Ukuzikisa ingqondo kwiMigangatho yeCCS1 vs CCS2: IiProtokholi zoNxibelelwano kunye nokuHlanganisa iNACS

Ukuchaza i-Global Charging Paradox: Ukungena ngokunzulu kobuchwephesha obunemilinganiselo emininzi kwi-CCS1 vs. CCS2 Standards, iiProtocols zoNxibelelwano lwe-Physical Layer, ii-Insulation Monitoring Architectures, kunye ne-Geopolitical Shift Toward NACS Integration

Isahluko 1: Intshayelelo: Imeko yoFakelo loMbane lweHlabathi kunye neMfazwe eQhelekileyo

Ishishini leemoto lehlabathi ngoku lihamba kwenye yezona pivots zibalulekileyo zobuchwepheshe kwimbali yalo yenkulungwane: utshintsho oluvela kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi (ICE) ukuya kwizithuthi zombane (EV). Ngelixa ikhemistri yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwee-inverters ze-silicon carbide (SiC) zihlala zibamba iintloko, iqhawe elingadunyiswanga—kunye ne-bottleneck eqhelekileyo—yale nguqu yi-interface yokutshaja.

Umgangatho wokutshaja yintambo ye-umbilical ye-EV ecosystem. Ayisiyo iplagi kunye nesokhethi nje kuphela; yinkqubo ephucukileyo ye-elektroniki enamandla aphezulu, iiprotokholi zonxibelelwano lwedijithali, kunye nee-interlocks zokhuseleko. Namhlanje, ihlabathi lahlulwe ngokubanzi kwiinkampu ezimbini zeCombined Charging System (CCS): iCCS1 (eQhelekileyo eMntla Melika naseKorea) kunye neCCS2 (eQhelekileyo eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi).

Nangona kunjalo, olu qhekeko lwesibini luyaphazamiseka. Ukunyuka kweNorth American Charging Standard (NACS), esandula ukubhalwa njengeSAE J3400, kuthumele amaza othusayo kushishino, nto leyo esongela ukwenza iCCS1 ingasebenzi kwimarike yayo yasekhaya. Okwangoku, ubunzima beCCS2 buyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokuphunyezwa kwe-ISO 15118-20, nto leyo evumela iimpawu ezifana nePlug & Charge kunye neVehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Eli nqaku libonelela ngohlalutyo lobuchwephesha olupheleleyo, oluyi-360-degree lwe-CCS1 kunye ne-CCS2. Siza kuhlola umahluko wazo woomatshini, ingqiqo yesignali esisiseko ye-Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) kunye ne-Power Line Communication (PLC), umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lwe-Insulation Monitoring Devices (IMD), kunye namandla antsonkothileyo ezopolitiko kunye nee-supply chain abumbe le migangatho. Siza kuhlola nemingeni yokusebenzisana echaphazela iinethiwekhi zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke kunye nemeko-bume yomthetho ebaluleke kakhulu ejikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwee-adapters zomntu wesithathu.

Isahluko 2: Iingcambu zeMvelaphi: SAE J1772 vs. IEC 62196-2 kunye neNdlela eya kwiCCS

Ukuze uqonde iNkqubo yokuTshaja eHlanganisiweyo, umntu kufuneka aqale ajonge imigangatho yokutshaja ye-AC eyandulela yona. I-CCS ngokuyintloko "yinto eyongezelelweyo" kwiiplagi ze-AC ezikhoyo, yiyo loo nto igama layo "liHlanganisiwe."

Ukuzalwa kohlobo 1 (SAE J1772)

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, i-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) e-United States yaphuhlisa umgangatho we-J1772. Isixhumi somzimba, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Yazaki plug okanye i-Type 1, senzelwe ukutshaja i-AC yesigaba esinye. Sasinee-pin ezintlanu: i-L1 (Line 1), i-N (Neutral), i-PE (Protective Earth), i-CP (Control Pilot), kunye ne-PP (Proximity Pilot).

Uhlobo 1 lwenzelwe igridi yamandla eMntla Melika, apho umbane wasekhaya uhlala u-120V okanye u-240V wesigaba esinye. Uyilo loomatshini lwaluquka i-thumb-latch esetyenziswa ngesandla ukubopha isixhumi kwisithuthi kunye ne-microswitch yokubonisa ukuqala nokuphela kweseshoni yokutshaja.

Ukunyuka kohlobo lwesibini (IEC 62196-2)

Kwangaxeshanye, i-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) eYurophu yayisebenza kwimigangatho efanelekileyo kwigridi yaseYurophu, exhasa amandla e-AC anezigaba ezintathu. Isiphumo saba yi-Mennekes plug, okanye i-Type 2, ebhalwe phantsi kwe-IEC 62196-2.

Ngokungafaniyo noHlobo 1, uHlobo 2 luqhagamshelo oluneephini ezisixhenxe: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, kunye nePP. Ngokuxhasa izigaba ezintathu, uHlobo 2 lunokubonelela ngamandla e-AC afikelela kwi-22 kW (32A kwi-400V), ngelixa uHlobo 1 ngokubanzi belulinganiselwe kwi-7.4 kW okanye kwi-19.2 kW kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga zombane ophezulu. Ngaphezu koko, uHlobo 2 lusuke kwi-latch yesandla, lwakhetha i-solenoid etshixayo ye-elektroniki ngaphakathi kwe-inlet yesithuthi.

Isisombululo "seCombo"

Njengoko imfuno yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza yayikhula, iinjineli zajongana nengxaki: indlela yokongeza ukutshaja kwe-DC enamandla aphezulu ngaphandle kokufuna isango lesibini, elahlukileyo kwisithuthi? Isisombululo yayiyiCombined Charging System.

• I-CCS1 (Iqela 1):Ithatha isixhumi se-AC sohlobo 1 ize yongeze iiphini ezimbini ezinkulu zamandla ze-DC (DC+ kunye ne-DC-) ngaphantsi kwaso.
• I-CCS2 (iCombo 2):Ithatha isixhumi se-AC sohlobo lwesibini ize yongeze iiphini zamandla ezimbini ze-DC ngaphantsi kwaso.

Kuzo zombini iimeko, iiphini zeControl Pilot (CP) kunye neProtective Earth (PE) ezikhoyo zisetyenziswa kwakhona kwi-DC handshake, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqanaba lokuhambelana ngasemva liyancipha ubunzima beentambo zangaphakathi zesithuthi.

Isahluko 3: Uyilo lwePhysical Architecture Ukuntywila okunzulu: Uyilo lweMechanical kunye neePinouts zeCombo 1 vs. Combo 2

Umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kweCCS1 kunye neCCS2 awungobuhle nje kuphela; ubonakalisa umahluko osisiseko kwiziseko zophuhliso zegridi kunye nefilosofi yokhuseleko.

