Zurfi cikin Ka'idojin CCS1 da CCS2: Yarjejeniyar Sadarwa da Haɗin kai na NACS

Fahimtar Bambancin Cajin Duniya: Zurfin Fasaha Mai Girma Da Yawa Cikin Ma'aunin CCS1 da CCS2, Ka'idojin Sadarwa na Layer na Jiki, Tsarin Kula da Rufe Rufe, da Canjin Siyasa Zuwa Haɗin kai na NACS.

Babi na 1: Gabatarwa: Yanayin Samar da Wutar Lantarki a Duniya da Yaƙin da Aka Saba

Masana'antar kera motoci ta duniya a halin yanzu tana kan gaba a cikin manyan canje-canje a fasaha a tarihinta na ƙarni: sauyawa daga injunan konewa na ciki (ICE) zuwa motocin lantarki (EV). Duk da cewa sinadaran batirin lithium-ion da ingancin inverters na silicon carbide (SiC) galibi suna ɗaukar kanun labarai, gwarzon da ba a taɓa jin labarinsa ba - da kuma yawan matsaloli - na wannan juyin juya halin shine hanyar caji.

Ma'aunin caji shine igiyar cibiya ta tsarin EV. Ba wai kawai toshewa da soket ba ne; tsari ne mai inganci na na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi, ka'idojin sadarwa na dijital, da makullan tsaro. A yau, duniya ta kasu kashi biyu na Tsarin Cajin Haɗin Kai (CCS): CCS1 (Common a Arewacin Amurka da Koriya) da CCS2 (Common a Turai da yawancin sauran yankuna).

Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu tana wargazawa. Haɓakar Tsarin Cajin Amurka ta Arewa (NACS), wanda aka tsara kwanan nan a matsayin SAE J3400, ya haifar da girgiza a masana'antar, yana barazanar sanya CCS1 ta zama mara amfani a kasuwarta ta gida. A halin yanzu, sarkakiyar CCS2 ta ci gaba da bunƙasa tare da aiwatar da ISO 15118-20, wanda ke ba da damar fasaloli kamar Plug & Charge da Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Wannan labarin ya bayar da cikakken nazari na fasaha na CCS1 da CCS2 mai digiri 360. Za mu binciki bambance-bambancen injina, tushen dabarun sigina na Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) da Power Line Communication (PLC), muhimmin aikin aminci na Na'urorin Kula da Insulation (IMD), da kuma hadaddun dabarun geopolitical da samar da kayayyaki waɗanda suka tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Haka nan za mu binciki ƙalubalen hulɗa da ke addabar hanyoyin sadarwa na caji na jama'a da kuma yanayin shari'a mai cike da ƙalubale da ke tattare da amfani da adaftar wasu kamfanoni.

Babi na 2: Tushen Juyin Halitta: SAE J1772 da IEC 62196-2 da Hanyar zuwa CCS

Domin fahimtar Tsarin Cajin Haɗin Kai, dole ne mutum ya fara duba ƙa'idodin caji na AC da suka gabace su. CCS ainihin "ƙari ne" ga filogin AC da ke akwai, don haka ake kiransa "Combined."

Haihuwar Nau'in 1 (SAE J1772)

A farkon shekarun 2000, ƙungiyar injiniyoyin motoci (SAE) a Amurka ta ƙirƙiro ma'aunin J1772. An ƙera mahaɗin jiki, wanda aka fi sani da toshe Yazaki ko Type 1, don caji na AC mai matakai ɗaya. Ya ƙunshi fil biyar: L1 (Layin 1), N (Neutral), PE (Protective Earth), CP (Control Pilot), da PP (Proximity Pilot).

An inganta Nau'in 1 don tashar wutar lantarki ta Arewacin Amurka, inda wutar lantarki ta gidaje yawanci tana aiki ne a mataki ɗaya na 120V ko 240V. Tsarin injin ya haɗa da maƙallin yatsa da hannu don ɗaure mahaɗin da abin hawa da kuma ƙaramin makulli don nuna alamar farawa da ƙarshen zaman caji.

Tashin Nau'i na 2 (IEC 62196-2)

A lokaci guda, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Duniya (IEC) a Turai tana aiki akan wani ma'auni da ya dace da tashar wutar lantarki ta Turai, wanda ke tallafawa wutar lantarki mai matakai uku ta AC. Sakamakon shine toshewar Mennekes, ko Type 2, wanda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin IEC 62196-2.

Ba kamar Nau'i na 1 ba, Nau'i na 2 mahaɗi ne mai fil bakwai: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, da PP. Ta hanyar tallafawa matakai uku, Nau'i na 2 zai iya isar da wutar AC har zuwa 22 kW (32A a 400V), yayin da Nau'i na 1 gabaɗaya an iyakance shi zuwa 7.4 kW ko 19.2 kW a cikin saitunan wutar lantarki masu saurin gaske. Bugu da ƙari, Nau'i na 2 ya ƙaura daga makullin hannu, ya zaɓi solenoid na kullewa na lantarki a cikin hanyar shiga motar.

Maganin "Haɗaka"

Yayin da buƙatar caji cikin sauri ke ƙaruwa, injiniyoyi sun fuskanci matsala: yadda za a ƙara caji mai ƙarfi na DC ba tare da buƙatar tashar caji ta biyu ba a kan abin hawa? Mafita ita ce Tsarin Cajin Haɗaɗɗiya.

• CCS1 (Haɗin 1):Yana ɗaukar haɗin AC na Type 1 kuma yana ƙara manyan fil biyu na wutar lantarki na DC (DC+ da DC-) a ƙasa da shi.
• CCS2 (Haɗin 2):Yana ɗaukar haɗin AC na Type 2 kuma yana ƙara fil ɗin wutar DC guda biyu iri ɗaya a ƙasa da shi.

A duka halayen biyu, ana sake amfani da fil ɗin Control Pilot (CP) da Protective Earth (PE) da ke akwai don musabaha ta DC, wanda ke tabbatar da daidaiton baya da kuma rage sarkakiyar wayoyi na cikin motar.

