoid mukati memota inlet.

Mhinduro ye "Combo"

Sezvo kudiwa kwekuchaja nekukurumidza kwaikura, mainjiniya akatarisana nedambudziko: sei kuwedzera DC charging ine simba guru pasina kuda chiteshi chechipiri, chakasiyana pamotokari? Mhinduro yacho yaive Combined Charging System.

• CCS1 (Musanganiswa 1):Inotora chinobatanidza cheType 1 AC uye inowedzera mapini maviri makuru emagetsi eDC (DC+ neDC-) pasi payo.
• CCS2 (Musanganiswa wechipiri):Inotora chinobatanidza cheType 2 AC uye inowedzera mapini maviri emagetsi eDC ari pasi payo.

Muzviitiko zvese izvi, mapini eControl Pilot (CP) neProtective Earth (PE) aripo anoshandiswazve pakubata maoko kweDC, zvichiita kuti pave nekuenderana kwemashure uye kuderedza kuoma kwewaya yemukati memotokari.

Chitsauko 3: Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvakadzika: Kugadzira Michina uye Kugadzira Mapoinzi eCombo 1 vs. Combo 2

Musiyano uripo pakati peCCS1 neCCS2 hausi wekungoyevedza chete; unoratidza mutsauko mukuru muzvivakwa zvegrid uye mafungiro ekuchengetedza.

CCS1 (SAE J1772 Combo)

Chinobatanidza cheCCS1 chinoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwacho kwe "round top" kwakagara nhaka kubva kuJ1772.

• Kugadziriswa kwePin:Mapini mashanu pamusoro (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) uye mapini maviri makuru pasi (DC+, DC-).
• Maitiro Ekuvhara:CCS1 inoshandisa chibatiso chemuchina chiri pamubato. Mushandisi anodzvanya bhatani kuti abudise chibatiso. Dhizaini iyi yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekutadza kupwanyika uye kubvumira vashandisi kudhonza chibatiso apo magetsi achiri kuyerera (kunyange zvazvo chiratidzo cheCP chakagadzirwa kuti chimise magetsi ipapo ipapo kana chibatiso chaburitswa).
• Kutonhodza:Machaja emazuva ano eCCS1 anomhanya zvikuru (350 kW+) anoshandisa tambo dzakatonhorerwa nemvura apo chinotonhodza chinotenderera pamagetsi eDC uye dzimwe nguva mapini pachawo kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya panguva yekushanda kwemagetsi ane simba rakawanda (500A+).

CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Combo)

Chinobatanidza cheCCS2 chinoshandisa dhizaini ye "flat-sided" yeType 2.

• Kugadziriswa kwePin:Mapini manomwe pamusoro (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) uye mapini maviri makuru pasi (DC+, DC-).
• Maitiro Ekuvhara:CCS2 inogara yakakiyiwa nemagetsi nemota. Hapana bhatani pamubato. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa sezvakasimba uye zvakachengeteka, sezvo mota ine simba rakazara rekuti chinongedzo chinogona kubviswa riini.
• Kuenderana kweGridhi:Nekuti CCS2 ine mapini eL2 neL3, mota ine CCS2 inogona kushandisa zvizere kuchaja kweAC kwezvikamu zvitatu kumba kana kubasa, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kushandisa mumisika yeEurope neAsia.

Tafura Yekuenzanisa: CCS1 vs. CCS2 Magadzirirwo Emuviri

Chitsauko 4: Kudzora Signal Logic: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) uye Basic Handshake

Maerekitironi emagetsi ane simba guru asati ayerera, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) neElectric Vehicle (EV) zvinofanirwa kukwazisana zvine simba shoma. Maitiro aya anotongwa nematanho maviri ekutaurirana: chiratidzo chePWM chekare uye chiratidzo chemazuva ano chePLC.

Chiratidzo chePWM (IEC 61851-1)

Mutsetse weControl Pilot (CP) unoshandisa chiratidzo che12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pa1 kHz kuti utaure mamiriro ekutanga. Iyi inzira yakasimba, inofanana neyagara iri hwaro hwekuchaja kweEV kwemakore anopfuura gumi.

• Mamiriro A (12V):Hapana mota yakabatana.
• Mamiriro B (9V):Mota yakabatana, haisati yagadzirira kuchaja.
• Nyika C (6V):Mota yakabatana uye yakagadzirira kuchajiwa (mhepo inofefetera haidiwi).
• Nyika D (3V):Mota yakabatana uye yakagadzirira kuchaja (mhepo inofefetera inodiwa).
• Kutenderera Kwebasa:Chikamu chenguva yekuti "pa" chiratidzo che1 kHz chinoudza mota simba remagetsi rinogona kupihwa neEVSE. Semuenzaniso, 25% duty cycle inogona kumiririra 15 Amps.

Kuchinja kuenda kuDC

Pakuchaja kweAC, chiratidzo chePWM chakakwana. Zvisinei, pakuchaja kweDC, EV neEVSE dzinofanira kuchinjana data rakaomarara, rakadai seState of Charge yebheteri (SoC), voltage yakakumbirwa, uye masiginecha edhijitari ekubhadhara. Apa ndipo panosvika PWM painogumira.