I-CCS1 (SAE J1772 Combo)

Isixhumi seCCS1 sibonakala ngoyilo lwaso "oluyindilinga" olufunyenwe kwiJ1772.

• Uqwalaselo lwePin:Iiphini ezi-5 phezulu (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) kunye neephini ezimbini ezinkulu ezantsi (DC+, DC-).
• Indlela Yokutsala:I-CCS1 ixhomekeke kwi-latch yoomatshini kwisibambo. Umsebenzisi ucinezela iqhosha ukukhulula iplagi. Olu yilo luye lwagxekwa ngokuba lunokuqhekeka kwaye luvumela abasebenzisi ukuba batsale iplagi ngelixa umbane usenokuba usahamba (nangona isignali ye-CP yenzelwe ukuyeka umbane ngoko nangoko xa i-latch ikhutshwa).
• Ukupholisa:Iitshaja ze-CCS1 ezikhawulezayo kakhulu zanamhlanje (350 kW+) zisebenzisa iintambo ezipholisiweyo ngolwelo apho i-coolant ijikeleza khona ii-conductors ze-DC kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ii-pin ngokwazo ukuthintela ubushushu obugqithisileyo ngexesha leeseshoni zombane ophezulu (500A+).

I-CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Combo)

Isixhumi seCCS2 sisebenzisa uyilo "oluthe tyaba" lweType 2.

• Uqwalaselo lwePin:Iiphini ezisi-7 phezulu (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) kunye neephini ezimbini ezinkulu ezantsi (DC+, DC-).
• Indlela Yokutsala:I-CCS2 isoloko itshixiwe nge-elektroniki yimoto. Akukho qhosha kwisibambo. Oku kudla ngokuthathwa njengoluqinileyo nolukhuselekileyo, njengoko imoto inolawulo olupheleleyo lokuba isixhumi sinokususwa nini.
• Ukuhambelana kweGridi:Ngenxa yokuba i-CCS2 ineephini ze-L2 kunye ne-L3, imoto enezixhobo ze-CCS2 ingayisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo i-AC charging yamanqanaba amathathu ekhaya okanye emsebenzini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba isebenziseke ngakumbi kwiimarike zaseYurophu naseAsia.

Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa: CCS1 vs. CCS2 Iinkcukacha zoMzimba

Isahluko 4: I-Control Signal Logic: i-PWM (i-Pulse Width Modulation) kunye ne-Fundamental Handshake

Ngaphambi kokuba ii-electron ezine-voltage ephezulu zihambe, izixhobo zombane (EVSE) kunye ne-Electric Vehicle (EV) kufuneka zenze ukuxhawulana ngesandla nge-voltage ephantsi. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ziingqimba ezimbini zonxibelelwano: isignali ye-PWM endala kunye nesignali ye-PLC yanamhlanje.

Isignali yePWM (IEC 61851-1)

Umgca weControl Pilot (CP) usebenzisa isignali ye-12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) kwi-1 kHz ukunxibelelana ngeemeko ezisisiseko. Le yindlela enamandla, ehambelanayo, ebe sisiseko sokutshaja kwe-EV kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.

• Iphondo A (12V):Akukho sithuthi siqhagamshelweyo.
• Iphondo B (9V):Isithuthi siqhagamshelwe, asikakulungeli ukutshaja.
• Iphondo C (6V):Isithuthi siqhagamshelwe kwaye sikulungele ukutshajwa (akufuneki ukuba kubekho umoya ongenisayo).
• Iphondo D (3V):Isithuthi siqhagamshelwe kwaye sikulungele ukutshajwa (kufuneka umoya ungeniswe).
• Isekile yomsebenzi:Ipesenti yexesha "lokuvuliwe" lesignali ye-1 kHz ixelela imoto ukuba umbane ophezulu onokubonelelwa yi-EVSE. Umzekelo, umjikelo womsebenzi we-25% unokumela ii-Amps ezili-15.

Utshintsho oluya kwiDC

Ukutshaja kwe-AC, isignali ye-PWM yanele. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja kwe-DC, i-EV kunye ne-EVSE kufuneka zitshintshiselane ngedatha entsonkothileyo, efana ne-State of Charge yebhetri (SoC), i-voltage eceliweyo, kunye ne-digital signatures ukuze kuhlawulwe. Kulapho i-PWM ifikelela khona umda wayo.

Kwi-CCS, umgca we-CP "uphinda usetyenziswe." Nje ukuba uqhagamshelo olubonakalayo lufunyenwe nge-PWM, inkqubo igquma isignali yedijithali ephindaphindayo kumgca we-CP isebenzisa uNxibelelwano lweMigca yoMbane (PLC). Isignali ye-PWM ihlala kumjikelo we-5% omiselweyo, osebenza njenge-"toggle yedijithali" ebonisa i-EV ukuqalisa iprotocol ye-HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Isahluko 5: Unxibelelwano oluPhambili: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, kunye neNdima yePLC (uNxibelelwano lweentambo zamandla)

Nangona iiphini zomzimba zahlukile phakathi kweCCS1 kunye neCCS2, "iingqondo" zenkqubo zifana kakhulu. Zombini zixhomekeke kwimigangatho ye-ISO/IEC 15118 kunye ne-DIN 70121 yonxibelelwano lwe-DC.

I-DIN 70121: Ibhulorho eya eDC

I-DIN 70121 yayiyeyona ndlela yokuqala yokusetyenziswa konxibelelwano lokutshaja lwe-DC kwi-CCS. Yinxalenye ye-ISO 15118 drafts yokuqala. Ivumela imoto kunye netshaja ukuba zitshintshiselane ngemiyalezo efana nale:

• Ukufunyanwa kweNkonzo:Zeziphi iinkonzo (i-AC/DC) ezinikezelwa yitshaja?
• I-ChargeParameterDiscovery:Zithini ii-voltage kunye nemida yamandla ebhetri kunye netshaja?
• Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla:Umyalelo wokwenyani wokuqalisa okanye wokumisa ukuhamba kwamandla.

I-ISO 15118: Umgangatho wokutshaja okrelekrele

I-ISO 15118 "ngumgangatho wegolide" wonxibelelwano lwe-EV. Ngumgangatho onamacandelo amaninzi ozisa iimpawu ezininzi eziphambili:

1. Iplagi kunye nokutshaja (PnC):Isebenzisa iPublic Key Infrastructure (PKI), imoto inokuzibona ngokukhuselekileyo kwitshaja kwaye ikwazi ukuhlawula ngokuzenzekelayo. Akukho makhadi okanye ii-apps ze-RFID ezifunekayo.
2. Iinkonzo ezongeziweyo ngexabiso:Ulwazi malunga namaxabiso amandla endawo okanye ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zekhaya ezikrelekrele.
3. Ukutshaja Okubhekisa Emacaleni Amabili (ISO 15118-20):Ukuvumela imoto ukuba ibuyisele umbane kwigridi okanye ekhaya.