Babi na 3: Tsarin Zane-zane na Jiki Nutsewa Mai Zurfi: Tsarin Inji da Pinouts na Haɗakarwa 1 da Haɗakarwa 2

Bambance-bambancen zahiri tsakanin CCS1 da CCS2 ba wai kawai suna da kyau ba ne; suna nuna manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin kayayyakin more rayuwa da falsafar aminci.

CCS1 (Haɗin SAE J1772)

Haɗin CCS1 yana da alaƙa da ƙirar "saman zagaye" da aka gada daga J1772.

• Tsarin Fil:Filaye 5 a saman (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) da manyan filaye 2 a ƙasa (DC+, DC-).
• Tsarin Latching:CCS1 ya dogara ne akan makullin injina a kan makullin. Mai amfani yana danna maɓalli don sakin makullin. An soki wannan ƙirar saboda yana iya karyewa kuma yana ba masu amfani damar ja makullin yayin da wutar lantarki ke iya gudana (kodayake an tsara siginar CP don dakatar da wutar nan da nan bayan an sake makullin).
• Sanyaya:Caja na zamani masu saurin gaske na CCS1 (350 kW+) suna amfani da kebul masu sanyaya ruwa inda mai sanyaya ke zagayawa a kusa da masu sarrafa DC kuma wani lokacin fil ɗin kansu don hana zafi sosai a lokacin zaman wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (500A+).

CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Haɗaka)

Haɗin CCS2 yana amfani da ƙirar "faɗi mai faɗi" ta Nau'in 2.

• Tsarin Fil:Filaye 7 a saman (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) da manyan filaye 2 a ƙasa (DC+, DC-).
• Tsarin Latching:Motar koyaushe tana kulle CCS2 ta hanyar lantarki. Babu maɓalli a kan maƙullin. Ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin mafi ƙarfi da aminci, domin motar tana da cikakken iko kan lokacin da za a iya cire mahaɗin.
• Daidaita Grid:Saboda CCS2 yana ɗauke da fil na L2 da L3, abin hawa mai ɗauke da CCS2 zai iya cin gajiyar caji mai matakai uku na AC a gida ko a wurin aiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya fi dacewa a kasuwannin Turai da Asiya.

Teburin Kwatanta: CCS1 da CCS2 Bayanan Jiki

Babi na 4: Manhajar Siginar Sarrafawa: PWM (Modulation na Faɗin Pulse) da Muhimmin Mu'amala

Kafin kowace na'urar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi ta kwarara, dole ne Kayan Aikin Samar da Motoci na Lantarki (EVSE) da kuma Motar Lantarki (EV) su yi musabaha mai ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan tsari yana ƙarƙashin matakai biyu na sadarwa: siginar PWM ta gado da siginar PLC ta zamani.

Siginar PWM (IEC 61851-1)

Layin Control Pilot (CP) yana amfani da siginar 12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) a 1 kHz don isar da yanayin asali. Wannan hanya ce mai ƙarfi, analog wadda ta kasance tushen caji na EV tsawon sama da shekaru goma.

• Yanayin A (12V):Babu haɗin abin hawa.
• Jiha B (9V):An haɗa abin hawa, ba a shirye don caji ba.
• Jiha C (6V):An haɗa abin hawa kuma a shirye yake don caji (ba a buƙatar samun iska).
• Jiha D (3V):An haɗa abin hawa kuma a shirye yake don caji (ana buƙatar samun iska).
• Zagayen Aiki:Kashi na lokacin "kunnawa" na siginar 1 kHz yana gaya wa abin hawa matsakaicin wutar lantarki da EVSE zai iya bayarwa. Misali, zagayowar aiki na 25% na iya wakiltar Amps 15.

Sauye-sauye zuwa DC

Don cajin AC, siginar PWM ta isa. Duk da haka, don cajin DC, EV da EVSE suna buƙatar musayar bayanai masu rikitarwa, kamar yanayin cajin baturi (SoC), ƙarfin lantarki da aka buƙata, da sa hannun dijital don biyan kuɗi. Nan ne PWM ya kai iyakarsa.

A cikin CCS, layin CP ana "sake amfani da shi." Da zarar an gano haɗin jiki ta hanyar PWM, tsarin yana rufe siginar dijital mai yawan mita a kan layin CP ta amfani da Sadarwar Layin Wutar Lantarki (PLC). Siginar PWM tana nan a cikin zagayowar aiki mai ƙayyadadden 5%, wanda ke aiki azaman "juyawa ta dijital" mai nuna alamar EV don fara yarjejeniyar PLC ta HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP).

Babi na 5: Sadarwa Mai Ci Gaba: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, da Matsayin PLC (Sadar da Layin Wutar Lantarki)

Duk da cewa fil ɗin zahiri sun bambanta tsakanin CCS1 da CCS2, "kwakwalwar" tsarin suna da kama sosai. Dukansu sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin ISO/IEC 15118 da DIN 70121 don sadarwa ta DC.

DIN 70121: Gadar zuwa DC

DIN 70121 shine farkon aiwatar da sadarwa ta caji ta DC don CCS. Wani ɓangare ne na farkon daftarin ISO 15118. Yana bawa abin hawa da caja damar musayar saƙonni kamar:

• Gano Sabis:Wadanne ayyuka (AC/DC) ne caja ke bayarwa?
• Gano Siffar Caji:Menene iyakokin wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki na batirin da kuma caja?
• Isar da Wutar Lantarki:Umarnin farko na fara ko dakatar da kwararar makamashi.

ISO 15118: Ma'aunin Cajin Wayo

ISO 15118 shine "ma'aunin zinare" don sadarwa ta EV. Ma'auni ne mai sassa da yawa wanda ke gabatar da fasaloli da yawa na ci gaba:

1. Toshewa & Caji (PnC):Ta amfani da Kayan Aikin Maɓallin Jama'a (PKI), motar za ta iya gane kanta da caja kuma ta sarrafa biyan kuɗi ta atomatik. Ba a buƙatar katunan RFID ko manhajoji ba.
2. Ayyukan da aka ƙara darajar:Bayani game da farashin makamashi na gida ko haɗin kai da tsarin gidaje masu wayo.
3. Cajin Hanya Biyu (ISO 15118-20):Bada damar mayar da wutar lantarki zuwa ga mota ko kuma a cikin gidan.