MuCCS, mutsetse weCP "unodzokororwa kushandiswa." Kana kubatana kwemuviri kwaonekwa kuburikidza nePWM, sisitimu inofukidza chiratidzo chedhijitari chine frequency yepamusoro pamutsetse weCP uchishandisa Power Line Communication (PLC). Chiratidzo chePWM chinoramba chiri padanho rebasa re5%, iro rinoshanda se "digital toggle" ichiratidza EV kuti itange protocol yeHomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Chitsauko 5: Kutaurirana Kwepamusoro: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, uye Basa rePLC (Kutaurirana Kwemagetsi)

Kunyange hazvo mapini chaiwo akasiyana pakati peCCS1 neCCS2, "pfungwa" dzehurongwa dzakafanana zvikuru. Dzese dzinoshandisa ISO/IEC 15118 neDIN 70121 standards dzekutaurirana kweDC.

DIN 70121: Bhiriji kuenda kuDC

DIN 70121 ndiyo yaive yekutanga kushandiswa kwekutaurirana kwekuchaja kweDC kweCCS. Iyi ichikamu chidiki cheISO 15118 drafts dzekutanga. Inobvumira mota nechaja kuchinjana mameseji akadai se:

• Kuwanikwa Kwebasa:Ndeapi mabasa (AC/DC) anopihwa nechaja?
• ChargeParameterDiscovery:Ndeipi miganhu yemagetsi nemagetsi ebhatiri nechaja?
• Kuendeswa Kwesimba:Murairo chaiwo wekutanga kana kumisa kufamba kwesimba.

ISO 15118: Mutemo weKuchaja Wakangwara

ISO 15118 ndiyo "chiyero chegoridhe" chekutaurirana kwemagetsi. Ichiyero chine zvikamu zvakawanda chinounza zvinhu zvakati wandei zvepamusoro:

1. Puragi & Chaja (PnC):Ichishandisa Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), mota inogona kuzvizivisa pachayo kune charger uye kugadzirisa mabhiri otomatiki. Hapana makadhi eRFID kana maapplication anodiwa.
2. Mabasa Akawedzerwa Kukosha:Ruzivo nezvemitengo yemagetsi yemuno kana kubatanidzwa nemasisitimu emagetsi epamba akangwara.
3. Kuchaja Kunongedzera Madivi Aviri (ISO 15118-20):Kugonesa mota kudzosera magetsi mugrid kana mumba.

Chikamu chePLC chemuviri

Hardware inodiwa pakuita izvi iHomePlug Green PHY modem. Nekuti kutaurirana kunoitika kuburikidza neControl Pilot line, iyo inewo chiratidzo chePWM che1 kHz, pane ruzha rwakawanda. PLC inoshandisa Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) kuona kuti data—rinotumirwa pamafrequencies ari pakati pe2 MHz ne30 MHz—rinogamuchirwa zvakavimbika pasinei nemamiriro emagetsi akaomarara echiteshi chekuchaja chine simba guru.

Chitsauko 6: Maitiro Ekuchengetedza uye Kutarisa Kudzivirira (IMD): Kuona Kudonha Kwemvura MuMasisitimu Emagetsi Akawanda

Kuchengetedzeka ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakuchaja nekukurumidza kweDC, uko mavoltage anogona kudarika 900V uye macurrents anogona kusvika 500A. Chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekuchengetedza uku iInsulation Monitoring Device (IMD).

Sisitimu Inoyangarara

Kusiyana nesimba reAC rekugara, uko neutral yakabatana nevhu, masisitimu ekuchaja eDC "ari kuyerera" kana "akaparadzaniswa." DC+ kana DC- line hazvina kubatana nechassis yemotokari (Ground). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana munhu akabata imwe yemitsetse yeDC nechassis panguva imwe chete, hapana magetsi anofanira kuyerera nepakati pawo nekuti hapana circuit yakakwana inodzokera kunobva.

Basa reIMD

Zvisinei, kana paine kutadza kwekudzivirira kupisa—sekunge tambo yaparara kana kuti coolant inodonhedza mvura mukati mebhatiri—imwe yemitsetse yeDC inogona kudonha isina kurongeka. Kana paine imwe zvikanganiso pane imwe tambo, pane dandemutande remhepo rine njodzi.

IMD inogara ichitarisa kuramba kuripo pakati pebhasi reDC neProtective Earth (PE).

• Kuedzwa Kwekuchaja Pamberi:Macontactor makuru asati asvika pakuchaja, EV neEVSE zvinoongorora insulation. Kana resistance iri pasi pechiyero chakati (kazhinji 100 ohms pavolt), chikamu chinomiswa.
• Kuramba Uchitarisa:Munguva yekuchaja, IMD inoramba ichiisa chiratidzo chidiki kuti iongorore kuora.

Kuitwa kweIMD kweCCS1 vs. CCS2

Kunyange zvazvo musimboti wacho wakafanana, miganho chaiyo nenguva dzekupindura zvinogona kusiyana pakati peSAE neIEC. Masisitimu eCCS2 muEurope anowanzo batanidza IMD zvakananga muEVSE's controller, nepo masisitimu eCCS1 angave aine kutariswa kwakawanda pakati pekabati remagetsi nedispenser. Kuomarara kunowedzera muzviitiko zve "nzvimbo-sharing" apo dispenser dzakawanda dzinogovana imwe unit hombe yekushandura simba.

Chitsauko 7: Nzira dzeKukiya uye Kutarisira Kupisa: Manual Latches vs. Electronic Solenoids

Kuvimbika kwepuragi yemagetsi ndicho chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa zviyero zviviri izvi.