Umaleko woMzimba wePLC

Izixhobo ezifunekayo koku yimodem ye-HomePlug Green PHY. Ngenxa yokuba unxibelelwano lwenzeka kumgca we-Control Pilot, ophethe isignali ye-1 kHz PWM, kukho ingxolo enkulu. I-PLC isebenzisa i-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha—ethunyelwa kwiifrikhwensi eziphakathi kwe-2 MHz kunye ne-30 MHz—ifunyanwa ngokuthembekileyo nangona imeko-bume ye-electromagnetic enzima yesikhululo sokutshaja esinamandla aphezulu.

Isahluko 6: IiProtocols zoKhuseleko kunye nokuJonga ukuVula (IMD): Ukufumanisa ukuvuza kwiiNkqubo zeVolthi ephezulu

Ukhuseleko yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekutshajeni ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC, apho i-voltages inokudlula i-900V kwaye i-currents inokufikelela kwi-500A. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yolu lwakhiwo lokhuseleko yi-Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD).

Inkqubo Yokudada

Ngokungafaniyo namandla e-AC asekuhlaleni, apho i-neutral ibotshelelwe emhlabeni, iinkqubo zokutshaja ze-DC "ziyantanta" okanye "zizodwa." I-DC+ kunye ne-DC-line aziqhagamshelwanga kwi-chassis yesithuthi (Ground). Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umntu uchukumisa enye yemigca ye-DC kunye ne-chassis ngaxeshanye, akukho mbane ofanele udlule kuzo kuba akukho jikelezo lipheleleyo elibuyela kumthombo.

Indima ye-IMD

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho ukungasebenzi kakuhle kobushushu—njengentambo ekrazukileyo okanye ukuvuza kwe-coolant ngaphakathi kwebhetri—enye yemigca ye-DC isenokungavumelekanga ukuba itsale. Ukuba kwenzeka impazamo yesibini komnye umgca, kwenzeka i-short circuit eyingozi.

I-IMD ihlala ijonga ukuxhathisa phakathi kwebhasi ye-DC kunye ne-Protective Earth (PE).

• Uvavanyo Lokutshaja Ngaphambi Kokutshaja:Ngaphambi kokuba iicontactor eziphambili zisondele ekutshajeni, i-EV kunye ne-EVSE zenza uhlolo lokukhusela ubushushu. Ukuba ukumelana kungaphantsi komda othile (ngesiqhelo yi-100 ohms nge-volt nganye), iseshoni iyayekiswa.
• Ukubeka iliso rhoqo:Ngexesha lokuhlaselwa, i-IMD iyaqhubeka nokufaka isignali encinci ukujonga ukonakala.

Ukuphunyezwa kwe-CCS1 vs. CCS2 IMD

Nangona umgaqo ufana, imida ethile kunye namaxesha okuphendula anokwahluka phakathi kokuphunyezwa kwe-SAE kunye ne-IEC. Iinkqubo ze-CCS2 eYurophu zihlala zidibanisa i-IMD ngqo kumlawuli we-EVSE, ngelixa iinkqubo ze-CCS1 zinokuba nokubeka esweni okubanzi phakathi kwekhabhathi yamandla kunye ne-dispenser. Ubunzima buyanda kwiimeko "zokwabelana ngendawo" apho abasasazi abaninzi babelana ngeyunithi enye enkulu yokuguqula amandla.

Isahluko 7: Iindlela zokutshixa kunye noLawulo lobushushu: IiLatches ezenziwe ngesandla vs. ii-Electronic Solenoids

Ukuthembeka kweplagi ngoomatshini yeyona nto iphambili eyahlula phakathi kwezi migangatho mibini.

I-CCS1: Uxanduva lweLatch

I-latch ephathwayo yeplagi yeCCS1/J1772 yeyona ndawo ibuthathaka kuyo. Kwiimeko zikawonke-wonke, ezi latches zihlala ziphulwa ngabasebenzisi okanye ziqandiswe ngumkhenkce. Ukuba i-latch iphukile, isekethe yeProximity Pilot (PP) isenokungavali, nto leyo ethintela imoto ekuqaliseni ukutshaja. Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, i-latch ephukileyo kancinci inokuvumela isixhumi ukuba sishukume ngexesha leseshoni yamandla aphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni nasekuwohlokeni kobushushu.

I-CCS2: Ubukhulu beSolenoid

I-CCS2 iyayisusa i-handle latch. Ukungena kwesithuthi kune-pin enenjini (i-solenoid) etyibilika ingena emngxunyeni kwi-connector xa sele ifakiwe ngokupheleleyo.

• Ukhuseleko lokuQokelela:Isithuthi asiyi kuvala iicontactors zaso ze-high-voltage de i-solenoid iqinisekise imeko "yokutshixa".
• Ukuthintela ubusela:Isixhumi asinakususwa de umsebenzisi avule imoto okanye amise iseshoni nge-interface yesithuthi, nto leyo ethintela ukuqhawuka okungagunyaziswanga.

Ulawulo lobushushu

Njengoko isantya sokutshaja sisiya kwi-400 kW, ulawulo lobushushu alusekho ukhetho. Zombini i-CCS1 kunye ne-CCS2 zisebenzisa izinzwa zobushushu (ngesiqhelo ii-thermistors ze-NTC) ezifakwe kufutshane neephini ze-DC.

• Ukuhlekisa:Ukuba ubushushu obukwiiphini budlula umda okhuselekileyo (umz., 85°C), i-EVSE iya "kuwohloka" ngokuzenzekelayo okanye inciphise umbane ukuze ithintele ukuba iplastiki inganyibiliki.
• Ukupholisa Ulwelo:Kwizisasazi ezinamandla aphezulu, iintambo zityebile kakhulu kuba ziqulathe imijelo yesipholisi esisekelwe kwi-glycol. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwee-copper conductors ezincinci (ezinciphisa ubunzima beentambo) ngelixa zigcina amaqondo obushushu akhuselekileyo kwi-500A.

Isahluko 8: Uvavanyo lweNtsebenziswano (IOP): Imingeni kwiZiseko zoPhuhliso ezinabathengisi abaninzi

Enye yezona zinto zicaphukisayo kumqhubi we-EV kukuba “ukungaphumeleli ukuxhawulana”—imoto kunye netshaja azivumi ukuthetha. Le yingxaki yokusebenzisana (IOP).

