Rukuhia Hōhonu ki ngā Paerewa CCS1 me CCS2: Ngā Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero me te Whakaurunga NACS

Te Wetewete i te Paradox Utu Ao: He Ruku Hōhonu Hangarau Maha-Ahu ki ngā Paerewa CCS1 vs. CCS2, Ngā Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Papatūānuku, Ngā Hanganga Aroturuki Ārai Mate, me te Huringa Ā-Ao ki te Whakaurunga NACS

Upoko 1: Kupu Whakataki: Te Whenua o te Hikohiko o te Ao me te Pakanga Paerewa

Kei te whakaterehia e te umanga motuka o te ao tētahi o ngā huringa hangarau tino nui i roto i tōna hītori rautau te roa: te whakawhiti mai i ngā miihini tahunga ā-roto (ICE) ki ngā waka hiko (EV). Ahakoa te maha o ngā wā ka hopukina ngā upoko kōrero e te matū o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion me te whai huatanga o ngā kaitahuri silicon carbide (SiC), ko te toa ngaro—me te aukati pinepine—o tēnei huringa ko te atanga utu.

Ko te paerewa utu ko te pito o te pūnaha EV. Ehara i te mea he mono me he putanga noa iho; he pūnaha matatau o ngā hiko hiko ngaohiko teitei, ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti matihiko, me ngā hononga haumaru. I ēnei rā, kua wehea te ao kia rua ngā rōpū o te Pūnaha Utu Whakakotahi (CCS): CCS1 (He mea noa ki Amerika Te Raki me Korea) me CCS2 (He mea noa ki Ūropi me te nuinga o ngā rohe).

Heoi, kei te whakararuraruhia tēnei wehewehenga rua. Ko te aranga ake o te Paerewa Utu o Amerika ki te Raki (NACS), i whakaingoatia tata nei ko SAE J3400, kua tukuna he ngaru ohorere puta noa i te umanga, me te whakawehi ka tawhito te CCS1 i roto i tōna mākete kāinga. I taua wā tonu, kei te whanake tonu ngā āhuatanga uaua o CCS2 me te whakatinanatanga o te ISO 15118-20, e āhei ai ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te Plug & Charge me te Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga he tātaritanga hangarau whānui, 360-tohu o CCS1 me CCS2. Ka tūhuratia e mātou ō rāua rerekētanga ā-pūkaha, te arorau tohu matua o te Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) me te Power Line Communication (PLC), te mahi haumaru nui o ngā Insulation Monitoring Devices (IMD), me ngā mana whenua-tōrangapū me ngā mana mekameka tuku matatini kua hanga i ēnei paerewa. Ka tirotirohia hoki e mātou ngā wero mahi tahi e whakararuraru ana i ngā whatunga utu tūmatanui me te taiao ture nui e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā urutau tuatoru.

Upoko 2: Ngā Pūtake Whakawhanaketanga: SAE J1772 vs. IEC 62196-2 me te Ara ki te CCS

Hei mārama ki te Pūnaha Utu Whakakotahi, me titiro tuatahi ki ngā paerewa utu AC i mua atu i a rātou. Ko te CCS he "tāpiri" ki ngā mono AC o nāianei, nō reira te ingoa "Whakakotahi".

Te Whānautanga o te Momo 1 (SAE J1772)

I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 2000, i whakawhanakehia e te Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) i te Hononga o Amerika te paerewa J1772. Ko te hononga ā-tinana, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te mono Yazaki, Momo 1 rānei, i hangaia mō te utu hiko AC kotahi-wāhanga. E rima ngā pine: L1 (Raina 1), N (Kūpapa), PE (Papa Whenua Tiaki), CP (Pairata Mana), me PP (Pairata Tata).

I arotauhia te Momo 1 mō te whatunga hiko o Amerika Te Raki, ko te hiko kāinga he 120V, 240V rānei te nuinga o te wā. I roto i te hoahoa miihini he raka-ā-ringa hei whakau i te hononga ki te waka me te pana iti hei tohu i te tīmatanga me te mutunga o te wā utu.

Te Aranga Ake o te Momo 2 (IEC 62196-2)

I taua wā anō, i mahi te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) i Ūropi i tētahi paerewa e tika ana mō te whatunga Ūropi, e tautoko ana i te mana AC toru-wāhanga. Ko te hua ko te mono Mennekes, Momo 2 rānei, i whakarārangihia i raro i te IEC 62196-2.

He rerekē te Momo 1, he hononga e whitu-pine te Momo 2: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, me PP. Mā te tautoko i ngā wāhanga e toru, ka taea e te Momo 2 te tuku i te mana AC ki te 22 kW (32A i te 400V), engari ko te Momo 1 i te nuinga o te wā he 7.4 kW, 19.2 kW rānei i roto i ngā whirihoranga au-teitei onge. I tua atu, i neke atu te Momo 2 i te raka ā-ringa, i whiriwhiri i te solenoid raka hiko i roto i te tomokanga waka.

Te Otinga "Whakakotahi"

I te tipu haere o te hiahia mō te utu tere, ka pā mai he raruraru ki ngā kaihangarau: me pēhea te tāpiri i te utu DC kaha-teitei me te kore e hiahiatia he tauranga tuarua motuhake i runga i te waka? Ko te otinga ko te Pūnaha Utu Whakakotahi.

• CCS1 (Huinga 1):Ka tangohia te hononga AC Momo 1, ka tāpirihia kia rua ngā pine hiko DC nunui (DC+ me DC-) ki raro iho.
• CCS2 (Huinga 2):Ka tangohia te hononga AC Momo 2 ka tāpirihia ngā pine hiko DC e rua ki raro iho.

I ngā āhuatanga e rua, ka whakamahia anō ngā pine Control Pilot (CP) me Protective Earth (PE) mō te rūrū ringa DC, kia pai ai te hototahitanga whakamuri, kia whakaitihia ai hoki te uaua o ngā waea o roto o te waka.

Upoko 3: Te Ruku Hōhonu ki te Hanganga Ā-tinana: Te Hoahoa Ā-Mīhini me ngā Pinouts o te Huinga 1 me te Huinga 2

Ehara i te mea he āhua ataahua noa iho ngā rerekētanga ā-tinana i waenga i te CCS1 me te CCS2; engari he whakaata i ngā rerekētanga taketake o te hanganga whatunga me ngā rapunga whakaaro haumaru.

CCS1 (SAE J1772 Huinga)

Ko te āhua o te hononga CCS1 e ahu mai ana i tōna hoahoa "porowhita" i tukuna iho mai i a J1772.

• Whirihoranga Pine:E 5 ngā pine kei runga (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) me ētahi pine nui e 2 kei raro (DC+, DC-).
• Tikanga Maukati:Ka whakawhirinaki a CCS1 ki tētahi pūmau ā-ringa i runga i te kakau. Ka pēhi te kaiwhakamahi i tētahi pātene hei tuku i te mono. Kua whakahēngia tēnei hoahoa mō te mea he ngāwari ki te pakaru, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te kume i te mono i te mea kei te rere tonu te iahiko (ahakoa kua hangaia te tohu CP hei whakamutu i te iahiko i te wā tonu ka tukuna te pūmau).
• Whakamatao:Ka whakamahia e ngā rihi CCS1 tino tere o ēnei rā (350 kW+) ngā taura whakamatao-wai, ka huri te whakamatao huri noa i ngā ara iahiko DC, me ētahi wā ko ngā pine anō hoki hei ārai i te wera nui i ngā wā hiko nui (500A+).

CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Huinga)

Ka whakamahia e te hononga CCS2 te hoahoa "taha-papatahi" o te Momo 2.

• Whirihoranga Pine:E whitu ngā pine kei runga (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) me ētahi pine nui e rua kei raro (DC+, DC-).
• Tikanga Maukati:Ka maukatihia te CCS2 e te waka i ngā wā katoa mā te hiko. Kāore he pātene i te kakau. E kiia ana he pakari ake, he haumaru ake hoki tēnei, nā te mea kei te waka te mana whakahaere katoa mō te wā ka taea te tango i te hononga.
• Hototahitanga o te whatunga:Nā te mea kei roto i te CCS2 ngā pine mō te L2 me te L3, ka taea e te waka kei a CCS2 te whakamahi pai i te utunga AC toru-wāhanga i te kāinga, i te mahi rānei, ā, he nui ake te whakamahinga i ngā mākete Pākehā me Āhia.

Ripanga Whakataurite: Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana o CCS1 me CCS2

Upoko 4: Te Arorau Tohu Whakahaere: PWM (Whakarerekētanga Whānui Pānga) me te Rūrū Ringa Taketake

I mua i te rere o ngā irahiko hiko-tiketike, me mahi te Taputapu Tuku Waka Hiko (EVSE) me te Waka Hiko (EV) i tētahi rūrū ringa-tiketike iti. E rua ngā paparanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakahaeretia ana tēnei tukanga: te tohu PWM tawhito me te tohu PLC hou.

Te Tohu PWM (IEC 61851-1)

Ka whakamahia e te raina Control Pilot (CP) he tohu 12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) i te 1 kHz hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā āhua taketake. He tikanga pakari, ā-whakaahua tēnei, kua noho hei tūāpapa mō te utu EV mō te neke atu i te tekau tau.

• Āhua A (12V):Kāore he waka e hono ana.
• Āhua B (9V):Kua hono te waka, kāore anō kia rite ki te utu.
• Āhua C (6V):Kua honoa te waka, ā, kua rite mō te utu (kāore e hiahiatia he hauhautanga).
• Āhua D (3V):Kua honoa te waka, ā, kua rite mō te utu (me whai hauhautanga).
• Huringa Mahi:Ko te ōrau o te wā "kā" o te tohu 1 kHz e whakaatu ana i te iahiko mōrahi ka taea e te EVSE te whakarato. Hei tauira, ko te huringa mahi 25% pea e tohu ana i te 15 Amps.

Te Whakawhiti ki DC

Mō te utu hiko AC, he rawaka te tohu PWM. Heoi, mō te utu hiko DC, me whakawhitiwhiti raraunga uaua te EV me te EVSE, pērā i te Āhua Utu o te Pūhiko (SoC), te ngaohiko i tonoa, me ngā waitohu mamati mō te utu. Koinei te wā e tae ai te PWM ki tōna rohe.

I roto i te CCS, ka "whakamahi anō" te raina CP. Kia kitea he hononga ā-tinana mā te PWM, ka hipokina e te pūnaha he tohu matihiko auau-teitei ki runga i te raina CP mā te whakamahi i te Power Line Communication (PLC). Ka noho tonu te tohu PWM ki te huringa mahi 5% pumau, e mahi ana hei "tahuri matihiko" e tohu ana i te EV kia tīmata te kawa HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Upoko 5: Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Matatau: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, me te Tūranga o te PLC (Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Raina Hiko)

Ahakoa he rerekē ngā pine ā-tinana i waenga i te CCS1 me te CCS2, he tino ōrite ngā "roro" o te pūnaha. E whakawhirinaki ana ēnei ki ngā paerewa ISO/IEC 15118 me te DIN 70121 mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero DC.

DIN 70121: Te Piriti ki DC

Ko te DIN 70121 te whakatinanatanga tuatahi o te whakawhitiwhiti utu DC mō te CCS. He wāhanga iti tēnei o ngā tauira ISO 15118 o mua. Mā tēnei ka taea e te waka me te rihi te whakawhitiwhiti karere pēnei i:

• Te Kitea Ratonga:He aha ngā ratonga (AC/DC) e tukuna ana e te rihi hiko?
• Te Kitea o te Tawhā Utu:He aha ngā herenga ngaohiko me te iahiko o te pākahiko me te rihi hiko?
• Tukunga Mana:Ko te whakahau tuturu hei tīmata, hei whakamutu rānei i te rere o te pūngao.

ISO 15118: Te Paerewa Utu Atamai

Ko te ISO 15118 te "paerewa koura" mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero EV. He paerewa maha-wāhanga e whakauru ana i ētahi āhuatanga matatau:

1. Mono me te Utu (PnC):Mā te whakamahi i tētahi Hanganga Kī Tūmatanui (PKI), ka taea e te motuka te tautuhi haumaru i a ia anō ki te rihi me te whakahaere aunoa i te utu. Kāore he kāri RFID, he taupānga rānei e hiahiatia ana.
2. Ngā Ratonga Uara Tāpiri:Ngā mōhiotanga mō ngā utu pūngao ā-rohe, te whakaurunga rānei ki ngā pūnaha kāinga atamai.
3. Te Utu Ahu-rua (ISO 15118-20):Kia taea ai e te motuka te tuku hiko anō ki te whatunga hiko, ki te kāinga rānei.

Te Paparanga Tinana PLC

Ko te taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei ko te pouwhanga HomePlug Green PHY. Nā te mea ka puta te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā te raina Control Pilot, e kawe ana hoki i te tohu PWM 1 kHz, he nui te haruru. Ka whakamahia e te PLC te Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) hei whakarite kia whiwhi pono ngā raraunga—e tukuna ana i ngā auau i waenga i te 2 MHz me te 30 MHz—ahakoa te taiao hikohiko kino o te teihana utu hiko teitei.

Upoko 6: Ngā Tikanga Haumaru me te Aroturukitanga Ārai (IMD): Te Kite i te Tūtakitanga i roto i ngā Pūnaha Ngaohiko-Tiketike

Ko te haumaru te mea nui rawa atu i roto i te utunga tere DC, ina taea e ngā ngaohiko te neke atu i te 900V me ngā iahiko te eke ki te 500A. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o tēnei hoahoa haumaru ko te Pūrere Aroturuki Whakamarumaru (IMD).

Te Pūnaha Mānu

He rerekē tēnei i te hiko AC kāinga, e herea ana te hiko kore ki te whenua, he "mānu" he "motuhake" rānei ngā pūnaha utu DC. Kāore te DC+ me te raina DC- e honoa ana ki te anga waka (whenua). Ko te tikanga, ki te pā te tangata ki tētahi o ngā raina DC me te anga i te wā kotahi, kāore he iahiko e rere mā roto i a rātou nā te mea kāore he ara iahiko katoa e hoki ana ki te pūtake.

Te Tūranga o te IMD

Heoi, ki te mea he rahunga ārai wera—pērā i te taura pakaru, i te turuturu rānei o te wai whakamatao i roto i te pākahiko—tērā pea ka tūpono tetahi o ngā raina DC ki te whenua. Ki te puta he hapa tuarua i te raina kē, ka puta he ara iahiko poto morearea.

Ka aro turuki tonu te IMD i te ātete i waenga i te pahi DC me te Papatūānuku Tiaki (PE).

• Whakamātautau Utu-Mua:I mua i te kati o ngā whakapā matua hei tīmata utu, ka tirohia te ārai wera e te EV me te EVSE. Mena kei raro iho te ātete i tētahi paepae (100 ohms ia volt te tikanga), ka mutu te wā.
• Te Aroturuki Tonu:I te wā e utua ana, ka werohia tonutia e te IMD tētahi tohu iti hei aroturuki mō te pirau.

Te Whakatinanatanga IMD CCS1 me te CCS2

Ahakoa he rite tonu te kaupapa matua, ka rerekē pea ngā paepae me ngā wā urupare i waenga i ngā whakatinanatanga SAE me IEC. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia tika e ngā pūnaha CCS2 i Ūropi te IMD ki roto i te pūmana o te EVSE, engari ko ngā pūnaha CCS1 he nui ake te tohatoha o te aroturuki i waenga i te kāpata hiko me te kaituku hiko. Ka piki ake te uauatanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga "tiritiri-pae" ina tohaina e ngā kaituku hiko maha tētahi waeine hurihanga hiko nui kotahi.

Upoko 7: Ngā Tikanga Maukati me te Whakahaere Wera: Ngā Maukati Ā-ringa me ngā Solenoid Hiko

Ko te pono o te mono te mea nui e rerekē ai ngā paerewa e rua.

CCS1: Te Herenga o te Latch

Ko te pūmau ā-ringa o te mono CCS1/J1772 tōna ngoikore. I ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ka pakaru pinepine ēnei pūmau e ngā kaiwhakamahi, ka tio rānei i te hukapapa. Mena ka pakaru te pūmau, kāore pea e kati te ara iahiko Proximity Pilot (PP), ka kore ai e taea e te motuka te tīmata i te utu. Ko te mea kino rawa atu, mēnā ka pakaru te pūmau, ka taea e te hononga te nekeneke i te wā e whakamahia ana te mana nui, ka puta he āwhata me te kino o te wera.

CCS2: Te Hiranga o te Solenoid

Ka whakakorea e te CCS2 te pūmau o te kakau. Kei roto i te tomokanga o te waka he pine miihini (solenoid) ka neke ki roto i tētahi kōhao i te hononga ina oti katoa te whakauru.

• Haumarutanga Hononga:E kore te waka e kati i ōna hononga ngaohiko-tiketike kia whakaū rā anō te solenoid kua "maukati".
• Te Ārai i te Tahae:Kāore e taea te tango i te hononga kia wetekina rā anō e te kaiwhakamahi te motuka, kia mutu rā anō rānei te wātū mā te atanga waka, hei ārai i te momotu kore whakamanatanga.

Whakahaere Wera

I te mea ka piki ake ngā tere utu ki te 400 kW, kāore e taea te whakahaere i te wera. E whakamahi ana a CCS1 me CCS2 i ngā pūoko pāmahana (ko ngā whakamahana NTC te nuinga) kua whakauruhia ki te taha o ngā pine DC.

• Te Whakakore i te Whakakorenga:Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o ngā pine i te rohe haumaru (hei tauira, 85°C), ka "whakaiti" aunoa, ka whakaiti rānei te EVSE i te iahiko kia kore ai e rewa te whare kirihou.
• Whakamatao Wai:I roto i ngā mīhini tohatoha hiko-nui, he matotoru ake ngā taura nā te mea kei roto ngā awa mō te whakamatao kei roto he glycol. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ara iahiko parahi angiangi (ka whakaiti i te taumaha o te taura) me te pupuri tonu i te pāmahana haumaru i te 500A.

Upoko 8: Whakamātautau Taunekeneke (IOP): Ngā Wero i roto i te Hanganga Kaihoko Maha

Ko tētahi o ngā wheako tino whakarihariha mō te taraiwa EV ko te "raru o te rūrū"—ka kore noa te motuka me te rihi e kōrero. He take taunekeneke (IOP) tēnei.

Te Uaua o te Pūmanawa Pūmanawa

He maha ngā paparanga o te puranga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō te CCS:

1. Paparanga Tinana:Te Kounga Tohu HPGP PLC.
2. Papa Hononga Raraunga:Ngā wāhitau MAC me te hononga whatunga.
3. Papa Whatunga:Wāhitau IPv6 (e hiahiatia ana e te ISO 15118).
4. Apa Taupānga:Karere e hangai ana ki te XML (kōpeketanga EXI).

Mena he iti te rerekētanga wā o te pūmanawa o te rihi (e whakatinanahia ana i roto i te Linux, i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere wā-tūturu rānei) i roto i tana IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, ki te tumanako rānei te kaitātari XML o te motuka i tētahi kaupapa rerekē, ka rahua te wātū.

Ngā Takahanga Whakamātautau me te Tiwhikete

Hei ārai i tēnei, ka tū ngā "Testivals" (Hakari Whakamātautau) a te umanga e manaakihia ana e ngā whakahaere pēnei i a CharIN. Ka kawea mai e ngā miihini o Tesla, VW, ABB, me Siemens ā rātou waka me ngā taputapu utu ki tētahi wāhi pokapū hei whakamātautau i ngā huinga katoa e taea ana. Ahakoa tēnei, ko te "hiku roa" o ngā pūmanawa EVSE tawhito me ngā tauira waka hou ka whakarite kia noho tonu te IOP hei wero pumau i roto i te pūnaha CCS.

Upoko 9: Ngā Oneone Hurihuri Ā-Ao: Te Wehewehenga Rohe me te Ōhanga o te Mekameka Tuku Ao

Kāore i te nuinga o te wā i pā te hiranga hangarau ki te kōwhiringa i waenga i te CCS1 me te CCS2; engari i pā te hanganga o nāianei me te mana motuhake o te rohe.

Te Whakakotahitanga o Ūropi

I neke wawe a Ūropi ki te whakahau i te CCS2 mā te Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID). Mā te akiaki i ngā rihi tūmatanui katoa ki te whakarato i tētahi atanga Momo 2, CCS2 rānei, i karohia e Ūropi te "pakanga paerewa" i pā ki Amerika Te Raki mō ngā tau. Nā tēnei i taea ai he mākete tuarua pakari mō ngā wāhanga, ā, i whakangawaritia te mekameka tuku mō ngā OEM Ūropi pērā i a BMW me Renault.

Te Wehewehenga o Amerika Te Raki

I Amerika Te Raki, i whakaaetia kia noho tahi ngā paerewa maha: CCS1, CHAdeMO (nā Nissan i pana), me te hononga motuhake a Tesla. Nā tēnei wehewehenga i aukati te haumi ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui, nā te mea i akiakihia ngā kaihautū o te papa ki te hoko i ngā tohatoha maha-tikanga utu nui.

Kōrea ki te Tonga me Taiwana

I tangohia e Kōrea ki te Tonga te CCS1, i te nuinga o te wā i whai i te arataki a te US nā te kaha o te noho mai o GM me te awe o te mākete US ki ngā kaweake EV tuatahi a Hyundai/Kia. Heoi, he tauira whakamīharo a Taiwan, i reira i tīmata ai te kāwanatanga ki te CCS1 engari kua kite i te rerenga nui o ngā waka CCS2 me NACS, ā, i hua ake ai he taiao matatini maha-paerewa.

Upoko 10: Te Kaiwhakararu NACS: Me pēhea te whakakotahi a SAE J3400 i Amerika Te Raki me te Whakamataku i a CCS1

I te mutunga o te tau 2022, i whakatuwherahia e Tesla tana hoahoa hononga motuhake ki te ao, ka tapaina anō ko te North American Charging Standard (NACS). I roto i ngā marama, tata ki ngā kaihanga motuka nui katoa o Amerika Te Raki—Ford, GM, Rivian, Volvo—i panui i te nekehanga mai i CCS1 ki NACS.

Ngā Painga Hangarau o te NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Tauwehenga Āhua:He iti ake, he mama ake hoki te NACS i te hononga CCS1 matotoru.
2. Ngā Pine Whakauru:He rerekē te CCS, he pine motuhake mō te AC me te DC, ka whakamahia e te NACS ngā pine nui e rua mō ngā mea e rua. Ka whakaitihia te rahi o te tomokanga o te waka.
3. Kawa Tuku Iho:He mea nui, ka whakamahia e te NACSōriteKo te kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero PLC ISO 15118 hei CCS. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea e ngā kaihanga motuka te whakawhiti i te mono ā-tinana me te kore e hanga anō i tā rātou puranga pūmanawa katoa.

Te Pā Mate mō CCS1?

I te whakapūmautanga o te NACS hei SAE J3400, kua noho ko te CCS1 he "paerewa mate e haere ana" i te United States. Ahakoa e tāutahia ana ngā mano tini o ngā rihi CCS1 mā te kaupapa NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), ko te heke mai ko te NACS. Nā tēnei panonitanga kua akiakihia ngā kaihanga rihi pēnei i a SK Signet me ChargePoint ki te huri tere i ā rātou raina huihuinga kia uru atu ai ngā taura NACS.

Upoko 11: Ngā Mākete Urutau me te Whakatutukitanga: Ngā Mōrearea Ture me te Hangarau o ngā Taputapu Paerewa-Whānui

I te huringa o te ao, kua huri ngā urutau hei umanga miriona tāra te utu. Ka taea e koe te hoko urutau hei huri i te CCS2 ki te CCS1, te CCS1 ki te Tesla, me te Tesla ki te CCS1. Heoi, he nui ngā mōrearea kei roto i tēnei whai wāhitanga.

Te Āputa Haumaru

Kua hangaia he hononga CCS whaimana hei whakahaere i te 500A, ā, kei roto hoki he aroturukitanga wera matatau. He maha ngā urutau tuatoru e hokona ana i runga i ngā tūāpapa hokohoko ipurangi kāore i te whai i ēnei parenga.

• Mōrearea o te Ārai:Ki te kore e tino tika te nohoanga o te urutau, ka puta he korakora iti i te atanga, ā, ka rewa te urutau, ka kino pea te rihi utu nui o te waka.
• Te Whakaroa o te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero:Ka whakamahia e ētahi urutau ngā hikohiko "tangata-i-waenganui" hei whakamāori i ngā kawa (hei tauira, CHAdeMO ki CCS), ka taea te whakauru i te whakaroa ka whakaoho i ngā wā whakamutu haumaru i roto i te EVSE.

Te Taunahatanga me te Inihuarangatia

Mai i te tirohanga ture, ko te whakamahi i tētahi urutau kāore i te whaimana ka whakakore i te pūtāhui o te waka. Mēnā ka puta he ahi i tētahi teihana utu nā te mea he urutau hapa, ka taka te kawenga ki te kaiwhakamahi. Kei te tere haere ngā whakahaere paerewa nui ki te waihanga kaupapa tiwhikete mō ngā urutau (pēnei i te UL 2251), engari kei te noho tonu te mākete hei "Hauāuru Mohoao" mō ngā kaiwhakamahi wawe.

Upoko 12: Te Tirohanga ā-Mārama: Te Utu Megawatt (MCS), V2X, me te Huinga Kotahi

I a tātou e anga atu ana ki te tau 2030, tērā pea ka taupokina te tautohetohe mō te CCS1 me te CCS2 e ngā hangarau hou.

Pūnaha Utu Megawatt (MCS)

Mō ngā taraka taumaha, he puhoi rawa te 350 kW. Kei te whakawhanakehia e te umanga te MCS, ka taea te tuku ki te 3.75 Megawatts (3,000A i te 1,250V). He mea whakamīharo, he hoahoa kotahi te hononga MCS ā-ao, ā, ka mutu pea te wehewehenga ā-rohe mō te rāngai arumoni.

Waka-ki-Ngā-Mea Katoa (V2X)

Mā te whakaurunga o te ISO 15118-20 ka huri ngā EV hei tipu hiko nekeneke. Ahakoa he CCS2, he NACS rānei te whakamahinga a te motuka, ko te kaha ki te whakau i te whatunga hiko i ngā hāora pīki ka waiho hei puna moni matua mā ngā kaipupuri EV.

Whakamutunga

Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i a CCS1 me CCS2 he tohu i ngā uauatanga o te whakatakoto paerewa ā-ao. Ahakoa kua puta ake a CCS2 hei toa mārama i te mākete o te ao, kua hurihia e te aranga ake o NACS ngā ture mō Amerika Te Raki. Mō ngā kaihangarau me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, he mārama te akoranga: he mea rangitahi ngā taputapu ā-tinana, engari ko ngā kawa matihiko matua (ISO 15118) me ngā mātāpono haumaru (IMD) ngā tūāpapa pono o te heke mai hiko. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga hangarau mō te hunga e whakatere ana i te ao hiko-tiketike o ngā hanganga EV.

Upoko 13: Te Pāngarau o te Ātete Ārai: Ngā Tātaitanga R_iso ​​me te Au Puta

I roto i te rohe ngaohiko-tiketike (HV) o te utu tere DC, ehara te ātete whakamarumaru ($R_{iso}$) i te tawhā haumaru anake engari he taurangi ine e whakatau ana i te mana whakahaere o te wā utu. E ai ki te IEC 61851-23 me te SAE J1772, me pupuri e te pūnaha he ātete whakamarumaru iti rawa hei ārai i ngā ia turuturu kino ($I_{leakage}$) ka rere pea i roto i te tinana tangata mēnā he hapa anga.

Te Mātāpono Ine

Ko te Pūrere Aroturuki Ārai (IMD) e whakamahi ana i te tikanga "ātete whakawhiti" me te tikanga "werohanga pātere" hei ine i te ātete i waenga i ngā kaiārahi DC me te Papatūānuku Tiaki (PE). Ko te ātete ātete katoa e tautuhia ana ko te huinga whakarara o te ātete mai i te rārangi pai ki te whenua ($R_p$) me te rārangi kino ki te whenua ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Ko te whakaritenga haumaru e whakatakotoria ana i te 100 $\Omega/V$ mō ngā pūnaha DC. Mō te waka e utu ana i te 800V, ko te iti rawa e whakaaetia ana $R_{iso}$ ko:

$$800V \whakareatia ki te 100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Ngā Āhuatanga o te Au Puta

Ko te ia turuturu he mahi a te kaha pirinoa o te pūnaha ($C_y$) me te ātete whakamarumaru. I roto i tētahi pūnaha tino taurite, $R_p = R_n$, ā, ko te ngaohiko i waenganui e pā ana ki te whenua he kore. Heoi, ki te puta he hapa i runga i te ara pai ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), ka neke te ara kino ki te $-800V$ e pā ana ki te anga. Me kite te IMD i tēnei nekehanga i roto i ngā mirihekona.

Ripanga: Ngā Paepae Haumaru mō CCS1 me CCS2

Upoko 14: Te Pono o te Tohu PLC: Te Whakahaere i te Haruru i te Taiao Utu 500kW

Ko te Whakawhitiwhiti Raina Hiko (PLC) e whakamahia ana i roto i te CCS e ahu mai ana i te whakatakotoranga HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Ahakoa i hangaia tuatahitia te HPGP mō ngā tono kāinga atamai iti-mana, ko tōna whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā taiao utu 500kW he wero nui mō te hototahi hikohiko (EMC).

Te Papa Haruru

Ka whakamahia e ngā rihi hiko DC kaha-teitei ngā Silicon Carbide (SiC) me ngā Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) whakawhiti-tere i roto i ō rātou wāhanga hiko. Ka whakawhiti ēnei wāhanga i ngā auau mai i te 20 kHz ki te 100 kHz, ka puta he haruru harmonic nui. Nā te mea kei te whakahaerehia te PLC i te awhe 2 MHz ki te 30 MHz, kei waho o te roopu o te haruru whakawhiti tuatahi, engari ka taea e te "tangi" auau-teitei me ngā whakawhiti aratau-noa te whakakī ngāwari i te pito mua o te pouwhanga PLC.

Te Whakaiti me te Hononga

Ka haria te tohu Paerata Mana (CP) mā runga i tētahi waea kore-ārai i roto i te taura utu. I te 30 MHz, ka mahi te taura hei raina tuku matatini me ngā mate nui o te ine me te kaha.

• Ngā Taura CCS1:Ka taea e ngā taura roa ake, he taumaha ake hoki i te US te whakaiti i te tohu.
• Ngā Taura CCS2:I Ūropi, tera pea ka pāngia ngā taura poto ake i ngā tāone kikī e te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā taputapu tohatoha tata.

Hei whakaiti i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihangarau ngā "Wāhanga Werohanga Tohu" (SIU) e whakamahi ana i ngā matua ferrite uruhanga-teitei hei hono i te tohu PLC ki te raina CP me te aukati i te tohu PWM 1 kHz me te haruru auau-teitei.

Upoko 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Te Whanaketanga Hangahanga o ngā Raupapa Karere

Ko te whakawhiti mai i te paerewa taketake ISO 15118-2 ki te ISO 15118-20 hou (e kiia ana ko "Dash 20") te whakahoutanga pūmanawa tino nui i roto i te hītori o te utunga EV.

ISO 15118-2: Te Pūtake

Nā te putanga "-2" i whakatū te rūrū ringa taketake e hangai ana ki te XML:

1. Kawa Taupānga Tautokona:Ka whiriwhiri i te putanga.
2. TatūngaWā:Ka whakatū i te hononga.
3. Tāutuhi:Ka taea te whakahaere i te RFID, te Plug & Charge rānei.
4. Te Kitea o te Tawhā Utu:Ka whakawhiti i ngā herenga pākahiko.
5. Tukunga Mana:Whakahaere ana i te rere.

ISO 15118-20: Te Ao o Muri Mai

Ka whakauruhia e Dash 20 tētahi hanganga karere hou rawa atu i hangaia mō te whakatupuranga o ngā ratonga pūngao e whai ake nei:

• Tautoko Ahu-rua:Ngā karere motuhake mō te tukunga o te V2G (Waka-ki-te-Whatunga) me te V2H (Waka-ki-te-Kāinga).
• Aratau Hihiri:Mā te rihi hiko ka taea e te motuka te whakarerekē i tōna iahiko i te wā tūturu i runga i te kawenga whatunga, me te kore e tīmata anō i te wātū.
• Haumarutanga Whakarei:Ngā whakawhiti mai i te TLS 1.2 ki te TLS 1.3, e whakarato ana i ngā rūrū ringa tere ake me te whakamunatanga kaha ake.
• Te Whakareatanga:Ka āhei ngā ratonga maha (hei tauira, te utu me te tukutahi raraunga) kia rere mā te hononga PLC kotahi.

Tūtohi Raupapa Karere: Mono & Utu (PnC) vs. Tāutuhi Waho (EIM)

I roto i te PnC, teTiwhiketeWaitohuKirimanaka tukuna mai i te motuka ki te rihi. Ka manatokohia tēnei e te rihi ki tana tūmau OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) o muri. I roto i te EIM, me whakaatu e te kaiwhakamahi he kāri tūturu, ā, ka tukuna e te rihi heWhakamanahiatono ki te pito o muri. He iti ake te whakaroa o PnC, ka hua ake he wheako kaiwhakamahi "rite ki a Tesla".

Upoko 16: Te Hangarau Wera o ngā Hononga Mana-Tiketike: Ngā Rauemi, te Ātete Pa, me te Whakamatao Wai

I a tātou e whakatata atu ana ki ngā rohe o te atanga ā-tinana o te CCS, ka noho ko te hangarau wera te herenga hoahoa matua.

Ātete Whakapā ($R_{contact}$)

Ko te wera e puta mai ana i te hononga e tautuhia ana e te Ture a Joule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Mō te utu 500A:

• Mena ko te $R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, ko te $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Ki te heke te $R_{contact}$ ki te $2.0 m\Omega$, ko te $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Ka raru kino te 500 Watts o te wera i roto i tētahi kakau kirihou kua herea i roto i ngā meneti. Koia te take he mea nui te whakakikorua hiriwa i ngā pine. Ko te hiriwa te mea iti rawa te ātete hiko o tētahi konganuku, ā, ka whakaratohia he mata whakahinuhinu-ake e whakaiti ana i te pakaru i roto i ngā mano tini o ngā huringa hononga.

Ngā Pūnaha Whakamatao Wai

Hei whakahaere i ngā iahiko neke atu i te 350A, me whakamatao te wai. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e te pūnaha he waeine whakamatao porowhita-katia i roto i te kāpata hiko.

• Momo Whakamatao:He pai ake ngā wai dielectric hei ārai i ngā ara iahiko poto mēnā ka turuturu, engari he mea noa ake ngā ranunga wai-glycol nā te mea he pai ake te kaha ki te wera.
• Hoahoa Ngongo:He takoto kau ngā ara iahiko DC+ me DC-, he mea karapoti rānei e ngā awa whakamatao. Kei muri tonu i ngā titi te "pereti makariri" hei tango i te wera mai i te atanga whakapā.

Upoko 17: Ngā Akoranga Take Mahitahi: Te Whakakore i te Hapa i waenga i te VW ID.4 me te Electrify America Chargers

I puta tētahi tauira rongonui o ngā raruraru mahi tahi a te CCS1 i te wā tōmua o te whakarewatanga o te VW ID.4 i te United States. He maha ngā rangatira i kōrero mō ngā hapa "Red Ring" (i rahua te utu) i ngā teihana Electrify America (EA).

Te Pūtake: Te Wā me te XML

I muri i ngā marama o te tuhi raraunga, i kitea e ngā miihini tētahi āhua o te reihi i roto i teTatūngaWāwāhanga. Ko te rihi EA (i hangaia e te tuatoru) kei te tuku i tanaNgā Kawa Taupānga Tautokotere atu i te pūmanawa utu ā-roto (OBC) a te ID.4 e taea ai te tīmata i tana puranga IPv6. Ka ngaro te karere i te motuka, ka mutu te wā, ā, ka mutu te wā.

Te Whakatika: Te Pūmanawa Pūmanawa

I hiahiatia he whakahoutanga pūmanawa mō te motuka me te rihi. I whakarerekētia te rihi kia tatari mō te tohu "ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery" i mua i te tukunga o te karere PLC tuatahi, ā, i whakaroahia te wā whakamutu o te motuka mai i te 2 hēkona ki te 5 hēkona. E whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau take he aha te take he mea nui ngā "Testivals" engari kāore i te rawaka; ko ngā āhuatanga taiao o te ao tūturu me te whakaroa whatunga ka tāpiri i ngā paparanga uaua e kore e taea e ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga te tārua katoa.

Upoko 18: Ngā Pānga o te Mekameka Tuku Ao: Parahi, Whakakikorua Hiriwa, me te Korenga o ngā Maramara HPGP

He ahumahi tino motuhake te hanga hononga CCS, ā, e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi kaitākaro pēnei i a Phoenix Contact, Huber+Suhner, me TE Connectivity.

Ngā Whakawhirinakitanga ki ngā Rauemi Mata

• Parahi:Neke atu i te 15kg o te parahi parakore te nui kei roto i tētahi taura kotahi 350kW kua whakamataohia ki te wai. Ka pā tika te piki me te heke o ngā utu parahi ki te CAPEX o ngā whatunga utu.
• Hiriwa:Ko te tukanga whakakikorua mō ngā pine CCS2 me whai tikanga whakakikorua hiko tika kia rite ai te paparanga 5-10 micron. Mā te angiangi ka piki ake te ātete me te koroheketanga wawe.

Te Monopoli o te Chipset HPGP

Ko ngā maramara modem HPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) te roro o ngā waka CCS katoa me ngā taputapu utu hiko. Mō ngā tau, ko Qualcomm te kaiwhakarato matua (te raupapa QCA7000). I te wā o te korenga o ngā haurua hiko ā-ao i waenganui i te tau 2021 ki te 2022, nā te korenga o ēnei maramara i aukati te hanga o ngā mano tini o ngā teihana utu hiko. Nā tēnei i akiakihia ai te hoko tuarua, me te urunga mai o ngā kamupene pēnei i a Lumissil me Vertexcom ki te mākete, engari he tino puhoi te tukanga tiwhikete mō te silicon hou i roto i te rāngai motuka.

Upoko 19: Ngā Anga Whakahaere: NEVI i te US vs. AFIR i te EU

Kāore ngā kāwanatanga e tuku ana i te whakamahinga paerewa ki te mākete.

EU: AFIR (Whakahaere Hanganga Hinu Rerekē)

Ko te AFIR a te EU te mana whakahaere tino kaha rawa atu o te ao. E hiahiatia ana:

• Ngā utu tere i ia 60km i ngā huarahi matua.
• CCS2 hei paerewa ā-ture.
• Ka whakauruhia ngā utu motuhake (ngā kaipānui kāri nama), kia neke atu i ngā pūnaha RFID kua kati.

US: NEVI (Hanganga Waka Hiko ā-Motu)

I whakaritea e te Ture Hanganga ā-Rohe o Amerika te $5 piriona mō te utu. I whakahaua tuatahitia te CCS1 e ngā ture NEVI. Heoi, whai muri i te huringa NACS, i whakatikatikaina ngā ture kia whakaaetia ngā taura NACS mena kei ia wāhi te taura CCS1 kotahi. He piriti rangitahi tēnei "Tauira Ranu" i a Amerika e anga whakamua ana ki te heke mai SAE J3400 katoa.

Upoko 20: Te Huinga ki te SAE J3400 (NACS) me tōna Pānga ki te Hanganga CCS1

Nā te nekehanga ki te NACS (SAE J3400) i Amerika Te Raki i tino whakarerekē te mahere ara mō CCS1.

Pivot Hanga

Ko ngā wheketere i arotauhia mō ngā kakau CCS1 nunui kei te whakahoutia inaianei mō te hoahoa NACS iti ake. Ko te uaua o te NACS kei roto i ōna pine "Whakamahinga Rua", e hiahia ana ki ngā whakapā whakawhiti DC tere-teitei i roto i te motuka hei whakawhiti i waenga i te rihi AC kei runga i te papa me te pahi pākahiko DC.

Te Oranga Ora o CCS1

Tērā pea ka ora tonu a CCS1 i Kōrea ki te Tonga, ā, hei paerewa tuku iho i te US mō te tekau tau e whai ake nei. Heoi, kua heke te tahua R&D mō CCS1 ki te kore i te mea e aro ana te umanga ki te NACS me te MCS. Mō ngā kaihanga o te ao, ko te tikanga o tēnei me pupuri e toru ngā raina hua motuhake:

1. CCS2:Mō te mākete o te ao.
2. Ngā NACS (J3400):Mō Amerika Te Raki.
3. MCS:Mō te rāngai mahi taumaha o te ao.

Upoko 21: Whakamutunga: Te Tikanga Kotahi i roto i te Ao Tūroa Wehewehe

E ai ki tā tātou i kite ai, ko te "Rerekētanga i waenga i te CCS1 me te CCS2" he kōrero mō ngā whakaaturanga ā-tinana e rua o te wairua matihiko kotahi. Ahakoa he mono CCS1 porowhita, he mono CCS2 papatahi rānei te whakamahi a te waka, he rite tonu te arorau matua o te ISO 15118, te haumaru o te aroturuki IMD, me te wero o te pono o te tohu PLC.

Nā te pakanga paerewa utu o ngā tau 2020 kua ako tātou ehara i te mea ko te mono anake te mea e pā ana ki te mahi tahi—engari ko te pūmanawa, te whatunga hiko, me te wheako kaiwhakamahi. I te wā e hono ana te ao ki ētahi paerewa matua, ka neke te arotahi mai i te "Ka taea e au te mono?" ki te "E hia te tere me te atamai o te utu?" Ko te whakawhiti ki te NACS i te US me te whakapūmautanga o te CCS2 i Ūropi te tohu i te mutunga o te tīmatanga mō te hurihanga EV. Ko te tekau tau e whai ake nei ka tautuhia e te V2G, ngā tere Megawatt, me te whatunga utu ā-ao tino korekore.

Upoko 22: Tātari Taipitopito o ngā Kauwhata Porowhita o te Paerata Tata (PP) me te Paerata Whakahaere (CP)

Hei tino mārama ki te hangarau o te CCS, me tirotiro te ara iahiko ōrite o ngā raina hiko. Ko ēnei raina ngā "io" o te pūnaha utu, e whakarite ana kia kore rawa he ngaohiko teitei e kitea ana i runga i ngā pine e kitea ana, ā, kia kore ai e taea e te waka te haere atu i te wā e hono ana.

Te Ara Whakaterenga Mana (CP)

Ko te ara iahiko CP he tohu 1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ i hangaia e te EVSE. I te taha waka, ko te ara iahiko he diode me te raupapa o ngā ātete ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) ka taea e te waka te whakawhiti ki te ara iahiko mā te whakamahi i ngā transistors, i ngā relays rānei.

• Kaupapa o te Diode:Mā te diode ka whakarite kia pāngia te wāhanga pai anake o te tohu PWM e ngā ātete o te waka. Mā tēnei ka taea e te EVSE te kite i te "poto ki te whenua" mēnā ka pāngia ohorere te wāhanga kino o te tohu PWM e te hapa i roto i te whatunga ātete o te waka—he tirotiro haumaru nui e ārai ana i te EVSE kei whakakaha i te taura, i te hononga rānei kua pakaru.

Te Pānui i te Huringa Mahi

Ka whakakōwaea e te EVSE te iahiko e wātea ana i roto i te huringa mahi PWM o te ngaru tapawhā 1kHz, ā, ka whakamāramahia e te waka i mua i te katinga o ngā hononga matua:

• Huringa mahi 5%:Kāore anō kia rite te EVSE—kāore e whakaaetia te utu (e whakamahia ana mō te tohu tūnga).
• Huringa mahi 10%:Kua rite mō te EVSE, kāore e hiahiatia he hauhautanga (te āhua paerewa mō ngā pūnaha DC hiri hou).
• 16-85% huringa mahi:He rite te iahiko e wātea ana ki te huringa mahi—hei tauira, ko te 50% e tohu ana i te rohenga 50A, e tuku ana i te rihi kei roto i te waka kia tika te rahi o tana kukume.
• 90-97% huringa mahi:Kua rāhuitia mō ngā āhua motuhake pēnei i te hiahia-hauora (waikawa mata tawhito) me te tohu DC motuhake rānei.

Ko te ataahua o te pūnaha CP ko tōna āhua kore taurite e kore e taea te hinga: ki te kore e kitea e te waka he ngaru tapawhā tika, ka whakaaro ia he kino rawa atu, ā, ka kore e utua; ki te kore e kitea e te EVSE he urupare tika, ka kore e utua. Ki te kore e kati tetahi taha, ko te tikanga kāore e taea te tīmata i te wā utu i roto i te mōrearea.

Te Ara Whakaterenga Tata (PP)

Ko te ara iahiko PP te hinengaro ā-pūkaha o te hononga. Ka whakamahia he ātete māmā hei whakapūmau i te whenua i roto i te mono hei whakaatu ki ngā taha e rua mēnā kua whakaurua katoatia te taura—ā, hei ārai hoki i te taraiwa atu mā te taura kua honoa.

• Ngā Uara Ātete:Ko te ātete 150Ω e tohu ana kua monohia te taura ki te waka engari kāore i raka; ko te ātete 680Ω e tohu ana kua honoa te taura, ā, kua raka; ko te ara iahiko tuwhera (kāore he ātete) e tohu ana kua momotu te hononga. Ka pānui tonu te EVSE me te waka i ēnei uara.
• Te Parenga Taraiwa-atu:Ki te kitea e te pūnaha o te waka te āhua 150Ω i te wā e tukuna ana te pēki tū, e kore e taea te hono i te taputapu. Ki te maukati te taura (680Ω), e kore e taea e te waka te tuku i te hononga i te wā e rere ana te iahiko utu—ka whakakorea te tūponotanga "hutia te mono ora".
• Te Kitenga o te Āhua o te Taura:Mō ngā pūnaha DC, ka whakaū anō hoki te aho PP kua tika te whakanoho o te taura utu ki ngā pito e rua i mua i te tuku a te EVSE i ngā hononga hiko-tiketike kia kati.

He aha te Hiranga o ngā Pailate i te Ao Tūturu

Ko ngā ara iahiko CP me PP ngā take e haumaru ai te wā utu ahakoa e rere ana te mano amps. Koinei hoki ngā wāhi tuatahi e tirohia ana e ngā miihini ina kore e tīmata te wā: he whenua PP kua waikura, he ātete CP kua pakaru, he pine pairati kua pakaru rānei te take o te nuinga o ngā waea ratonga "kāore e tīmata te utu". Mā te mārama ki ēnei ara iahiko ka huri te rahunga ngaro hei tātaritanga 10-meneti.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Kei te ara iahiko CP he tohu PWM 1kHz, ko tōna huringa mahi e whakamārama ana i te iahiko e wātea ana; mā tōna hoahoa e hangai ana ki te diode ka taea te kite i te tawhiti poto-ki-te-whenua.
• Ka whakamahia e te ara iahiko PP tētahi whatunga ātete hei kite i te aroaro o te taura me te āhua raka, hei whakarato i te tiakitanga taraiwa-atu me te whakaū i te nohoanga-hononga.
• He haumaru ngā ara iahiko e rua mō te kore e rahua: ka mutu te wātū mēnā ka ngaro, ka kore rānei he tohu pairati i mua i te katinga o tētahi hononga hiko-tiketike.
• Ko ngā hapa o te raina pairati kei roto i ngā hapa tīmatanga-whakarewa e tino kitea ana—he maha-mita, ā, e whakaotihia ana te nuinga i roto i ngā meneti e tēnei mōhiotanga ara iahiko.

Whakapā atu ki ngā kaihanga o MIDA Power mō āna rihi CCS1/CCS2 me ngā ara iahiko whakamātautau i hangaia mō te tātaritanga mara: ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau kua tohua mārama, ngā waehere hapa paerewa, me ngā tuhinga ratonga e ārahi ana i ngā tohunga hangarau mā te rapurongoā CP/PP. Whakapā mai ki a mātou mō ngā tuhinga hangarau, te tautoko whakangungu, me ngā whakatakotoranga hua.