CCS1: Mutoro weLatch

Chibatiso cheruoko chepuragi yeCCS1/J1772 ndicho chisina kusimba. Munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, machira aya anowanzo tyorwa nevashandisi kana kuomeswa nechando. Kana chibatiso chacho chakatyoka, dunhu reProximity Pilot (PP) rinogona kusavhara, zvichiita kuti mota isatange kuchaja. Zvakatoipa ndezvokuti, chibatiso chakatyoka zvishoma chinogona kubvumira chinongedzo kuti chitenderere panguva yekushanda nesimba rakawanda, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemuchina wemagetsi.

CCS2: Kubudirira kweSolenoid

CCS2 inobvisa chibatiso chemubato. Musuwo wemota une pini ine mota (solenoid) inotsvedza ichipinda muburi riri muconnector kana yaiswa zvizere.

• Kuchengetedzwa kweKuvharana:Mota haizovhari macontactor ayo ane simba guru kusvika solenoid yasimbisa mamiriro ekuti "yakakiyiwa".
• Kudzivirira Kuba:Chinobatanidza hachigone kubviswa kusvika mushandisi avhura mota kana kumisa chiitiko kuburikidza nemota, zvichidzivirira kubatanidzwa kusina mvumo.

Kutarisira Kupisa

Sezvo kumhanya kwekuchaja kuri kukwira kusvika ku400 kW, kutonga kwekupisa hakuchashandi. CCS1 neCCS2 zvese zvinoshandisa masensa ekupisa (kazhinji mathermistors eNTC) ari pedyo nemapini eDC.

• Kunyomba:Kana tembiricha iri pamapini ikapfuura muganho wakachengeteka (semuenzaniso, 85°C), EVSE inozongoerekana "yadzikira" kana kuderedza simba remagetsi kudzivirira kuti purasitiki isanyungudike.
• Kutonhodza kwemvura:Mumidziyo inoburitsa magetsi ine simba guru, tambo dzacho dzakakora zvinoonekwa nekuti dzine nzira dzekushandisa glycol-based coolant. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwemaconductor emhangura akatetepa (zvichideredza huremu hwetambo) ukuwo tembiricha yakachengeteka iri pa500A.

Chitsauko 8: Kuedzwa kweKushanda pamwe chete (IOP): Matambudziko muZvivakwa zveVatengesi Vakawanda

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuodza mwoyo mutyairi wemotokari yemagetsi ndechekuti "kukundikana kukwazisana nemaoko" - mota nechaja zvinongoramba kutaura. Iri idambudziko rekushanda pamwe chete (IOP).

Kuomarara kweSoftware Stack

Nheyo yekutaurirana yeCCS inosanganisira zvikamu zvakawanda:

1. Rutivi Rwemuviri:Hunhu hweChiratidzo cheHPGP PLC.
2. Rutivi rweData Link:Makero eMAC uye kubatana kwenetiweki.
3. Rutivi rweNetiweki:Kuisa kero yeIPv6 (inodiwa neISO 15118).
4. Chimiro Chekushandisa:Kutumira mameseji kwakavakirwa paXML (EXI compression).

Kana software yechaja (yakaiswa muLinux kana kuti real-time OS) iine musiyano mudiki wenguva muIPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol yayo, kana kana XML parser yemotokari ichitarisira schema yakasiyana zvishoma, chikamu chacho chinokundikana.

Zviitiko zveMiedzo uye Chitupa

Kurwisa izvi, indasitiri iyi inoita "Testivals" (Testing Festivals) inoitirwa nemasangano akaita seCharIN. Mainjiniya eTesla, VW, ABB, naSiemens vanounza mota dzavo nemachaja panzvimbo iri pakati kuti vaedze musanganiswa wese unogoneka. Pasinei neizvi, "muswe murefu" wefirmware yekare yeEVSE uye mhando itsva dzemotokari zvinoita kuti IOP irambe iri dambudziko rinoramba riripo muCCS ecosystem.

Chitsauko 9: Kuchinja kweMajecha Ezvematongerwo Enyika: Kupatsanurwa Kwedunhu uye Hupfumi hweGlobal Supply Chain

Sarudzo pakati peCCS1 neCCS2 yaisanyanya kuve pamusoro pehukuru hwehunyanzvi; yaive pamusoro pezvivakwa zviripo uye kuzvitonga kwedunhu.

Kubatanidzwa kweEurope

Europe yakatora danho rekutanga kuti ipe CCS2 mvumo kuburikidza neAlternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID). Nekumanikidza machaja ese eruzhinji kuti ape Type 2 kana CCS2 interface, Europe yakadzivirira "hondo yakajairika" yaitambudza North America kwemakore. Izvi zvakabvumira musika wechipiri wakasimba wezvikamu uye zvakarerutsa ketani yekugovera yemakambani eEuropean OEM akadai seBMW neRenault.

Kupatsanurwa kweNorth America

Kusiyana neizvi, North America yakabvumira mitemo yakawanda kuti ishande pamwe chete: CCS1, CHAdeMO (inotungamirwa neNissan), uye Tesla ine simba rekubatanidza. Kupatsanuka uku kwakaderedza mari yekudyara muzvivakwa zveveruzhinji, sezvo vaichengeta nzvimbo vakamanikidzwa kutenga michina inodhura yekuparadzira michina ine maprotocol akawanda.

South Korea neTaiwan

South Korea yakagamuchira CCS1, ichitevera zvikuru kutungamira kweUS nekuda kwekuvapo kwakasimba kweGM uye pesvedzero yemusika weUS pakutengesa kweHyundai/Kia mota dzeEV dzekutanga. Zvisinei, Taiwan inyaya inonakidza, apo hurumende pakutanga yaitsigira CCS1 asi yakaona kuwanda kwemotokari dzeCCS2 neNACS, zvichikonzera mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ane mwero wakawanda.