Ubunzima beSitakhi seSoftware

I-stack yonxibelelwano ye-CCS ibandakanya iileya ezininzi:

1. Umaleko Wokoqobo:Umgangatho weSignali ye-HPGP PLC.
2. Umaleko woQhagamshelo lweDatha:Iidilesi ze-MAC kunye nokujoyina inethiwekhi.
3. Umaleko weNethiwekhi:Idilesi ye-IPv6 (ifuneka yi-ISO 15118).
4. Umaleko wesicelo:Imiyalezo esekelwe kwi-XML (uxinzelelo lwe-EXI).

Ukuba isoftware yetshaja (ephunyezwe kwiLinux okanye kwi-OS yexesha langempela) inomahluko omncinci wexesha kwi-IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol yayo, okanye ukuba i-XML parser yemoto ilindele i-schema eyahlukileyo kancinci, iseshoni iyasilela.

Iziganeko zoVavanyo kunye neSiqinisekiso

Ukulwa noku, eli shishini libamba "iiTestivals" (iiTesting Festivals) ezibanjwe yimibutho efana neCharIN. Iinjineli ezivela eTesla, VW, ABB, kunye neSiemens zizisa izithuthi zazo kunye neetshaja kwindawo ephakathi ukuze zivavanye yonke indibaniselwano enokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, "umsila omde" we-firmware endala ye-EVSE kunye neemodeli ezintsha zezithuthi uqinisekisa ukuba i-IOP ihlala ingumngeni oqhubekayo kwinkqubo ye-CCS.

Isahluko 9: Ukutshintsha kweSands kwiJografi: Ukwahlulwa kweSithili kunye noQoqosho lweCandelo loNikezelo lweHlabathi

Ukhetho phakathi kweCCS1 kunye neCCS2 belungasoloko lumalunga nokuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe; belumalunga neziseko zophuhliso ezikhoyo kunye nolawulo lwengingqi.

Umanyano lwaseYurophu

IYurophu yaqalisa kwangethuba ukugunyazisa i-CCS2 nge-Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID). Ngokunyanzela zonke iitshaja zikawonke-wonke ukuba zibonelele nge-Type 2 okanye i-CCS2 interface, iYurophu yaphepha "imfazwe eqhelekileyo" eyayisithwaxa uMntla Melika kangangeminyaka. Oku kwavumela imakethi yesibini eqinileyo yezixhobo kwaye kwenza lula uthotho lokubonelela ngee-OEM zaseYurophu ezifana neBMW kunye neRenault.

Uqhekeko lwaseMntla Melika

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMntla Melika wavumela imigangatho emininzi ukuba ihlale kunye: iCCS1, iCHAdeMO (eqhutywa yiNissan), kunye nesixhumi seTesla esizimeleyo. Oku kuqhekeka kwathintela utyalo-mali kwiziseko zophuhliso zikarhulumente, njengoko abanini beendawo baphoqeleka ukuba bathenge izisasazi zeprotokholi ezininzi ezibizayo.

UMzantsi Korea kunye neTaiwan

UMzantsi Korea wamkela i-CCS1, ilandela kakhulu i-US ngenxa yokubakho okukhulu kwe-GM kunye nempembelelo yemarike yase-US ekuthunyelweni kwe-EV kwasekuqaleni kweHyundai/Kia. Nangona kunjalo, iTaiwan sisifundo esinomdla, apho urhulumente ekuqaleni wayexhomekeke kwi-CCS1 kodwa wabona ukugcwala okukhulu kwezithuthi ze-CCS2 kunye ne-NACS, nto leyo ekhokelele kwindawo enzima enemigangatho emininzi.

Isahluko 10: I-NACS Disruptor: Indlela i-SAE J3400 edibanisa ngayo uMntla Melika kwaye isoyikisa i-CCS1

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, iTesla yavula uyilo lwayo lokudibanisa olukhethekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, yalubiza ngokutsha ngokuba yiNorth American Charging Standard (NACS). Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, phantse bonke abenzi beemoto abakhulu eMntla Melika—iFord, iGM, iRivian, iVolvo—babhengeze utshintsho oluvela kwiCCS1 ukuya kwiNACS.

Iingenelo zobugcisa ze-NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Isici seFomu:I-NACS incinci kakhulu kwaye ilula kunesixhumi esikhulu se-CCS1.
2. Iiphini eziDibeneyo:Ngokungafaniyo neCCS, enezikhonkwane ezahlukeneyo zeAC kunye neDC, iNACS isebenzisa izikhonkwane ezimbini ezinkulu ezifanayo kuzo zombini. Oku kunciphisa ubukhulu bokungena kwesithuthi.
3. Iprotokholi yeLifa:Ngokubalulekileyo, i-NACS isebenzisaokufanayoIprotokholi yonxibelelwano ye-ISO 15118 PLC njenge-CCS. Oku kuthetha ukuba abenzi beemoto banokutshintsha iplagi ebonakalayo ngaphandle kokutshintsha yonke i-software stack yabo.

I-Death Knell ye-CCS1?

Ngokwenziwa kwe-NACS njenge-SAE J3400, i-CCS1 "yindlela engasebenziyo" eMelika. Nangona amawaka eetshaja ze-CCS1 zifakelwa ngoku ngenkqubo ye-NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), ikamva ngokucacileyo li-NACS. Olu tshintsho luye lwanyanzela abavelisi beetshaja ezifana ne-SK Signet kunye ne-ChargePoint ukuba batshintshe ngokukhawuleza imigca yabo yokudibanisa ukuze ibandakanye iintambo ze-NACS.

Isahluko 11: Iimarike ze-Adapter kunye nokuThotyelwa kweMithetho: Iingozi zomthetho nezobuchwephesha ze-Cross-Standard Hardware

Njengoko ihlabathi litshintsha, iiadaptha ziye zaba lishishini elixabisa izigidi zeerandi. Ngoku ungathenga iiadaptha ukuze uguqule iCCS2 ibe yiCCS1, iCCS1 ibe yiTesla, kunye neTesla ibe yiCCS1. Nangona kunjalo, olu ncedo luza nemingcipheko ebalulekileyo.

Umsantsa Wokhuseleko

Isixhumi se-CCS esiqinisekisiweyo senzelwe ukuphatha i-500A kwaye siquka ukujonga ubushushu ngendlela ephucukileyo. Iiadaptha ezininzi zamaqela esithathu ezithengiswa kumaqonga e-e-commerce azinazo ezi zikhuselo.