Tsarin Jiki na PLC

Kayan aikin da ake buƙata don wannan shine modem ɗin HomePlug Green PHY. Saboda sadarwa tana faruwa ne ta layin Control Pilot, wanda kuma ke ɗauke da siginar PWM 1 kHz, akwai hayaniya mai yawa. PLC tana amfani da Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) don tabbatar da cewa an karɓi bayanan - waɗanda aka watsa a mitoci tsakanin 2 MHz da 30 MHz - duk da mummunan yanayin lantarki na tashar caji mai ƙarfi.

Babi na 6: Ka'idojin Tsaro da Kula da Rufe Ido (IMD): Gano Zubewar Tsarukan Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma

Tsaro shine babban abin damuwa a cikin caji mai sauri na DC, inda ƙarfin lantarki zai iya wuce 900V kuma kwararar wutar lantarki na iya kaiwa 500A. Wani muhimmin sashi na wannan tsarin tsaro shine Na'urar Kula da Rufi (IMD).

Tsarin Shawagi

Ba kamar wutar AC ta zama ba, inda aka haɗa ta da ƙasa, tsarin caji na DC yana "shawagi" ko "keɓewa." Ba a haɗa DC+ ko layin DC ɗin da chassis ɗin abin hawa ba (Ground). Wannan yana nufin cewa idan mutum ya taɓa ɗaya daga cikin layukan DC da chassis ɗin a lokaci guda, babu wutar lantarki da za ta ratsa su saboda babu cikakken da'ira da ke komawa ga tushen.

Matsayin IMD

Duk da haka, idan akwai matsalar rufewa — kamar kebul mai lalacewa ko kuma ɓullar ruwan sanyaya a cikin fakitin batirin — ɗaya daga cikin layukan DC na iya zama ƙasa ba tare da an yi niyya ba. Idan matsala ta biyu ta faru a ɗayan layin, to akwai haɗarin gajeren da'ira.

IMD koyaushe yana sa ido kan juriya tsakanin bas ɗin DC da Duniya Mai Kariya (PE).

• Gwajin Kafin Caji:Kafin manyan na'urorin haɗa wutar lantarki su kusa fara caji, EV da EVSE suna duba rufin. Idan juriyar ta kasance ƙasa da wani takamaiman matakin (yawanci 100 ohms a kowace volt), za a dakatar da zaman.
• Kulawa Mai Ci Gaba:A lokacin caji, IMD ta ci gaba da saka ƙaramin sigina don sa ido don rage lalacewa.

Aiwatar da CCS1 da CCS2 IMD

Duk da cewa ƙa'idar iri ɗaya ce, takamaiman iyakokin da lokutan amsawa na iya bambanta tsakanin aiwatar da SAE da IEC. Tsarin CCS2 a Turai galibi suna haɗa IMD kai tsaye cikin mai sarrafa EVSE, yayin da tsarin CCS1 na iya samun ƙarin sa ido tsakanin kabad ɗin wutar lantarki da mai rarraba wutar lantarki. Rikicewar tana ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin "raba wurin" inda masu rarraba wutar lantarki da yawa ke raba babban sashin canza wutar lantarki guda ɗaya.

Babi na 7: Hanyoyin Kullewa da Gudanar da Zafi: Latsawa da Hannu da Solenoids na Lantarki

Ingancin injina na toshe shine babban abin da ke bambanta tsakanin ƙa'idodi biyu.

CCS1: Alhakin Latch

Makullin da hannu na toshewar CCS1/J1772 shine mafi rauni. A wuraren da jama'a ke amfani da su, masu amfani da wannan makullin galibi suna karyewa ko kuma ƙanƙara ta daskare su. Idan makullin ya karye, da'irar Proximity Pilot (PP) ba za ta iya rufewa ba, wanda hakan zai hana motar fara caji. Mafi muni ma, makullin da ya karye na iya ba wa mahaɗin damar yin motsi yayin zaman wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan zai haifar da lalacewa da kuma lalacewar zafi.

CCS2: Fifikon Solenoid

CCS2 yana kawar da makullin maƙallin. Shigar motar yana da fil mai motsi (solenoid) wanda ke zamewa cikin rami a cikin mahaɗin da zarar an saka shi gaba ɗaya.

• Tsaron Makulli:Motar ba za ta rufe na'urorin haɗin wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi ba har sai solenoid ya tabbatar da yanayin "kulle".
• Rigakafin Sata:Ba za a iya cire mahaɗin ba har sai mai amfani ya buɗe motar ko kuma ya dakatar da zaman ta hanyar hanyar haɗin abin hawa, wanda hakan zai hana katsewa ba tare da izini ba.

Gudanar da Zafin Jiki

Yayin da saurin caji ke ƙaruwa zuwa 400 kW, sarrafa zafi ba zaɓi bane yanzu. CCS1 da CCS2 duka suna amfani da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki (yawanci NTC thermistors) waɗanda aka saka kusa da fil ɗin DC.

• Ragewa:Idan zafin da ke kan fil ɗin ya wuce iyaka mai aminci (misali, 85°C), EVSE zai "lalacewa" ko rage wutar lantarki ta atomatik don hana rufin filastik ɗin narkewa.
• Sanyaya Ruwa:A cikin na'urorin rarraba wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi, kebul ɗin suna da kauri sosai saboda suna ɗauke da tashoshi don sanyaya iska bisa glycol. Wannan yana ba da damar amfani da na'urorin sarrafa jan ƙarfe masu siriri (rage nauyin kebul) yayin da ake kiyaye yanayin zafi mai aminci a 500A.

Babi na 8: Gwajin Haɗin Kai (IOP): Kalubale a cikin Kayayyakin Gine-gine Masu Sayarwa da Yawa

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ɓata wa direban EV rai shine "gazawar musabaha da hannu" - motar da caja kawai sun ƙi yin magana. Wannan matsala ce ta haɗin gwiwa (IOP).