Chitsauko 10: NACS Disruptor: Maitiro eSAE J3400 ekubatanidza North America uye kutyisidzira CCS1

Mukupera kwegore ra2022, Tesla yakavhura dhizaini yayo yekubatanidza pasi rose, ichiitumidza zita idzva rekuti North American Charging Standard (NACS). Mukati memwedzi mishoma, vanenge vese vagadziri vemotokari vakuru muNorth America — Ford, GM, Rivian, Volvo — vakazivisa kuchinja kubva kuCCS1 kuenda kuNACS.

Mabhenefiti ehunyanzvi eNACS (SAE J3400)

1. Chinhu Chinoumba Fomu:NACS idiki zvikuru uye yakareruka kupfuura CCS1 connector yakakura.
2. Mapini Akabatanidzwa:Kusiyana neCCS, iyo ine mapini akasiyana eAC neDC, NACS inoshandisa mapini maviri makuru akafanana kune ese ari maviri. Izvi zvinoderedza saizi yekupinda kwemota.
3. Chibvumirano cheNhaka:Zvakakosha, NACS inoshandisazvakafananaNzira yekutaurirana yeISO 15118 PLC seCCS. Izvi zvaireva kuti vagadziri vemotokari vaigona kuchinja plug chaiyo vasina kugadzirisa patsva software yavo yese.

Nzira yekufa yeCCS1?

Nekunyorwa kweNACS seSAE J3400, CCS1 i "nzira isina kunaka" muUnited States. Kunyange hazvo zviuru zvemachaja eCCS1 ari kuiswa kuburikidza nechirongwa cheNEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), ramangwana riri pachena kuti NACS. Kuchinja uku kwakamanikidza vagadziri vemachaja vakaita seSK Signet naChargePoint kuti vakurumidze kuchinja mitsetse yavo yekubatanidza tambo dzeNACS.

Chitsauko 11: Misika yeAdapter uye Kutevedzera Mutemo: Njodzi dzeMutemo nedzeTechnical dzeCross-Standard Hardware

Sezvo nyika iri kuchinja, ma adapter ave indasitiri inobhadhara mamiriyoni emadhora. Iye zvino unogona kutenga ma adapter ekushandura CCS2 kuita CCS1, CCS1 kuita Tesla, uye Tesla kuita CCS1. Zvisinei, izvi zvine njodzi huru.

Mukaha Wokuchengetedza

Chinobatanidza cheCCS chine certification chakagadzirwa kuti chishande ne500A uye chinosanganisira kutarisa kupisa kwakanyanya. Maadapter mazhinji echitatu anotengeswa pamapuratifomu e-commerce haana dziviriro idzi.

• Njodzi yeKukotama:Kana adapta isina kugara zvakanaka, micro-arcing inogona kuitika panzvimbo inopindirana, zvichizopedzisira zvanyungudutsa adapta uye zvingangokuvadza charger inodhura yemotokari.
• Kunonoka kwekutaurirana:Mamwe ma adapter anoshandisa magetsi e "man-in-the-middle" kushandura ma protocol (semuenzaniso, CHAdeMO kuenda kuCCS), izvo zvinogona kuunza latency iyo inokonzeresa nguva dzekuchengetedza muEVSE.

Mutoro neInishuwarenzi

Kubva pamaonero emutemo, kushandisa adapta isina chitupa kunowanzobvisa garandi yemotokari. Kana moto ukaitika panzvimbo yekuchaja nekuda kweadapta isina kunaka, mutoro wacho unowira pamushandisi. Masangano makuru ari kumhanya-mhanya kugadzira mapurogiramu ekusimbisa maadapta (akaita seUL 2251), asi musika unoramba uri "Wild West" kune vanotanga kushandisa.

Chitsauko 12: Maonero Eramangwana: Kuchaja Megawatt (MCS), V2X, uye Kubatana Kwakabatana

Sezvatiri kutarisa mugore ra2030, gakava reCCS1 vs. CCS2 rinogona kudzikiswa netekinoroji itsva.

Sisitimu yekuchaja yeMegawatt (MCS)

Pakutakura zvinhu zvinorema, kunyangwe 350 kW inononoka zvakanyanya. Indasitiri iyi iri kugadzira MCS, iyo inogona kupa maMegawatts anosvika 3.75 (3,000A pa1,250V). Zvinofadza kuti, MCS connector idhizaini imwe chete yepasi rose, inogona kugumisa kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo muchikamu chezvekutengeserana.

Mota-Kuenda-Kune Zvese (V2X)

Kubatanidzwa kweISO 15118-20 kuchashandura maEV kuita mafekitori emagetsi anofambiswa. Kunyangwe mota ichishandisa CCS2 kana NACS, kugona kudzikamisa grid panguva dzekushanda zvakanyanya kuchava nzira huru yekuwana mari kune varidzi veEV.

Mhedziso

Kusiyana kuripo pakati peCCS1 neCCS2 kunoratidza kuoma kwemamiriro epasi rose. Kunyange hazvo CCS2 yave kukunda pamusika wepasi rose, kukwira kweNACS kwakanyora patsva mitemo yeNorth America. Kune mainjiniya nevanoita marongero, chidzidzo chiri pachena: hardware chaiyo haigari, asi mapuroteni edhijitari (ISO 15118) uye misimboti yekuchengetedza (IMD) ndiwo hwaro hwechokwadi hweramangwana rine magetsi. Kunzwisisa manyuchi aya ehunyanzvi kwakakosha kune chero munhu anofamba munyika ine magetsi akawanda eEV infrastructure.