• Umngcipheko wokuqubha:Ukuba iadaptha ayihlali kakuhle, i-micro-arcing inokwenzeka kwindawo ejonge kuyo, ekugqibeleni inyibilikise iadaptha kwaye inokonakalisa itshaja yemoto ebiza kakhulu.
• Ulindelo loNxibelelwano:Ezinye ii-adapters zisebenzisa i-elektroniki ethi “man-in-the-middle” ukuguqulela iiprotocols (umz., CHAdeMO ukuya kwi-CCS), ezinokuzisa i-latency ebangela i-safety timeouts kwi-EVSE.

Uxanduva kunye ne-inshurensi

Ngokwembono yomthetho, ukusebenzisa iadaptha engaqinisekiswanga kudla ngokuphelisa iwaranti yesithuthi. Ukuba umlilo uvela kwisikhululo sokutshaja ngenxa yeadaptha enengxaki, uxanduva luwela ngqo kumsebenzisi. Imibutho emikhulu yemigangatho ngoku ikhawuleza ukwenza iinkqubo zesatifikethi seadaptha (ezifana ne-UL 2251), kodwa imakethi isaqhubeka nokuba yi-"Wild West" kubantu abayisebenzisayo kwangethuba.

Isahluko 12: Imbono Yekamva: Ukutshaja iMegawatt (MCS), i-V2X, kunye ne-Unified Convergence

Njengoko sijonge phambili ku-2030, ingxoxo phakathi kweCCS1 neCCS2 isenokugutyungelwa ziiteknoloji ezintsha.

Inkqubo yokutshaja iMegawatt (MCS)

Kwizithuthi ezinkulu, nokuba yi-350 kW icotha kakhulu. Eli shishini liphuhlisa i-MCS, enokufikelela kwi-3.75 Megawatts (3,000A kwi-1,250V). Okunomdla kukuba, isixhumi se-MCS luyilo olunye lwehlabathi, olunokuthi luphelise umahluko wengingqi kwicandelo lezorhwebo.

Isithuthi-ukuya-Kuyo Yonke Into (V2X)

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ISO 15118-20 kuya kuguqula ii-EV zibe zizikhululo zamandla ezihambayo. Nokuba imoto isebenzisa i-CCS2 okanye i-NACS, ukukwazi ukuzinzisa igridi ngexesha leeyure ezixakekileyo kuya kuba ngumjelo wengeniso ophambili kubanini bee-EV.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kweCCS1 kunye neCCS2 bubungqina bobunzima bokubekwa kwemigangatho yehlabathi. Nangona iCCS2 iphume phambili njengephumeleleyo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, ukunyuka kweNACS kuphinde kwabhala imithetho yaseMntla Melika. Kwiinjineli kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, isifundo sicacile: izixhobo ezibonakalayo azidluli, kodwa iiprotokholi zedijithali ezisisiseko (ISO 15118) kunye nemigaqo yokhuseleko (IMD) ziziseko zokwenyani zekamva elinombane. Ukuqonda ezi ngcaciso zobugcisa kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohamba kwihlabathi elinombane ophezulu weziseko ze-EV.

Isahluko 13: Izibalo zokuxhathisa ubushushu: Ubalo lwe-R_iso ​​kunye nomsinga wokuvuza

Kwi-high-voltage (HV) domain ye-DC fast charging, i-insulation resistance ($R_{iso}$) ayisiyonto yokhuseleko kuphela kodwa yi-variable elinganisekayo elawula imeko yokusebenza kweseshoni yokutshaja. Ngokutsho kwe-IEC 61851-23 kunye ne-SAE J1772, inkqubo kufuneka igcine i-insulation resistance encinci ukuthintela i-leakage currents enobungozi ($I_{leakage}$) enokuhamba emzimbeni womntu xa kukho impazamo ye-chassis.

Umgaqo Wokulinganisa

Isixhobo sokuJonga i-Insulation (IMD) ngokuqhelekileyo sisebenzisa indlela ethi “switched resistor” okanye “pulse injection” ukulinganisa ukumelana phakathi kwee-DC conductors kunye ne-Protective Earth (PE). Ukumelana okupheleleyo kwe-insulation kuchazwa njengendibaniselwano ehambelanayo yokumelana ukusuka kumgca olungileyo ukuya emhlabeni ($R_p$) kunye nomgca ongalunganga ukuya emhlabeni ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Imfuneko yokhuseleko ngokubanzi imiselwe kwi-100 $\Omega/V$ kwiinkqubo zeDC. Kwisithuthi esitshaja kwi-800V, ubuncinci obuvumelekileyo be-$R_{iso}$ buya kuba:

$$800V \uphindaphindwe nge-100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Amandla angoku okuvuza

Umsinga wokuvuza uxhomekeke kumandla ombane akwi-parasitic system ($C_y$) kunye nokumelana nobushushu. Kwinkqubo elungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo, i-$R_p = R_n$, kwaye i-voltage kwindawo ephakathi xa ithelekiswa nomhlaba yi-zero. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho impazamo kwi-positive rail ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), i-negative rail itshintshela kwi-$-800V$ xa ithelekiswa ne-chassis. I-IMD kufuneka ibone olu tshintsho ngaphakathi kwee-milliseconds.

Itheyibhile: Imida yoKhuseleko yeCCS1 vs. CCS2

Isahluko 14: Ukunyaniseka kweSignali ye-PLC: Ukusingatha ingxolo kwindawo yokutshaja ye-500kW

Unxibelelwano lweMigca yoMbane (PLC) olusetyenziswa kwi-CCS lusekelwe kwinkcazo ye-HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Nangona i-HPGP yayilungiselelwe ekuqaleni usetyenziso lwasekhaya olukrelekrele olusebenzisa amandla aphantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo zokutshaja ezingama-500kW kunika imingeni egqithisileyo yokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC).

Umgangatho wengxolo

Iitshaja zeDC ezinamandla aphezulu zisebenzisa iSilicon Carbide (SiC) okanye ii-Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwizigaba zazo zamandla. Ezi zixhobo zitshintsha kwiifrikhwensi ukusuka kwi-20 kHz ukuya kwi-100 kHz, nto leyo edala ingxolo ebalulekileyo ye-harmonic. Ekubeni i-PLC isebenza kuluhlu lwe-2 MHz ukuya kwi-30 MHz, ngokwethiyori ayifani nebhendi yengxolo yokuqala yokutshintsha, kodwa ii-“ringing” eziphezulu kunye nee-common-mode transients zinokuzalisa ngokulula i-front-end ye-modem ye-PLC.

Ukunciphisa kunye nokudibanisa

Isignali yeControl Pilot (CP) ithwalwa phezu kwentambo engagqunywanga ngaphakathi kwentambo yokutshaja. Kwi-30 MHz, intambo isebenza njengomgca wokudlulisela ontsonkothileyo onelahleko ezinkulu ze-inductive kunye ne-capacitive.