Rikicewar Tsarin Software

Tarin sadarwa na CCS ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa:

1. Layin Jiki:Ingancin Siginar HPGP PLC.
2. Matashin Haɗin Bayanai:Adireshin MAC da haɗin cibiyar sadarwa.
3. Layer na Cibiyar Sadarwa:Adireshin IPv6 (wanda ISO 15118 ya buƙata).
4. Layer na Aikace-aikace:Saƙonnin da aka dogara da XML (matsa lamba ta EXI).

Idan manhajar caja (wanda aka aiwatar a cikin Linux ko tsarin aiki na ainihin lokaci) tana da ɗan bambancin lokaci a cikin IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, ko kuma idan mai nazarin XML na motar yana tsammanin wani tsari daban, zaman ya gaza.

Abubuwan Gwaji da Takaddun Shaida

Domin yaƙar wannan, masana'antar tana gudanar da "Testivals" (Bikin Gwaji) wanda ƙungiyoyi kamar CharIN ke shiryawa. Injiniyoyi daga Tesla, VW, ABB, da Siemens suna kawo motocinsu da na'urorin caji zuwa wani wuri na tsakiya don gwada duk wani haɗin gwiwa mai yiwuwa. Duk da haka, "dogon wutsiya" na tsoffin firmware EVSE da sabbin samfuran motoci suna tabbatar da cewa IOP ya kasance ƙalubale mai ɗorewa a cikin tsarin CCS.

Babi na 9: Yankunan Juyawa na Geopolitical: Raba Tsakanin Yankuna da Tattalin Arzikin Tsarin Samar da Kayayyaki na Duniya

Zaɓin da ke tsakanin CCS1 da CCS2 ba kasafai yake magana game da fifikon fasaha ba; ya shafi kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma ikon yanki.

Haɗin kan Turai

Turai ta fara aiki da wuri don tilasta wa CCS2 ta hanyar Umarnin Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Alternative Fuel (AFID). Ta hanyar tilasta wa dukkan masu cajin wutar lantarki na jama'a su samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Type 2 ko CCS2, Turai ta guji "yaƙin da ya addabi Arewacin Amurka tsawon shekaru." Wannan ya ba da damar samun kasuwa mai ƙarfi ta biyu don kayan haɗin gwiwa kuma ya sauƙaƙa sarkar samar da kayayyaki ga manyan kamfanonin OEM na Turai kamar BMW da Renault.

Rarrabuwar Arewacin Amurka

A akasin haka, Arewacin Amurka ya ba da damar yin rayuwa tare da ƙa'idodi da yawa: CCS1, CHAdeMO (wanda Nissan ta tura), da kuma mahaɗin Tesla na mallakarsa. Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta hana saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, yayin da masu masaukin yanar gizon suka tilasta siyan na'urorin rarraba kayayyaki masu tsada da yawa.

Koriya ta Kudu da Taiwan

Koriya ta Kudu ta amince da CCS1, galibi tana bin jagorancin Amurka saboda ƙarfin GM da tasirin kasuwar Amurka kan fitar da motoci kirar Hyundai/Kia daga farkon fitar da su zuwa ƙasashen waje. Duk da haka, Taiwan wani bincike ne mai ban sha'awa, inda gwamnati ta fara karkata ga CCS1 amma ta ga kwararar motocin CCS2 da NACS mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da yanayi mai rikitarwa mai yawa.

Babi na 10: Mai Rushewar NACS: Yadda SAE J3400 Ke Haɗa Arewacin Amurka da Kuma Barazana ga CCS1

A ƙarshen shekarar 2022, Tesla ta buɗe ƙirar haɗinta ta musamman ga duniya, inda ta sake sanya mata suna Tsarin Cajin Amurka na Arewa (NACS). Cikin watanni, kusan kowace babbar masana'antar kera motoci a Arewacin Amurka—Ford, GM, Rivian, Volvo—ta sanar da sauya sheka daga CCS1 zuwa NACS.

Fa'idodin Fasaha na NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Ma'aunin Siffa:NACS ya fi ƙanƙanta da sauƙi fiye da babban mahaɗin CCS1.
2. Fil ɗin da aka haɗa:Ba kamar CCS ba, wanda ke da fil daban-daban na AC da DC, NACS yana amfani da manyan fil guda biyu iri ɗaya ga duka biyun. Wannan yana rage girman shigar abin hawa.
3. Yarjejeniyar Gada:A cikin mahimmanci, NAC tana amfani da tsarin da aka tsara musamman don amfani da sinadarai masu guba.iri ɗayaTsarin sadarwa na ISO 15118 PLC a matsayin CCS. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu kera motoci za su iya canza toshe na zahiri ba tare da sake fasalin dukkan tarin software ɗin su ba.

Mutuwar da aka yi wa CCS1?

Tare da tsarin NACS a matsayin SAE J3400, CCS1 a zahiri "tafiya ce mara tsari" a Amurka. Yayin da ake shigar da dubban na'urorin caji na CCS1 a halin yanzu ta hanyar shirin NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), makomar a bayyane take cewa NACS ce. Wannan sauyi ya tilasta wa masana'antun caja kamar SK Signet da ChargePoint su hanzarta canza layukan haɗa su don haɗawa da kebul na NACS.

Babi na 11: Kasuwannin Adafta da Bin Dokoki: Haɗarin Shari'a da Fasaha na Kayan Aiki na Daidaito

Yayin da duniya ke sauyawa, na'urorin daidaitawa sun zama masana'antar da ta kai miliyoyin daloli. Yanzu za ku iya siyan na'urorin daidaitawa don canza CCS2 zuwa CCS1, CCS1 zuwa Tesla, da Tesla zuwa CCS1. Duk da haka, wannan sauƙin yana zuwa da manyan haɗari.

Gibin Tsaro

An ƙera na'urar haɗin CCS mai takardar shaida don sarrafa 500A kuma ya haɗa da sa ido kan zafi mai zurfi. Yawancin adaftar ɓangare na uku da ake sayarwa a dandamalin kasuwancin e-commerce ba su da waɗannan kariyar.