Chitsauko 13: Masvomhu eKuramba Kudzivirira Kupisa: Kuverenga kweR_iso ​​uye Kubuda Kwemvura

Munzvimbo ine voltage yepamusoro (HV) yekuchaja nekukurumidza kweDC, resistance ye insulation ($R_{iso}$) haisi parameter yekuchengetedza chete asi inoyerwa inochinja inoratidza mamiriro ekushanda kwechikamu chekuchaja. Sekureva kweIEC 61851-23 neSAE J1772, sisitimu iyi inofanira kuchengetedza resistance ye insulation shoma kudzivirira kudonha kwemvura ine njodzi ($I_{leakage}$) inogona kuyerera mumuviri wemunhu kana paine zvikanganiso zve chassis.

Nheyo Yekuyera

Chishandiso cheInsulation Monitoring Device (IMD) chinowanzo shandisa nzira ye "switched resistor" kana "pulse injection" kuyera resistance iri pakati peDC conductors neProtective Earth (PE). Total insulation resistance inotsanangurwa semusanganiswa we parallel we resistance kubva pa positive line kuenda pasi ($R_p$) uye negative line kuenda pasi ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Chinodiwa chekuchengetedza chinowanzoiswa pa100 $\Omega/V$ kune masisitimu eDC. Kana mota ichichaja pa800V, mari shoma inobvumidzwa $R_{iso}$ ichave:

$$800V \kawa 100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Kubuda Kwemazuva Ano Kwekudonha

Kubuda kwemvura kunoenderana ne capacitance yesystem ($C_y$) uye resistance ye insulation. Musystem yakaringana zvakakwana, $R_p = R_n$, uye voltage iri pakati pevhu izero. Zvisinei, kana paine zvikanganiso pa positive rail ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), negative rail inoshanduka kuenda ku $-800V$ kana tichienzanisa ne chassis. IMD inofanira kuona kuchinja uku mukati mema milliseconds.

Tafura: Zvipingamupinyi zvekuchengetedza zveCCS1 vs. CCS2

Chitsauko 14: Kuvimbika kweSignali yePLC: Kubata Ruzha Munzvimbo Yekuchaja ye500kW

Kutaurirana kwemagetsi (PLC) kunoshandiswa muCCS kwakavakirwa paHomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Kunyange hazvo HPGP pakutanga yakagadzirwa kuti ishandiswe mudzimba dzine simba shoma, kushandiswa kwayo munzvimbo dzekuchaja dze500kW kunounza matambudziko akanyanya ekushanda kwemagetsi (EMC).

Ruzha Rwepasi

Macharger eDC ane simba guru anoshandisa Silicon Carbide (SiC) kana Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) inokurumidza kuchinja muzvikamu zvavo zvesimba. Zvikamu izvi zvinoshanduka pamafrequencies anotangira pa20 kHz kusvika ku100 kHz, zvichigadzira ruzha rwakakosha. Sezvo PLC ichishanda mu2 MHz kusvika 30 MHz, haikodzeri bhendi reruzha rwekutanga rwekuchinja, asi "kurira" kwakakwirira uye ma common-mode transients anogona kuzadza zviri nyore PLC modem's front-end.

Kuderedza uye Kubatanidza

Chiratidzo cheControl Pilot (CP) chinotakurwa pamusoro pewaya isina kuvharwa mukati mewaya yekuchaja. Pa30 MHz, waya inoshanda setambo yakaoma yekutumira ine kurasikirwa kukuru kweinductive uye capacitive.

• Tambo dzeCCS1:Tambo refu uye dzinorema muUS dzinogona kukonzera kudzikira kwemasaini.
• Tambo dzeCCS2:MuEurope, tambo pfupi dziri munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda mumaguta dzinogona kukanganiswa nekutaurirana pakati pemidziyo yekuparadzira magetsi iri pedyo.

Kuti vaderedze izvi, mainjiniya vanoshandisa "Signal Injection Units" (SIUs) dzinoshandisa ma ferrite cores ane simba repamusoro kuti dzibatanidze chiratidzo chePLC pamutsetse weCP uku dzichivhara chiratidzo che1 kHz PWM uye ruzha rwepamusoro-soro.

Chitsauko 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Kushanduka kweMagadzirirwo eNhevedzano dzeMharidzo

Kuchinja kubva paISO 15118-2 standard yekutanga kuenda kuISO 15118-20 itsva (inowanzonzi “Dash 20″”) kunomiririra kuvandudzwa kwesoftware kwakakosha munhoroondo yekuchaja kweEV.

ISO 15118-2: Nheyo

Shanduro ye "-2" ndiyo yakagadzira kubatana kwakavakirwa paXML:

1. SupportedAppProtocol:Anotaurirana nezveshanduro yacho.
2. Kugadzika kweSession:Inogadzira kubatana.
3. Kuzivikanwa:Inobata RFID kana Plug & Charge.
4. ChargeParameterDiscovery:Inochinja miganhu yebhatiri.
5. Kuendeswa Kwesimba:Anodzora kuyerera kwemvura.