• Iintambo zeCCS1:Iintambo ezinde nezinzima eMelika zinokubangela ukuba isignali ingasebenzi kakuhle.
• Iintambo zeCCS2:EYurophu, iintambo ezimfutshane kwiindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini zinokuba neengxaki zokuthethana phakathi kwabasasazi abakufutshane.

Ukunciphisa oku, iinjineli zisebenzisa "iiSignal Injection Units" (ii-SIU) ezisebenzisa ii-ferrite cores ezifikelela kwi-high-permeability ukuze zidibanise isignali ye-PLC kumgca we-CP ngelixa zivimba isignali ye-1 kHz PWM kunye nengxolo ye-high-frequency.

Isahluko 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Uphuhliso Lwezakhiwo Zee-Message Sequences

Utshintsho oluvela kumgangatho wokuqala we-ISO 15118-2 ukuya kwi-ISO 15118-20 entsha (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-“Dash 20″”) lumele uphuculo lwesoftware olubalulekileyo kwimbali yokutshaja kwe-EV.

I-ISO 15118-2: Isiseko

Inguqulelo ethi “-2″ iseke indlela yokuxhawulana esisiseko esekelwe kwiXML:

1. IProtokholi yeApp exhaswayo:Uthetha ngenguqulelo.
2. Useto lweSeshini:Useka unxibelelwano.
3. Ukuchongwa:Iphatha i-RFID okanye iPlug & Charge.
4. I-ChargeParameterDiscovery:Itshintsha imida yebhetri.
5. Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla:Ulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi.

I-ISO 15118-20: Ikamva

I-Dash 20 izisa ulwakhiwo olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwemiyalezo eyenzelwe isizukulwana esilandelayo seenkonzo zamandla:

• Inkxaso yeZindlela ezimbini:Imiyalezo enikezelweyo ye-V2G (iMoto ukuya kwiGrid) kunye ne-V2H (iMoto ukuya ekhaya).
• Imo Etshintshayo:Ivumela itshaja ukuba ixelele imoto ukuba itshintshe amandla ayo ngexesha langempela ngokusekelwe kumthwalo wegridi, ngaphandle kokuqalisa kwakhona iseshoni.
• Ukhuseleko Oluphuculweyo:Utshintsho oluvela kwi-TLS 1.2 ukuya kwi-TLS 1.3, olubonelela ngokuxhawulana ngokukhawuleza kunye nokubethela okunamandla.
• Ukudibanisa izinto ezininzi:Ivumela iinkonzo ezininzi (umz., ukutshaja + ukuvumelanisa idatha) ukuba zisebenze kuqhagamshelo olufanayo lwe-PLC.

Itshathi yolandelelwano lwemiyalezo: Iplagi kunye nokutshaja (PnC) vs. Ukuchonga kwangaphandle (EIM)

Kwi-PnC, iIsivumelwano seSignatureCertChainithunyelwa ukusuka emotweni ukuya kwitshaja. Itshaja iyakuqinisekisa oku ngeseva yayo ye-backend OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol). Kwi-EIM, umsebenzisi kufuneka abonise ikhadi elibonakalayo, kwaye itshaja ithumelaGunyazisaisicelo kwi-backend. Ukubambezeleka kwe-PnC kuphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kumava omsebenzisi "afana ne-Tesla".

Isahluko 16: Ubunjineli boBushushu beeNxibelelwano eziNamandla aphezulu: Izixhobo, ukuxhathisa uQhagamshelwano, kunye nokuPholisa ulwelo

Njengoko sisondela kwimida yojongano lomzimba lweCCS, ubunjineli bobushushu buba ngumqobo ophambili woyilo.

Ukumelana noQhagamshelwano ($R_{contact}$)

Ubushushu obuveliswa kwisixhumi buchazwa nguMthetho kaJoule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Ngentlawulo ye-500A:

• Ukuba i-$R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, i-$P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Ukuba i-$R_{contact}$ ihla iye kwi-$2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Ubushushu obungama-500 Watts kwisiphatho seplastiki esivalekileyo buya kukhokelela ekungaphumelelini okukhulu ngemizuzu embalwa. Yiyo loo nto i-silver-plating kwiipini ibalulekile. Isilivere inokumelana nombane okuncinci kakhulu kunesinyithi kwaye inika umphezulu ozithambisayo onciphisa ukuguguleka ngexesha lamawaka eminyaka yokudibana.

Iinkqubo zokupholisa ulwelo

Ukulawula imisinga engaphezulu kwe-350A, ukupholisa ulwelo kuyimfuneko. Inkqubo idla ngokusebenzisa iyunithi yokuphola evaliweyo ngaphakathi kwikhabhathi yamandla.

• Uhlobo lweSipholisi:Ii-dielectric fluids zikhethwa ukuthintela ii-short circuits xa kukho ukuvuza, kodwa umxube wamanzi-glycol uxhaphake kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ubushushu bawo buphezulu.
• Uyilo lwepayipi:Ii-DC+ kunye nee-DC- conductors zingenanto okanye zijikelezwe ziitshaneli ze-coolant. "Ipleyiti ebandayo" ibekwe ngqo ngasemva kweepini ukuze ikhuphe ubushushu kude ne-interface yoqhagamshelwano.

Isahluko 17: Izifundo zeMbali zokuSebenzisana: Ukulungisa ingxaki yokuxhawulana phakathi kweVW ID.4 kunye nee-Electrify America Chargers

Umzekelo odumileyo weengxaki zokusebenzisana kweCCS1 wenzeka ekuqaleni kokuqaliswa kweVW ID.4 eMelika. Abanini abaninzi babike iimpazamo ze-“Red Ring” (ukutshaja akuphumelelanga) kwizitishi ze-Electrify America (EA).

Isizathu Esiyintloko: Ixesha kunye ne-XML

Emva kweenyanga zokurekhoda idatha, iinjineli zifumanise imeko yobuhlanga kwiUseto lweSessionisigaba. Itshaja ye-EA (eyenziwe ngumntu wesithathu) yayithumelaI-SponsoredAppProtocolResIkhawuleza ngakumbi kunesoftware yetshaja (OBC) ye-ID.4 ekwibhodini inokuyiqalisa i-IPv6 stack yayo. Imoto ibingayifumani imiyalezo, ichithe ixesha, ize iyeke iseshoni.