• Hadarin Haɗari:Idan adaftar ba ta zauna daidai ba, micro-arcing na iya faruwa a wurin haɗin, wanda daga ƙarshe zai narke adaftar kuma yana iya lalata caji mai tsada na abin hawa.
• Lalacewar Sadarwa:Wasu masu adaftar suna amfani da na'urorin lantarki "man-in-the-middle" don fassara ka'idoji (misali, CHAdeMO zuwa CCS), wanda zai iya gabatar da latency wanda ke haifar da lokacin tsaro a cikin EVSE.

Alhaki da Inshora

Daga mahangar shari'a, amfani da adaftar da ba ta da takardar shaida sau da yawa yana ɓata garantin abin hawa. Idan gobara ta faru a tashar caji saboda matsalar adaftar, alhakin ya faɗi a kan mai amfani. Manyan hukumomin ƙa'idodi yanzu suna gaggawa don ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida ga adaftar (kamar UL 2251), amma kasuwa ta kasance "West West" ga waɗanda suka fara amfani da ita.

Babi na 12: Hasashen Nan Gaba: Cajin Megawatt (MCS), V2X, da Haɗin Kai

Yayin da muke duban shekarar 2030, muhawarar CCS1 da CCS2 na iya zama ruwan dare ta hanyar sabbin fasahohi.

Tsarin Cajin Megawatt (MCS)

Ga manyan motocin dakon kaya, ko da 350 kW yana da jinkiri sosai. Masana'antar tana haɓaka MCS, wanda zai iya samar da har zuwa Megawatts 3.75 (3,000A a 1,250V). Abin sha'awa, haɗin MCS ƙira ce ta duniya guda ɗaya, wacce za ta iya kawo ƙarshen rarrabuwar kawuna a fannin kasuwanci.

Mota-zuwa-Komai (V2X)

Haɗakar ISO 15118-20 zai mayar da EVs zuwa tashoshin wutar lantarki masu motsi. Ko da mota tana amfani da CCS2 ko NACS, ikon daidaita grid ɗin a lokacin da ake cikin yanayi mai kyau zai zama babban hanyar samun kuɗi ga masu EV.

Kammalawa

Bambancin da ke tsakanin CCS1 da CCS2 shaida ce ta sarkakiyar tsarin daidaito na duniya. Duk da cewa CCS2 ta bayyana a matsayin wacce ta yi nasara a kasuwar duniya, karuwar NACS ta sake rubuta dokoki ga Arewacin Amurka. Ga injiniyoyi da masu tsara manufofi, darasin a bayyane yake: kayan aikin zahiri na ɗan lokaci ne, amma ƙa'idodin dijital na asali (ISO 15118) da ƙa'idodin aminci (IMD) su ne ainihin tushen makomar wutar lantarki. Fahimtar waɗannan ƙa'idodin fasaha yana da mahimmanci ga duk wanda ke tafiya a duniyar manyan kayayyakin more rayuwa na EV.

Babi na 13: Lissafi na Juriyar Rufi: Lissafin R_iso ​​da kuma kwararar wutar lantarki

A cikin yankin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (HV) na caji mai sauri na DC, juriyar rufi ($R_{iso}$) ba kawai sigar aminci ba ce amma canjin da za a iya aunawa wanda ke nuna yanayin aiki na zaman caji. A cewar IEC 61851-23 da SAE J1772, tsarin dole ne ya kula da ƙaramin juriyar rufi don hana kwararar ruwa mai haɗari ($I_{leakage}$) wanda zai iya gudana ta cikin jikin ɗan adam idan akwai matsalar chassis.

Ka'idar Aunawa

Na'urar Kula da Rufin (IMD) yawanci tana amfani da hanyar "mai juyi" ko "injection pulse" don auna juriya tsakanin masu sarrafa DC da Duniya Mai Kariya (PE). An bayyana jimlar juriyar rufi a matsayin haɗin juriya daga layin mai kyau zuwa ƙasa ($R_p$) da layin mara kyau zuwa ƙasa ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Ana saita buƙatun aminci gabaɗaya a $100/Omega/V$ ga tsarin DC. Ga abin hawa da ke caji a 800V, mafi ƙarancin $R_{iso}$ da aka yarda zai zama:

$$800V \sau 100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80k\Omega$$

Dabarar Yanzu ta Zubar da Ruwa

Wutar lantarki ta zubewa aiki ne na ƙarfin parasitic na tsarin ($C_y$) da juriyar rufi. A cikin tsarin da ya dace daidai, $R_p = R_n$, kuma ƙarfin lantarki a tsakiyar wuri idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa sifili ne. Duk da haka, idan akwai matsala a kan layin dogo mai kyau ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), layin dogo mara kyau yana canzawa zuwa $-800V$ idan aka kwatanta da chassis. IMD dole ne ya gano wannan canjin a cikin milliseconds.

Tebur: Matsakaicin Tsaro na CCS1 da CCS2

Babi na 14: Ingancin Siginar PLC: Gudanar da Hayaniya a cikin Muhalli na Caji na 500kW

Sadarwar Layin Wutar Lantarki (PLC) da ake amfani da ita a CCS ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Duk da cewa an tsara HPGP ne da farko don aikace-aikacen gida mai wayo mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, aiwatar da shi a cikin yanayin caji na 500kW yana gabatar da ƙalubalen da suka shafi daidaiton lantarki (EMC).

Bene Mai Hayaniya

Caja masu ƙarfin DC masu ƙarfi suna amfani da Silicon Carbide (SiC) mai saurin canzawa ko Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) a matakan ƙarfinsu. Waɗannan sassan suna canzawa a mitoci daga 20 kHz zuwa 100 kHz, suna haifar da hayaniyar harmonic mai mahimmanci. Tunda PLC tana aiki a cikin kewayon 2 MHz zuwa 30 MHz, a ka'ida ta fita daga cikin band na babban hayaniyar sauyawa, amma "ƙararrawa" mai yawan mita da na yau da kullun na iya cika gaban modem na PLC cikin sauƙi.

Ragewa da Haɗawa

Ana ɗaukar siginar Control Pilot (CP) a kan wayar da ba ta da kariya a cikin kebul ɗin caji. A 30 MHz, kebul ɗin yana aiki a matsayin layin watsawa mai rikitarwa tare da asarar inductive da capacitive mai yawa.

• Kebul na CCS1:Wayoyi masu tsayi da yawa a Amurka na iya haifar da raguwar sigina sosai.
• Kebul na CCS2:A Turai, gajerun kebul a wuraren birane masu cunkoso na iya fuskantar matsala ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin na'urorin rarraba wutar lantarki da ke kusa.

Don rage wannan, injiniyoyi suna amfani da "Siginal Injection Units" (SIUs) waɗanda ke amfani da ferrite mai ƙarfi don haɗa siginar PLC akan layin CP yayin da suke toshe siginar PWM mai 1 kHz da hayaniyar mita mai yawa.

Babi na 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Juyin Tsarin Gine-gine na Jerin Saƙonni

Sauyawar daga asalin ma'aunin ISO 15118-2 zuwa sabon ISO 15118-20 (wanda galibi ake kira "Dash 20") yana wakiltar mafi girman haɓaka software a tarihin caji na EV.

ISO 15118-2: Gidauniyar

Sigar "-2" ta kafa musafaha ta asali ta tushen XML:

1. Tsarin Aikace-aikacen da aka Tallafawa:Yana tattaunawa kan sigar.
2. Saitin Zama:Yana kafa haɗin.
3. Ganewa:Yana sarrafa RFID ko Plug & Charge.
4. Gano Siffar Caji:Yana musanya iyakokin baturi.
5. Isar da Wutar Lantarki:Yana sarrafa kwararar ruwa.

ISO 15118-20: Makomar

Dash 20 ya gabatar da sabon tsarin saƙo gaba ɗaya wanda aka tsara don samar da ayyukan makamashi na gaba:

• Tallafin Hanya Biyu:Saƙonni na musamman don fitarwa daga V2G (Mota-zuwa-Grid) da V2H (Mota-zuwa-Gida).
• Yanayin Canji:Yana bawa caja damar gaya wa motar ta canza yanayin wutar lantarkinta a ainihin lokaci dangane da nauyin grid, ba tare da sake kunna zaman ba.
• Ingantaccen Tsaro:Sauye-sauye daga TLS 1.2 zuwa TLS 1.3, yana samar da saurin musabaha da kuma ɓoye sirri mai ƙarfi.
• Yin ninkawa:Yana ba da damar ayyuka da yawa (misali, caji + daidaitawar bayanai) don gudana akan haɗin PLC iri ɗaya.

Jadawalin Jerin Saƙo: Filogi & Caji (PnC) vs. Shaidar Waje (EIM)

A cikin PnC, an ƙirƙiriKwantiragiSa hannuCertChainAna aika shi daga motar zuwa ga caja. Caja tana tabbatar da hakan a kan sabar OCSP (Takaitaccen Takaddun Shaida na Kan layi). A cikin EIM, mai amfani dole ne ya gabatar da katin zahiri, kuma caja yana aika daBa da iziniroƙo zuwa ga ƙarshen baya. Lalacewar PnC ya yi ƙasa sosai, wanda ke haifar da ƙwarewar mai amfani da "kamar Tesla".

Babi na 16: Injiniyan Zafi na Masu Haɗawa Masu Ƙarfi: Kayayyaki, Juriyar Hulɗa, da Sanyaya Ruwa

Yayin da muke kusantar iyakokin hanyar haɗin jiki ta CCS, injiniyan zafi ya zama babban ƙa'idar ƙira.

Juriyar Sadarwa ($R_{contact}$)

An bayyana zafin da aka samar a mahaɗin ta hanyar Dokar Joule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Don cajin 500A:

• Idan $R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Idan $R_{contact}$ ta faɗi zuwa $2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Watts 500 na zafi a cikin maƙallin filastik mai ɗaure zai haifar da mummunan lalacewa cikin mintuna. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yin amfani da azurfa a kan fil ɗin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Azurfa tana da mafi ƙarancin juriyar wutar lantarki fiye da kowane ƙarfe kuma tana samar da saman da ke rage lalacewa yayin dubban zagayowar haɗuwa.

Tsarin Sanyaya Ruwa

Domin sarrafa kwararar ruwa sama da 350A, sanyaya ruwa wajibi ne. Tsarin yawanci yana amfani da na'urar sanyaya ruwa mai rufewa a cikin kabad ɗin wutar lantarki.

• Nau'in Sanyaya:Ana fifita ruwan Dielectric don hana gajerun da'ira idan akwai ɓuɓɓuga, amma gaurayen ruwa-glycol sun fi yawa saboda ƙarfin zafi mai kyau.
• Tsarin Tiyo:Masu amfani da DC+ da DC- suna da ramuka ko kuma kewaye da hanyoyin sanyaya iska. "Fararen sanyi" yana nan kai tsaye a bayan fil ɗin don cire zafi daga mahaɗin hulɗa.

Babi na 17: Nazarin Shari'o'in Haɗaka: Gyara Hannu tsakanin VW ID.4 da Caja na Amurka Mai Lantarki

Shahararren misali na matsalolin haɗin gwiwa na CCS1 ya faru ne a farkon fara amfani da VW ID.4 a Amurka. Masu shi da yawa sun ba da rahoton kurakuran "Red Ring" (cajin ya gaza) a tashoshin Electrify America (EA).

Tushen Dalili: Lokaci da XML

Bayan watanni da aka shafe ana tattara bayanai, injiniyoyi sun gano yanayin tsere a cikinSaitin ZamaMatakin caji na EA (wanda wani ɓangare na uku ya ƙera) yana aika nasaTallafin Aikace-aikacen da aka Tallafada sauri fiye da yadda manhajar caji ta cikin jirgin ID.4 (OBC) za ta iya fara amfani da tarin IPv6 ɗinta. Motar za ta rasa saƙon, ta ƙare, sannan ta dakatar da zaman.

Gyara: Buffering na Software

Maganin ya buƙaci sabunta firmware ga motar da kuma caja. An gyara caja don jira siginar "ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery" kafin aika saƙon PLC na farko, kuma an tsawaita lokacin ƙarewar motar daga daƙiƙa 2 zuwa daƙiƙa 5. Wannan nazarin ya nuna dalilin da ya sa "Testivals" suke da mahimmanci amma ba su isa ba; abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na gaske da kuma jinkirin hanyar sadarwa suna ƙara matakai masu sarkakiya waɗanda gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba zai iya kwafi gaba ɗaya ba.

Babi na 18: Tasirin Tsarin Samar da Kayayyaki na Duniya: Tagulla, Rufe Azurfa, da Karancin Chips na HPGP

Kera na'urorin haɗin CCS wani masana'antu ne na musamman wanda wasu 'yan wasa kamar Phoenix Contact, Huber+Suhner, da TE Connectivity suka mamaye.

Dogaro da Kayan Aiki

• Tagulla:Kebul ɗaya mai sanyaya ruwa mai nauyin 350kW zai iya ƙunsar sama da kilogiram 15 na jan ƙarfe mai tsafta. Sauyin farashin jan ƙarfe yana shafar CAPEX kai tsaye na hanyoyin sadarwa na caji.
• Azurfa:Tsarin shafa fil na CCS2 yana buƙatar dabarun yin amfani da wutar lantarki daidai don tabbatar da cewa layin micron 5-10 iri ɗaya ne. Duk wani siriri yana haifar da ƙaruwar juriya da tsufa da wuri.

Monopoly ɗin Chipset na HPGP

Kwamfutocin modem na HPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) sune kwakwalwar kowace mota da caja ta CCS. Tsawon shekaru, Qualcomm ita ce babbar mai samar da kayayyaki (jerin QCA7000). A lokacin ƙarancin semiconductor na duniya na 2021-2022, rashin waɗannan kwamfutocin ya dakatar da samar da dubban tashoshin caji. Wannan ya haifar da matsin lamba ga samun na biyu, tare da kamfanoni kamar Lumissil da Vertexcom da suka shiga kasuwa, amma tsarin ba da takardar shaida don sabbin silicon a fannin kera motoci yana da jinkiri sosai.

Babi na 19: Tsarin Dokoki: NEVI a Amurka da AFIR a cikin EU

Gwamnatoci ba sa barin amfani da tsarin da aka saba yi a kasuwa.

EU: AFIR (Dokar Kayayyakin more rayuwa ta madadin mai)

AFIR na EU shine mafi tsaurin ra'ayi a duniya. Yana buƙatar:

• Na'urorin caji masu sauri a kowace kilomita 60 a manyan manyan hanyoyi.
• CCS2 a matsayin mizani na wajibi.
• Biyan kuɗi na musamman (masu karanta katin kiredit) za a haɗa su, ta hanyar nisantar da tsarin RFID da aka rufe.

Amurka: NEVI (Kayayyakin Aikin Mota na Ƙasa)

Dokar Kayayyakin more rayuwa ta Amurka ta ware dala biliyan 5 don caji. Dokokin NEVI da farko sun wajabta CCS1. Duk da haka, bayan tsarin NACS, an gyara dokokin don ba da damar kebul na NACS matuƙar akwai aƙalla kebul na CCS1 ɗaya a kowane wuri. Wannan "Tsarin Haɗin Kai" gada ce ta wucin gadi yayin da Amurka ke matsawa zuwa ga cikakken makomar SAE J3400.

Babi na 20: Haɗuwa da SAE J3400 (NACS) da Tasirinsa akan Masana'antar CCS1

Sauya zuwa NACS (SAE J3400) a Arewacin Amurka ya canza taswirar CCS1 gaba ɗaya.

Manufacturing Pivot

Masana'antun da aka inganta don manyan hannayen CCS1 yanzu ana sake gyara su don ƙaramin ƙirar NACS. Rikicewar NACS tana cikin fil ɗin "Dual Use", wanda ke buƙatar masu haɗa wutar lantarki masu saurin canzawa na DC a cikin motar don canzawa tsakanin caja ta AC da ke cikin motar da batir DC.

Rayuwar CCS1

CCS1 zai iya rayuwa a Koriya ta Kudu kuma a matsayin misali na gado a Amurka na tsawon shekaru goma masu zuwa. Duk da haka, kasafin kuɗin bincike da ci gaba na CCS1 ya ragu sosai zuwa sifili yayin da masana'antar ke mai da hankali kan NACS da MCS. Ga masana'antun duniya, wannan yana nufin kiyaye layukan samfura guda uku daban-daban:

1. CCS2:Ga kasuwar duniya.
2. NACS (J3400):Ga Arewacin Amurka.
3. MCS:Ga fannin manyan ayyuka na duniya.

Babi na 21: Kammalawa: Yarjejeniyar Haɗaɗɗiya a cikin Duniyar Zahiri Mai Rarraba

Kamar yadda muka gani, "Bambanci tsakanin CCS1 da CCS2" labari ne na bayyanar jiki guda biyu na rai na dijital guda ɗaya. Ko abin hawa yana amfani da toshe mai zagaye na CCS1 ko toshe mai faɗi na CCS2, tushen manufar ISO 15118, amincin sa ido kan IMD, da ƙalubalen daidaiton siginar PLC sun kasance iri ɗaya.

Yaƙin caji na shekarar 2020 ya koya mana cewa haɗin kai ba wai kawai game da toshe ba ne—ya shafi software, grid, da ƙwarewar mai amfani. Yayin da duniya ke haɗuwa zuwa ga wasu ƙa'idodi masu rinjaye, hankali zai canza daga "Zan iya haɗawa?" zuwa "Yaya cajin yake da sauri da wayo?" Sauyawa zuwa NACS a Amurka da ƙarfafa CCS2 a Turai yana nuna ƙarshen farkon juyin juya halin EV. Shekaru goma masu zuwa za a ayyana su ta hanyar V2G, saurin Megawatt, da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta caji ta duniya mai cike da tsari.

Babi na 22: Cikakken Bincike na Zane-zanen Da'ira na Matukin Jirgin Sama (PP) da Matukin Jirgin Gudanarwa (CP)

Domin a fahimci injiniyancin da ke bayan CCS, dole ne a duba da'irar da ta yi daidai da layukan gwaji. Waɗannan layukan sune "jijiyoyi" na tsarin caji, suna tabbatar da cewa ba a taɓa samun babban ƙarfin lantarki a kan fil ɗin da aka fallasa ba kuma motar ba za ta iya tuƙi yayin da take da haɗin kai ba.

Da'irar Matukin Jirgin Kulawa (CP)

Da'irar CP siginar 1 kHz ce, $\pm 12V$ da EVSE ta samar. A gefen abin hawa, da'irar ta ƙunshi diode da jerin resistor ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) waɗanda abin hawa zai iya canzawa zuwa da'irar ta amfani da transistor ko relay.

• Manufar Diode:Diode ɗin yana tabbatar da cewa ɓangaren tabbatacce na siginar PWM ne kawai ke shafar juriyar motar. Wannan yana bawa EVSE damar gano "gajeren wuri" idan ɓangaren mara kyau na siginar PWM ya taɓa ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon lahani a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta resistor na motar - wani muhimmin binciken tsaro wanda ke hana EVSE samar da wutar lantarki ga kebul ko mahaɗin da ya lalace.

Karanta Zagayen Aiki

EVSE tana ƙididdige wutar lantarki da ake da ita a cikin zagayowar aikin PWM na murabba'in raƙuman ruwa na 1kHz, kuma abin hawa yana fassara ta kafin rufe manyan masu haɗa wutar lantarki:

• Tsarin aiki na 5%:EVSE ba a shirye take ba—ba a yarda da caji ba (ana amfani da shi don siginar matsayi).
• Tsarin aiki na 10%:EVSE a shirye, babu buƙatar iska (yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi don tsarin DC na zamani da aka rufe).
• Zagayen aiki na 16-85%:Wutar lantarki da ake da ita tana daidai da zagayowar aiki—misali, kashi 50% yana nuna iyaka ta 50A, wanda ke barin caja na abin hawa ya yi daidai da girman da aka zana.
• Zagayen aiki na kashi 90-97%:An tanada don yanayi na musamman kamar buƙatar iska (lead-acid) ko takamaiman siginar DC.

Kyawun tsarin CP shine rashin daidaituwarsa mai rauni: idan motar ba ta ga ingantaccen raƙuman murabba'i ba, tana ɗaukar mafi munin kuma ta ƙi caji; idan EVSE ba ta ga ingantaccen amsa ba, tana ƙin ƙarfafawa. Duk ɓangarorin biyu da suka gaza rufewa yana nufin cewa zaman caji ba zai iya farawa cikin haɗari ba.

Da'irar Matukin Kusa (PP)

Da'irar PP ita ce lamirin injin haɗin. Yana amfani da resistor mai sauƙi don ƙasa a cikin filogi don gaya wa ɓangarorin biyu ko kebul ɗin ya cika - kuma don hana tuƙi da kebul ɗin da aka haɗa.

• Ƙimar Resistor:Resistor na 150Ω yana nuna cewa kebul ɗin yana cikin abin hawa amma ba a kulle shi ba; resistor na 680Ω yana nuna cewa kebul ɗin yana da alaƙa kuma an kulle shi; da'irar buɗewa (babu resistor) yana nufin an cire haɗin. EVSE da abin hawa suna karanta waɗannan ƙimar akai-akai.
• Kariyar Tuki-Tafi:Idan tsarin abin hawa ya gano yanayin 150Ω yayin da aka saki birkin ajiye motoci, ba zai bar gear ya shiga ba. Idan kebul ɗin ya kulle (680Ω), abin hawa ba zai bar mahaɗin ya saki yayin da wutar caji ke gudana ba—yana kawar da haɗarin "cire toshe mai rai".
• Gano Kasancewar Kebul:A tsarin DC, layin PP kuma yana tabbatar da cewa kebul na caji yana da kyau a duk ƙarshen biyu kafin EVSE ta ba da damar masu haɗa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi su rufe.

Dalilin da Ya Sa Matuƙan Jiragen Sama Ke Da Muhimmanci A Duniyar Ainihin Duniya

Tare, da'irori na CP da PP sune dalilin da yasa zaman caji yake da aminci koda kuwa amps dubu suna gudana. Su ne kuma wuri na farko da injiniyoyi ke dubawa lokacin da zaman ya kasa farawa: ƙasa ta PP da ta lalace, resistor na CP da ta fashe, ko fil ɗin matukin jirgi da ya lalace yana haifar da wani babban kaso na kiran sabis na "caja ba zai fara" ba. Fahimtar waɗannan da'irori suna mayar da gazawar da ba a sani ba zuwa ganewar asali na minti 10.

Muhimman Abubuwan Da Ake Ɗauka

• Da'irar CP tana ɗauke da siginar PWM ta 1kHz wadda zagayowar aikinta ke ƙunshe da wutar lantarki da ake da ita; ƙirarta ta hanyar diode tana ba da damar gano ta a ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
• Da'irar PP tana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta resistor don gano kasancewar kebul da yanayin kullewa, tana ba da kariya daga tuƙi da tabbatar da wurin zama mai haɗawa.
• Duk da'irori biyu suna da aminci ga lalacewa: siginar matukin jirgi da ta ɓace ko ba ta dace ba tana dakatar da zaman kafin kowane mai haɗa na'urar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki ya rufe.
• Kurakuran layin matukin jirgi suna daga cikin matsalolin da aka fi samu a lokacin da caja ke fara caji - multimeter da wannan ilimin da'irar zai magance mafi yawansu cikin mintuna.

Tuntuɓi injiniyoyin MIDA Power waɗanda ke amfani da na'urorin caji na CCS1/CCS2 tare da na'urorin gwaji da aka gina don gano yanayin filin: wuraren gwaji masu lakabi a sarari, lambobin kurakurai masu daidaito, da takaddun sabis waɗanda ke jagorantar masu fasaha ta hanyar magance matsalar CP/PP. Tuntuɓe mu don takardun fasaha, tallafin horo, da ƙayyadaddun samfura.