ISO 15118-20: Remangwana

Dash 20 inounza chimiro chitsva chose chemashoko chakagadzirirwa chizvarwa chinotevera chemabasa esimba:

• Rutsigiro Rwemadivi Aviri:Mashoko akatsaurirwa eV2G (Mota-kuenda-kuGrid) uye V2H (Mota-kuenda-Kumba) anoburitswa.
• Maitiro Ekuchinja:Inobvumira charger kuudza mota kuti ichinje magetsi ayo panguva chaiyo zvichienderana nekuwanda kwemagetsi, pasina kutangazve nguva yacho.
• Kuchengetedzwa Kwakawedzerwa:Kuchinja kubva kuTLS 1.2 kuenda kuTLS 1.3, zvichipa kukurumidza kubatana maoko uye kusimba kwekuvhara.
• Kuwanda kwemitauro:Inobvumira masevhisi akawanda (semuenzaniso, kuchaja + kuwiriranisa data) kuti ashande kuburikidza nekubatana kwePLC kumwe chete.

Chati Yekutevedzana Kwemashoko: Plug & Charge (PnC) vs. External Identification (EIM)

MuPnC, iyoChibvumiranoSignatureCertChaininotumirwa kubva mumota kuenda kucharger. Charger iyi inosimbisa izvi ne backend OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) server yayo. MuEIM, mushandisi anofanira kuratidza kadhi rechokwadi, uye charger inotumiraBvumidzachikumbiro chekudzokera kumashure. Kunonoka kwePnC kwakaderera zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti mushandisi aite se "Tesla".

Chitsauko 16: Kugadzira Kupisa Kwezvinobatanidza Zvinoshandisa Simba Rakawanda: Zvinhu, Kuramba Kusangana, uye Kutonhodza Mvura

Sezvatinoswedera pedyo nemiganhu yeCCS physical interface, thermal engineering inova ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakugadzira.

Kuramba Kubatana ($R_{contact}$)

Kupisa kunobva pachinobatanidza kunotsanangurwa neMutemo waJoule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Pakubhadharisa 500A:

• Kana $R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Kana $R_{contact}$ ikaderera kusvika pa $2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Kupisa kwemaWatts mazana mashanu (500 Watts) mumubato wepurasitiki wakavharirwa kuchaita kuti pave nekukundikana kukuru mumaminitsi mashoma. Ndokusaka simbi yesirivha iri pamapini ichikosha zvikuru. Sirivha ine simba shoma remagetsi kupfuura chero simbi uye inoita kuti ikwanise kuzvizora yoga izvo zvinoderedza kupera simba panguva yekusangana kwezviuru zvemapini.

Masisitimu Ekutonhodza Mvura

Kuti ikwanise kubata mafungu ari pamusoro pe350A, kutonhodza kwemvura kunodiwa. Sisitimu iyi inowanzo shandisa chiller unit yakavharirwa mukati mekabati remagetsi.

• Rudzi rweChinotonhodza:Dielectric fluids inosarudzwa kudzivirira ma short circuits kana paine kubuda kwemvura, asi musanganiswa wemvura neglycol unonyanya kuwanikwa nekuda kwekukwanisa kwawo kupisa kwakanyanya.
• Dhizaini yeHose:Madhairekita eDC+ neDC- haana maburi kana kuti akakomberedzwa nemigero inotonhodza. "Ndege inotonhora" iri kuseri kwemapini kuti ibvise kupisa kubva panzvimbo inobatika.

Chitsauko 17: Zvidzidzo zveKushanda pamwe chete: Kugadzirisa Magadzirirwo eHandshake pakati peVW ID.4 neElectrify America Chargers

Muenzaniso wakakurumbira wematambudziko ekushanda pamwe chete kweCCS1 wakaitika pakutanga kwekuburitswa kweVW ID.4 muUnited States. Varidzi vazhinji vakataura zvikanganiso zve "Red Ring" (kuchaja kwakundikana) pazviteshi zveElectrify America (EA).

Chikonzero Chikuru: Nguva uye XML

Mushure memwedzi yakawanda yekunyora data, mainjiniya akawana mamiriro emujaho muKugadzika kweSessionphase. Chaja yeEA (yakagadzirwa nemumwe munhu) yaitumiraSupportedAppProtocolResInokurumidza kupfuura software yeID.4's onboard charger (OBC) yaigona kutanga IPv6 stack yayo. Mota yaizotadza kunzwa meseji, yaizopedza nguva, uye yaizomira kushanda.

Kugadzirisa: Kugadzirisa Software

Mhinduro yacho yaida firmware update yemota nechaja. Chaja yakagadziriswa kuti imirire chiratidzo che "ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery" isati yatumira meseji yekutanga yePLC, uye nguva yemota yakawedzerwa kubva pamasekonzi maviri kusvika kumasekonzi mashanu. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti nei "Testivals" dzichidikanwa asi dzisina kukwana; zvinhu zvechokwadi zvezvakatipoteredza uye kunonoka kwenetwork zvinowedzera kuomarara uko kuongororwa kwerabhoritari kusingakwanise kutevedzera zvizere.

Chitsauko 18: Zvinokonzera Kutengeswa Kwezvinhu Pasi Pose: Mhangura, Sirivha, uye Kushomeka Kwemachipisi eHPGP

Kugadzirwa kwezvinobatanidza zveCCS iindasitiri ine hunyanzvi hwakanyanya inotungamirwa nevashoma vakaita sePhoenix Contact, Huber+Suhner, uye TE Connectivity.

Kuvimba nezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa

• Mhangura:Waya imwe chete inotonhorera ye350kW inogona kunge iine mhangura inodarika 15kg yakachena. Kusagadzikana kwemitengo yemhangura kunokanganisa zvakananga CAPEX yemanetwork ekuchaja.
• Sirivha:Maitiro ekuputira mapini eCCS2 anoda matekiniki akanyatsogadzirwa emagetsi kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti jira re5-10 micron rakafanana. Kutetepa kwese kunotungamira pakuwedzera kwekudzivirira uye kukwegura nguva isati yakwana.

Chipset Monopoly yeHPGP

Machipisi emodhi eHPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) ndiwo pfungwa yemotokari dzese dzeCCS nechaja. Kwemakore, Qualcomm ndiyo yaive mutengesi mukuru (QCA7000 series). Munguva yekushaikwa kwemasemiconductor pasi rose kubva muna 2021-2022, kushaikwa kwemachipisi aya kwakamisa kugadzirwa kwezviuru zvezviteshi zvekuchaja. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekusundidzirwa kwekutsvaga mamwe magetsi, nemakambani akaita seLumissil neVertexcom achipinda mumusika, asi maitiro ekupa zvitupa zvesilicon itsva muchikamu chemotokari anozivikanwa nekunonoka.

Chitsauko 19: Maitiro Ekutonga: NEVI muUS vs. AFIR muEU

Hurumende hadzisisiri kusiya mitemo yekushandiswa kwemitemo yakajairwa kumusika.

EU: AFIR (Mutemo weZvivakwa zveMafuta Anogona Kushandiswa)

Mutemo weEU weAFIR ndiwo une simba guru pasi rose. Unoda:

• Machaja anochaja nekukurumidza makiromita makumi matanhatu ega ega mumigwagwa mikuru.
• CCS2 sechipimo chinodiwa.
• Kubhadhara kwemahara (vaverengi vemakadhi echikwereti) kuchabatanidzwa, zvichisiya nzira dzeRFID dzakavharwa.

US: NEVI (Nzvimbo yeNyika yeMotokari yeMagetsi)

Mutemo weUS Bipartisan Infrastructure wakapa mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora ekubhadharisa. Mitemo yeNEVI pakutanga yairaira CCS1. Zvisinei, zvichitevera shanduko yeNACS, mitemo iyi yakagadziriswa kuti ibvumire tambo dzeNACS chero bedzi paine tambo imwe chete yeCCS1 panzvimbo imwe neimwe. Iyi "Hybrid Model" ibhiriji renguva pfupi sezvo US iri kufambira mberi kuSAE J3400 yakazara.

Chitsauko 20: Kubatana kweSAE J3400 (NACS) uye Kukanganisa Kwayo paKugadzira CCS1

Kuchinja kuenda kuNACS (SAE J3400) kuNorth America kwakachinja zvikuru nzira yekushanda yeCCS1.

Chinangwa Chekugadzira

Mafekitori akagadziridzwa kuti akwanise kushandisa mibato mikuru yeCCS1 ari kugadziriswazve kuti akwanise kugadzira mibato midiki yeNACS. Kuoma kweNACS kuri mumapini ayo ekuti "Dual Use", ayo anoda macontactor eDC anomhanyisa mukati memota kuti achinje pakati peAC inboard charger neDC battery bus.

Kupona kweCCS1

CCS1 ingangove ichiripo muSouth Korea uye sechiyero chekare muUS kwemakore gumi anotevera. Zvisinei, bhajeti reR&D reCCS1 raderera kusvika pazero sezvo indasitiri ichinyanya kutarisa paNACS neMCS. Kune vagadziri vepasi rose, izvi zvinoreva kuchengetedza mitsara mitatu yakasiyana yezvigadzirwa:

1. CCS2:Kune musika wepasi rose.
2. NACS (J3400):KuNorth America.
3. MCS:Kune chikamu chepasi rose chine mabasa makuru.

Chitsauko 21: Mhedziso: Chibvumirano Chakabatana Munyika Yakakamurwa

Sezvataona, "Musiyano uripo pakati peCCS1 neCCS2" inyaya yezviratidziro zviviri zvemweya mumwe chete wedhijitari. Kunyangwe mota ichishandisa chivharo cheCCS1 chakatenderera kana chivharo cheCCS2 chakatsetseka, pfungwa dziri pasi peISO 15118, kuchengetedzeka kwekutarisa kweIMD, uye dambudziko rekuvimbika kwechiratidzo chePLC zvinoramba zvakafanana.

Hondo yekuchaja yemakore ekuma2020 yakatidzidzisa kuti kushanda pamwe chete hakusi kungoshandisa plug chete—kune software, grid, uye ruzivo rwemushandisi. Sezvo nyika ichisangana kune mamwe maitiro makuru, chinangwa chichachinja kubva pa "Ndingabatanidza here?" kuenda ku "Kuchaja kunokurumidza uye kwakangwara sei?" Kuchinja kuenda kuNACS muUS uye kusimba kweCCS2 muEurope kunoratidza kuguma kwekutanga kwechimurenga cheEV. Gumi remakore rinotevera richatsanangurwa neV2G, kumhanya kweMegawatt, uye network yekuchaja yepasi rose isina muganho.

Chitsauko 22: Kuongororwa Kwakadzama kweProximity Pilot (PP) uye Control Pilot (CP) Circuit Diagrams

Kuti munhu anyatsonzwisisa mainjiniya ari kuCCS, anofanira kuongorora dunhu rakaenzana remitsara yemutyairi. Mitsetse iyi ndiyo "tsinga" dzesystem yekuchaja, zvichiita kuti pave nemagetsi akawanda asingawanikwe pamapini akavhurika uye kuti mota haigone kufamba yakabatana.

Dunhu reKudzora Pilot (CP)

Dunhu reCP chiratidzo che1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ chinogadzirwa neEVSE. Kudivi remotokari, dunhu iri rine diode uye nhevedzano yema resistors ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) ayo mota inogona kushandura kuita dunhu iri ichishandisa ma transistors kana ma relay.

• Chinangwa cheDiode:Diode iyi inoita kuti chikamu chakanaka chechiratidzo chePWM chete chikanganiswe nema resistors emotokari. Izvi zvinobvumira EVSE kuona "pfupi kusvika pasi" kana chikamu chisina kunaka chechiratidzo chePWM chikakanganisika zvisingatarisirwi nekutadza kuri mu resistor network yemotokari—kutarisa kwakakosha kwekuchengetedza kunodzivirira EVSE kuti isape simba tambo kana connector yakakuvara.

Kuverenga Basa Redu

Iyo EVSE inoisa current iripo muPWM duty cycle ye1kHz square wave, uye mota inoitsanangura isati yavhara main contactors:

• 5% basa rinoitwa:EVSE haina kugadzirira—kuchaja hakubvumirwi (kushandiswa pakuratidza mamiriro).
• 10% basa rinoitwa:Yagadzirira EVSE, hapana mhepo inofefetera inodiwa (mamiriro akajairwa emasisitimu eDC akavharwa emazuva ano).
• 16-85% basa rinoitwa:Mwenje uripo unoenderana nekushanda kwemotokari—semuenzaniso, 50% inoratidza muganho we50A, zvichiita kuti charger yemotokari iri mubhazi ikwanise kukweva saizi yayo nemazvo.
• 90-97% basa rinoitwa:Yakachengeterwa mamiriro chaiwo akadai semhepo inodiwa (legacy lead-acid) kana kuti chiratidzo cheDC chakati.

Runako rweCP system nderwekuti haina kuenzana: kana mota ikasaona mafungu akaenzana, inofunga kuti ndiyo yakaipa uye inoramba kuchaja; kana EVSE ikasaona mhinduro chaiyo, inoramba kupa simba. Kana divi rese rikasashanda, zvinoreva kuti kuchaja hakugone kutanga zvine njodzi.

Dunhu reProximity Pilot (PP)

Dunhu rePP ndiro rinoona nezvechinobatanidza. Rinoshandisa resistor iri nyore kupwanya mukati mepuragi kuti rione kana tambo yakaiswa zvizere—uye kudzivirira kudonha kwetambo netambo yakabatana.

• Maitiro eResistor:Chinodzivirira che150Ω chinoratidza kuti tambo yakabatana mumota asi haina kukiya; chinodzivirira che680Ω chinoratidza kuti tambo yakabatana uye yakakiyiwa; circuit yakavhurika (isina resistor) zvinoreva kuti chinongedzo chabviswa. EVSE nemota zvinoverenga izvi nguva dzose.
• Dziviriro Yekubuda Mumotokari:Kana sisitimu yemotokari ikaona mamiriro e150Ω apo bhureki rekupaka rakaburitswa, hazvizobvumidze giya kuti rishande. Kana tambo yakakiyiwa (680Ω), mota haizobvumidze chinongedzo kuburitsa magetsi panguva yekuchaja—zvichibvisa njodzi yekuti "ibvise plug iri mhenyu".
• Kuonekwa kweKuvapo kweCable:Pamasisitimu eDC, mutsetse wePP unosimbisawo kuti tambo yekuchaja yakagara zvakanaka kumativi ese maviri EVSE isati yabvumira macontactor ane voltage yepamusoro kuti avhare.

Nei Vatyairi Vendege Vachikosha Munyika Yechokwadi

Pamwe chete, macircuit eCP nePP ndiwo anoita kuti nguva yekuchaja ive yakachengeteka kunyangwe kana maamps chiuru ari kuyerera. Ndiwo nzvimbo yekutanga iyo mainjiniya anotarisa kana nguva yatadza kutanga: PP ground yaora, CP resistor yakapwanyika, kana pilot pin yakakuvara zvinoreva kuti pane nhamba inoshamisa ye "charger won't start". Kunzwisisa macircuit aya kunoshandura kukundikana kusinganzwisisike kuita kuongororwa kwemaminitsi gumi.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• Dunhu reCP rine chiratidzo chePWM che1kHz chine duty cycle inochengetedza magetsi aripo; dhizaini yaro yakavakirwa pa diode inobvumira kuona kubva pasi kusvika padyo.
• Dunhu rePP rinoshandisa resistor network kuona kuvapo kwetambo uye mamiriro ekukiya, zvichipa dziviriro yekutyaira uye kusimbisa chigaro chekubatanidza.
• Maseketi ese ari maviri haana njodzi yekukundikana: chiratidzo chemutyairi chisipo kana chisina kushanda chinomisa chiitiko chacho chisati chavhara chero contactor ine voltage yakawanda.
• Kukanganisa kwemuchina wepilot ndekumwe kwekutadza kukuru kwekutanga kwechaja—multimeter uye ruzivo urwu rwecircuit runogadzirisa zvakawanda zvacho mumaminitsi.

Bata MIDA Power mainjiniya ayo eCCS1/CCS2 ane mapilot circuitry akavakirwa kuongororwa kwemunda: ma test points akanyorwa zvakajeka, ma standardized fault codes, uye sevhisi magwaro anobatsira mainjiniya kugadzirisa matambudziko eCP/PP. Bata nesu kuti uwane magwaro ehunyanzvi, rutsigiro rwekudzidziswa, uye zvirevo zvechigadzirwa.