Ukulungiswa: Ukuthintela iSoftware

Isisombululo besifuna uhlaziyo lwe-firmware kwimoto nakwitshaja. Itshaja yaguqulwa ukuze ilinde isignali ethi “ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery” ngaphambi kokuba ithumele umyalezo wokuqala we-PLC, kwaye ixesha lokuphelelwa yimoto landiswa ukusuka kwimizuzwana emi-2 ukuya kwimizuzwana emi-5. Olu phononongo lwetyala lubonisa ukuba kutheni “Ubungqina” buyimfuneko kodwa bunganele; izinto zokwenyani zendalo kunye nokubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi zongeza amaleya obunzima obungenakuphindwa ngokupheleleyo luvavanyo lwelabhoratri.

Isahluko 18: Iimpembelelo zeGlobal Supply Chain: Ubhedu, iSilver-Plating, kunye nokunqongophala kweeHPGP Chips

Ukuveliswa kwezihlanganisi zeCCS lishishini elikhethekileyo kakhulu elilawulwa ngabadlali abambalwa abafana nePhoenix Contact, Huber+Suhner, kunye neTE Connectivity.

Ukuxhomekeka kwizinto eziluhlaza

• Ubhedu:Intambo enye epholiswe lulwelo engama-350kW inokuqulatha ngaphezulu kwe-15kg yobhedu olucocekileyo. Ukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso obhedu kuyichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-CAPEX yeenethiwekhi zokutshaja.
• Isilivere:Inkqubo yokuplata iiphini zeCCS2 ifuna iindlela ezichanekileyo zokufaka ii-electroplating ukuqinisekisa ukuba umaleko ofanayo we-5-10 micron. Nakuphi na ukuncitshiswa kukhokelela ekuqineni okukhulu kunye nokwaluphala kwangethuba.

I-HPGP Chipset Monopoly

Iitships zemodem zeHPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) zingumbono wemoto nganye yeCCS kunye netshaja. Kangangeminyaka, iQualcomm yayingumthengisi oyintloko (uthotho lwe-QCA7000). Ngexesha lokunqongophala kwe-semiconductor yehlabathi ka-2021-2022, ukungabikho kwezi chips kuye kwathintela ukuveliswa kwamawaka ezikhululo zokutshaja. Oku kukhokelele ekunyusweni kokufumana ezinye izixhobo, kunye neenkampani ezifana neLumissil kunye neVertexcom zingena kwimarike, kodwa inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwesilicon entsha kwicandelo leemoto iyaziwa ngokuba icotha kancinci.

Isahluko 19: Izikhokelo zoLawulo: I-NEVI e-US vs. AFIR kwi-EU

Oorhulumente abasayi kushiya ukwamkelwa okuqhelekileyo kwimarike.

I-EU: I-AFIR (uMgaqo weZiseko zoPhuhliso lweeFuels eziNgezinye)

I-AFIR ye-EU yeyona myalelo inamandla kakhulu ehlabathini. Ifuna:

• Itshaja ezikhawulezayo rhoqo emva kwe-60km kwiindlela ezinkulu.
• I-CCS2 njengomgangatho oyimfuneko.
• Intlawulo ekhawulezileyo (izifundi zekhadi letyala) kufuneka idityaniswe, isuke kwiinkqubo ze-RFID ezivaliweyo.

I-US: I-NEVI (Iziseko zoPhuhliso lweZithuthi zoMbane zeSizwe)

UMthetho we-US Bipartisan Infrastructure wabela i-$5 yeebhiliyoni zokutshaja. Imithetho ye-NEVI ekuqaleni yayiyalela i-CCS1. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutshintsha kwe-NACS, imithetho yatshintshwa ukuze ivumele iintambo ze-NACS logama nje kukho intambo enye ye-CCS1 kwindawo nganye. Le "Hybrid Model" yibhulorho yexeshana njengoko i-US isiya kwikamva elipheleleyo le-SAE J3400.

Isahluko 20: Ukudibana kwe-SAE J3400 (NACS) kunye nempembelelo yayo kwiMveliso yeCCS1

Ukutshintshela kwi-NACS (SAE J3400) eMntla Melika kuye kwatshintsha kakhulu indlela ye-CCS1.

I-Pivot yoMveliso

Iifektri ezazilungiselelwe iziphatho ezinkulu zeCCS1 ngoku ziphinda zisetyenziswe ukuze zisetyenziswe kuyilo oluncinci lweNACS. Ubunzima beNACS bukwiiphini zayo "zokusetyenziswa kabini", ezifuna iicontactors zeDC ezikhawulezayo ngaphakathi emotweni ukuze zitshintshe phakathi kwetshaja yeAC ekwibhodi kunye nebhasi yebhetri yeDC.

Ukusinda kweCCS1

I-CCS1 isenokuqhubeka ikho eMzantsi Korea kwaye ibe ngumgangatho welifa e-US kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-R&D lwe-CCS1 luye lwehla lwaya ku-zero njengoko eli shishini ligxile kwi-NACS kunye ne-MCS. Kubavelisi behlabathi, oku kuthetha ukugcina imigca emithathu eyahlukeneyo yemveliso:

1. I-CCS2:Kwimarike yehlabathi.
2. I-NACS (J3400):KuMntla Melika.
3. I-MCS:Kwicandelo lehlabathi elinomthwalo onzima.

Isahluko 21: Isiphelo: Iprotokholi Edibeneyo Kwihlabathi Elihlukeneyo Elibonakalayo

Njengoko sibonile, "Umahluko phakathi kweCCS1 kunye neCCS2" yimbali yeempawu ezimbini ezibonakalayo zomphefumlo omnye wedijithali. Nokuba isithuthi sisebenzisa iplagi ejikelezayo yeCCS1 okanye iplagi ethe tyaba yeCCS2, ingqiqo esisiseko ye-ISO 15118, ukhuseleko lokujonga i-IMD, kunye nomngeni wokuthembeka kwesignali ye-PLC zihlala zifana.

Imfazwe eqhelekileyo yokutshaja yeminyaka yoo-2020 isifundise ukuba ukusebenzisana akupheleli nje kwiplagi—kuxhomekeke kwisoftware, igridi, kunye namava omsebenzisi. Njengoko ihlabathi liguqukela kwimigangatho embalwa ephambili, ingqwalasela iya kutshintsha ukusuka ku-"Ndingayifaka?" ukuya ku-"Ingakanani itshaja ekhawulezayo nekrelekrele?" Utshintsho oluya kwi-NACS e-US kunye nokuqina kwe-CCS2 eYurophu kuphawula ukuphela kwesiqalo soguquko lwe-EV. Ishumi leminyaka elizayo liya kuchazwa yi-V2G, isantya seMegawatt, kunye nenethiwekhi yokutshaja yehlabathi engenamthungo.

Isahluko 22: Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lweDayagram yeSekethe yeProximity Pilot (PP) kunye neControl Pilot (CP)

Ukuze umntu ayiqonde ngokwenene indlela esebenza ngayo i-CCS, kufuneka ahlole indlela esebenza ngayo imigca yokulinganisa. Le migca “yimithambo-luvo” yenkqubo yokutshaja, iqinisekisa ukuba i-voltage ephezulu ayifumaneki kwiiphini eziveziweyo kwaye imoto ayinakukwazi ukuhamba ngelixa iqhagamshelwe.

Isekethe yoLawulo loMqhubi (CP)

Isekethe ye-CP sisignali ye-1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ eveliswa yi-EVSE. Kwicala lesithuthi, isekethe ine-diode kunye nothotho lwee-resistor ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) ezinokuthi isithuthi sizitshintshele kwisekethe sisebenzisa ii-transistors okanye ii-relay.

• Injongo yeDiode:I-diode iqinisekisa ukuba yinxalenye elungileyo kuphela yesignali ye-PWM echaphazeleka zii-resistor zesithuthi. Oku kuvumela i-EVSE ukuba ibone "ukufutshane ukuya emhlabeni" ukuba inxalenye engalunganga yesignali ye-PWM ichaphazeleka ngokungalindelekanga yimpazamo kwinethiwekhi ye-resistor yesithuthi—uvavanyo lokhuseleko olubalulekileyo oluthintela i-EVSE ekubeni inike amandla intambo okanye isixhumi esonakeleyo.

Ukufunda uMjikelo woMsebenzi

I-EVSE ifaka ikhowudi yamandla akhoyo kumjikelo womsebenzi we-PWM we-1kHz square wave, kwaye isithuthi siyayitolika ngaphambi kokuvala ii-contactors eziphambili:

• Umjikelo womsebenzi we-5%:I-EVSE ayikulungelanga—ukutshaja akuvumelekanga (kusetyenziselwa ukubonisa imeko).
• Umjikelo womsebenzi we-10%:Ilungile i-EVSE, akukho moya ungenayo (imeko eqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje ze-DC ezivaliweyo).
• Umjikelo womsebenzi we-16-85%:Umbane okhoyo uhambelana nomjikelo womsebenzi—umzekelo, i-50% ibonisa umda we-50A, nto leyo evumela ubungakanani betshaja yesithuthi esikwinqwelo ukuba itsale ngokuchanekileyo.
• Umjikelo womsebenzi we-90-97%:Igcinelwe iimeko ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokungenisa umoya ofunekayo (i-lead-acid yelifa) okanye i-DC signaling ethile.

Ubuhle benkqubo ye-CP kukuba ayilingani kakuhle: ukuba imoto ayiboni liza lesikwere elisebenzayo, ithatha elibi kakhulu ize ingafuni ukutshaja; ukuba i-EVSE ayiboni mpendulo isebenzayo, ayifuni ukunika amandla. Ukuba icala ngalinye alisebenzi kakuhle, oko kuthetha ukuba iseshoni yokutshaja ayinakuqala ngendlela eyingozi.

Isekethe yeProximity Pilot (PP)

Isekethe ye-PP yindlela esebenza ngayo i-connector. Isebenzisa i-resistor elula ukuyifaka phantsi ngaphakathi kweplagi ukuze ixelele omabini amacala ukuba intambo ifakiwe ngokupheleleyo na—kwaye ithintele ukuba ingatsalwa yintambo eqhagamshelweyo.

• Amaxabiso e-Resistor:I-resistor ye-150Ω ibonisa ukuba intambo ixhunyiwe kwisithuthi kodwa ayitshixwanga; i-resistor ye-680Ω ibonisa ukuba intambo iqhagamshelwe kwaye itshixiwe; isekethe evulekileyo (engenasithinteli) ithetha ukuba isixhumi siqhagamshelwe ngaphandle. I-EVSE kunye nesithuthi zifunda la maxabiso rhoqo.
• Ukhuseleko Lokubaleka Kwimoto:Ukuba inkqubo yesithuthi ibona imeko ye-150Ω ngelixa ibhuleki yokupaka ikhutshiwe, ayizukuvumela igiya ukuba ibambe. Ukuba intambo itshixiwe (680Ω), imoto ayizukuvumela isixhumi ukuba sikhulule ngelixa umsinga wokutshaja uqhubeka—okususa ingozi yokuba “iphume iplagi ephilayo”.
• Ukufunyanwa koBukho beCable:Kwiinkqubo zeDC, umgca wePP ukwaqinisekisa ukuba intambo yokutshaja ibekwe ngokufanelekileyo kuzo zombini iziphelo ngaphambi kokuba i-EVSE ivumele ii-contactors ze-high-voltage ukuba zivaleke.

Kutheni Abaqhubi Beenqwelo-moya Bebalulekile Kwihlabathi Lokwenyani

Xa zizonke, iisekethe ze-CP kunye ne-PP zezona zizathu zokuba iseshoni yokutshaja ikhuselekile nokuba ii-amps eziliwaka zisebenza. Zikwayindawo yokuqala abajonga kuyo oonjineli xa iseshoni ingaqali: umhlaba we-PP obolileyo, i-CP resistor echitshiweyo, okanye i-pilot pin eyonakeleyo ibangela isabelo esimangalisayo seefowuni zenkonzo ethi "itshaja ayizukuqalisa". Ukuqonda ezi sekethe kuguqula ukusilela okungaqondakaliyo kube kukuxilongwa kwemizuzu eli-10.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Isekethe ye-CP inesiginali ye-PWM ye-1kHz enomjikelo wayo womsebenzi oquka umsinga okhoyo; uyilo lwayo olusekelwe kwi-diode luvumela ukubonwa kokufutshane ukuya emhlabeni.
• Isekethe ye-PP isebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-resistor ukubona ubukho bekhebula kunye nemeko yokutshixa, ibonelela ngokhuseleko lokuqhuba kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesihlalo sesixhumi.
• Zombini iisekethe azinasiphako: isignali yomqhubi engekhoyo okanye engasebenziyo iyayiphelisa iseshoni ngaphambi kokuba nasiphi na isinxibelelanisi se-high-voltage sivale.
• Iimpazamo zomgca wepilot ziphakathi kwezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo zokuqalisa itshaja—i-multimeter kwaye olu lwazi lwesekethe lusombulula uninzi lwazo ngemizuzu.

Nxibelelana neenjineli ze-MIDA Power iitshaja zayo ze-CCS1/CCS2 ezineesekethe zovavanyo ezakhelwe ukuxilongwa kwentsimi: iindawo zovavanyo ezibhalwe ngokucacileyo, iikhowudi zempazamo ezimiselweyo, kunye namaxwebhu enkonzo ahambisa iingcali kwiingxaki ze-CP/PP. Nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufumane amaxwebhu obuchwephesha, inkxaso yoqeqesho, kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso.