Dziwani Zambiri za CCS1 vs CCS2: Ma Protocol Olumikizirana ndi Kuphatikizana kwa NACS

Kumvetsetsa Chodabwitsa Chokhudza Kuchaja Padziko Lonse: Kuzama Kwambiri kwa Ukadaulo mu Miyezo ya CCS1 vs. CCS2, Ma Protocol Olumikizirana a Physical Layer, Ma Insulation Monitoring Architectures, ndi Kusintha kwa Geopolitical Toward NACS Integration

Mutu 1: Chiyambi: Malo Omwe Magetsi Padziko Lonse Alili ndi Nkhondo Yokhazikika

Makampani opanga magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi pakadali pano akugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri paukadaulo m'mbiri yake yonse: kusintha kuchokera ku injini zoyaka moto zamkati (ICE) kupita ku magalimoto amagetsi (EV). Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma inverter a silicon carbide (SiC) nthawi zambiri zimakhala nkhani zazikulu, ngwazi yosayamikiridwa—ndipo nthawi zambiri vuto—la kusinthaku ndi njira yolipirira.

Muyezo wochajira ndi chingwe cha umbilical cha EV ecosystem. Si pulagi ndi soketi chabe; ndi njira yotsogola yamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri, njira zolumikizirana za digito, ndi ma interlocks otetezeka. Masiku ano, dziko lapansi lagawidwa m'magulu awiri a Combined Charging System (CCS): CCS1 (Yodziwika ku North America ndi Korea) ndi CCS2 (Yodziwika ku Europe ndi madera ena ambiri).

Komabe, kusiyana kumeneku kukusokonekera. Kukwera kwa North American Charging Standard (NACS), yomwe yangolembedwa kumene kuti SAE J3400, kwabweretsa mantha m'makampani onse, zomwe zikuwopseza kuti CCS1 itha ntchito pamsika wake wakunyumba. Pakadali pano, zovuta za CCS2 zikupitilizabe kusintha ndi kukhazikitsa ISO 15118-20, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu monga Plug & Charge ndi Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) zitheke.

Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kwaukadaulo kwa CCS1 ndi CCS2 kwa madigiri 360. Tidzafufuza kusiyana kwawo kwa makina, mfundo yoyambira ya Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) ndi Power Line Communication (PLC), ntchito yofunika kwambiri yachitetezo cha Insulation Monitoring Devices (IMD), ndi mphamvu zovuta za geopolitical ndi supply chain zomwe zapanga miyezo iyi. Tidzafufuzanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito limodzi zomwe zikuvutitsa ma network ochaja anthu onse komanso malo ovomerezeka ogwiritsira ntchito ma adapter a chipani chachitatu.

Mutu 2: Mizu ya Chisinthiko: SAE J1772 motsutsana ndi IEC 62196-2 ndi Njira Yopita ku CCS

Kuti mumvetse bwino njira yolipirira pamodzi, choyamba muyenera kuyang'ana miyezo yolipirira ya AC yomwe idalipo kale. CCS kwenikweni ndi "yowonjezera" ku ma plug a AC omwe alipo, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "Yophatikizana."

Kubadwa kwa Mtundu 1 (SAE J1772)

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, bungwe la Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ku United States linapanga muyezo wa J1772. Cholumikizira cha physical, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa pulagi ya Yazaki kapena Type 1, chinapangidwira kuyatsa magetsi a AC mu gawo limodzi. Chinali ndi ma pin asanu: L1 (Line 1), N (Neutral), PE (Protective Earth), CP (Control Pilot), ndi PP (Proximity Pilot).

Mtundu 1 unakonzedwa bwino kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pa gridi yamagetsi ya ku North America, komwe magetsi okhala m'nyumba nthawi zambiri amakhala 120V kapena 240V single-phase. Kapangidwe ka makina kanali ndi cholumikizira chala chachikulu chomangirira cholumikizira ku galimoto ndi microswitch yowonetsa kuyamba ndi kutha kwa nthawi yochajira.

Kukwera kwa Mtundu Wachiwiri (IEC 62196-2)

Pa nthawi yomweyo, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ku Europe inali kugwira ntchito pa muyezo woyenera gridi ya ku Europe, yomwe imathandizira mphamvu ya AC ya magawo atatu. Zotsatira zake zinali pulagi ya Mennekes, kapena Type 2, yomwe idalembedwa motsatira IEC 62196-2.

Mosiyana ndi Mtundu 1, Mtundu 2 ndi cholumikizira cha ma pin asanu ndi awiri: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, ndi PP. Pothandizira magawo atatu, Mtundu 2 ukhoza kupereka mphamvu ya AC yokwana 22 kW (32A pa 400V), pomwe Mtundu 1 nthawi zambiri unkangokhala 7.4 kW kapena 19.2 kW m'makonzedwe osowa kwambiri amagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, Mtundu 2 unachoka pa latch yamanja, ndikusankha solenoid yotsekera yamagetsi mkati mwa inlet yagalimoto.

Yankho la "Combo"

Pamene kufunika kwa kuyitanitsa mwachangu kunali kukula, mainjiniya anakumana ndi vuto: kodi mungawonjezere bwanji kuyitanitsa kwa DC kwamphamvu popanda kufunikira doko lachiwiri, losiyana pagalimoto? Yankho linali Combined Charging System.

• CCS1 (Kophatikiza 1):Imatenga cholumikizira cha Type 1 AC ndikuwonjezera ma power pin awiri akuluakulu a DC (DC+ ndi DC-) pansi pake.
• CCS2 (Combo 2):Imatenga cholumikizira cha AC cha Type 2 ndikuwonjezera ma power pin awiri omwewo a DC pansi pake.

M'magawo onse awiri, ma pin a Control Pilot (CP) ndi Protective Earth (PE) omwe alipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa DC handshake, kuonetsetsa kuti galimotoyo ikugwirizana bwino ndikuchepetsa kuuma kwa mawaya amkati mwa galimotoyo.

Chaputala 3: Kapangidwe ka Thupi Kusambira Kwambiri: Kapangidwe ka Makina ndi Ma Pinout a Combo 1 vs. Combo 2

Kusiyana kwapakati pa CCS1 ndi CCS2 sikuti ndi kungokongola chabe; kukuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zomangamanga za gridi ndi malingaliro achitetezo.

CCS1 (SAE J1772 Combo)

Cholumikizira cha CCS1 chimadziwika ndi kapangidwe kake ka "round top" komwe kanachokera ku J1772.

• Kapangidwe ka Pin:Mapini 5 pamwamba (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) ndi mapini awiri akuluakulu pansi (DC+, DC-).
• Njira Yotsekera:CCS1 imagwiritsa ntchito makina otsekereza chogwirira. Wogwiritsa ntchito amakanikiza batani kuti atulutse pulagi. Kapangidwe kameneka katsutsidwa chifukwa chakuti kamasweka mosavuta komanso kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kukoka pulagi pomwe magetsi akupitilizabe kuyenda (ngakhale kuti chizindikiro cha CP chapangidwa kuti chizimitse magetsi nthawi yomweyo akatulutsidwa).
• Kuziziritsa:Ma charger a CCS1 amakono othamanga kwambiri (350 kW+) amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoziziritsidwa ndi madzi pomwe choziziritsira chimazungulira ma DC conductors ndipo nthawi zina ma pini okha kuti apewe kutentha kwambiri panthawi yamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri (500A+).

CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Combo)

Cholumikizira cha CCS2 chimagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka "flat-side" ka Mtundu 2.

• Kapangidwe ka Pin:Mapini 7 pamwamba (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) ndi mapini awiri akuluakulu pansi (DC+, DC-).
• Njira Yotsekera:CCS2 nthawi zonse imatsekedwa ndi galimotoyo pamagetsi. Palibe batani pa chogwirira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zolimba komanso zotetezeka, chifukwa galimotoyo ili ndi mphamvu zonse pa nthawi yomwe cholumikizira chingachotsedwe.
• Kugwirizana kwa Gridi:Popeza CCS2 ili ndi mapini a L2 ndi L3, galimoto yokhala ndi CCS2 imatha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya AC ya magawo atatu kunyumba kapena kuntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosinthasintha kwambiri m'misika ya ku Europe ndi Asia.

Tebulo Loyerekeza: CCS1 vs. CCS2 Zofotokozera Zathupi

Mutu 4: Kulamulira Chizindikiro: PWM (Kusinthasintha kwa Kuchuluka kwa Kugunda) ndi Kugwirana Chanza Kofunikira

Ma elekitironi aliwonse amphamvu asanayambe kuyenda, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) ndi Electric Vehicle (EV) ziyenera kugwirana chanza ndi mphamvu zochepa. Njirayi imayendetsedwa ndi magawo awiri olumikizirana: chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha PWM ndi chizindikiro chamakono cha PLC.

Chizindikiro cha PWM (IEC 61851-1)

Mzere wa Control Pilot (CP) umagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha 12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pa 1 kHz kuti upereke mauthenga oyambira. Iyi ndi njira yolimba, yofanana ndi yomwe yakhala maziko a EV charging kwa zaka zoposa khumi.

• Boma A (12V):Palibe galimoto yolumikizidwa.
• Boma B (9V):Galimoto yolumikizidwa, siikonzeka kuchajidwa.
• Boma C (6V):Galimoto yolumikizidwa ndipo yokonzeka kuchajidwa (mpweya wopuma sufunika).
• Boma D (3V):Galimoto yolumikizidwa ndipo yokonzeka kuchajidwa (mpweya wopuma umafunika).
• Ndondomeko Yogwira Ntchito:Chiwerengero cha nthawi ya "on" ya chizindikiro cha 1 kHz chimauza galimotoyo mphamvu yayikulu yomwe EVSE ingapereke. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yogwira ntchito ya 25% ikhoza kuyimira 15 Amps.

Kusintha kupita ku DC

Pakuchaja kwa AC, chizindikiro cha PWM ndi chokwanira. Komabe, pakuchaja kwa DC, EV ndi EVSE ziyenera kusinthana deta yovuta, monga batire State of Charge (SoC), voltage yopemphedwa, ndi ma siginecha a digito kuti apereke ndalama. Apa ndi pomwe PWM imafika malire ake.

Mu CCS, mzere wa CP "umasinthidwanso." Mukangozindikira kulumikizana kwa thupi kudzera mu PWM, makinawo amaphimba chizindikiro cha digito chapamwamba kwambiri pa mzere wa CP pogwiritsa ntchito Power Line Communication (PLC). Chizindikiro cha PWM chimakhalabe pa 5% yokhazikika, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati "kusintha kwa digito" kukuwonetsa EV kuti iyambe protocol ya HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Chaputala 5: Kulankhulana Kwapamwamba: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, ndi Udindo wa PLC (Kulankhulana kwa Mzere Wamagetsi)

Ngakhale kuti ma pin enieni amasiyana pakati pa CCS1 ndi CCS2, "ubongo" wa dongosololi ndi wofanana kwambiri. Onse amadalira miyezo ya ISO/IEC 15118 ndi DIN 70121 yolumikizirana ndi DC.

DIN 70121: Mlatho wopita ku DC

DIN 70121 inali njira yoyamba yolumikizirana ndi DC charging ya CCS. Ndi gawo la ma draft oyambirira a ISO 15118. Imalola galimoto ndi charger kusinthana mauthenga monga:

• Kupeza Ntchito:Kodi chochajacho chimapereka ntchito ziti (AC/DC)?
• ChargeParameterDiscovery:Kodi malire a mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya batri ndi chojambulira ndi otani?
• Kutumiza Mphamvu:Lamulo lenileni loyambitsa kapena kuletsa kuyenda kwa mphamvu.

ISO 15118: Muyezo Woyatsira Mwanzeru

ISO 15118 ndiye "muyezo wagolide" wa kulumikizana kwa EV. Ndi muyeso wa magawo ambiri womwe umabweretsa zinthu zingapo zapamwamba:

1. Pulagi ndi Chaja (PnC):Pogwiritsa ntchito Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), galimotoyo imatha kudzizindikiritsa yokha ku charger ndikuchita zolipiritsa zokha. Sipafunikira makadi kapena mapulogalamu a RFID.
2. Ntchito Zowonjezera Mtengo:Zambiri zokhudza mitengo yamagetsi ya m'deralo kapena kuphatikiza ndi makina anzeru a nyumba.
3. Kuchaja Komwe Kuli Mbali Ziwiri (ISO 15118-20):Kuthandiza galimoto kuti ibwezeretse magetsi mu gridi kapena m'nyumba.

Gawo Lachilengedwe la PLC

Zipangizo zofunika pa izi ndi HomePlug Green PHY modem. Chifukwa chakuti kulumikizana kumachitika kudzera pa Control Pilot line, yomwe ilinso ndi chizindikiro cha 1 kHz PWM, pamakhala phokoso lalikulu. PLC imagwiritsa ntchito Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) kuti iwonetsetse kuti deta—yomwe imatumizidwa pamafupipafupi pakati pa 2 MHz ndi 30 MHz—yalandiridwa modalirika ngakhale malo oyaka magetsi amphamvu kwambiri a siteshoni yochapira.

Mutu 6: Ma Protocol a Chitetezo ndi Kuwunika Kuteteza (IMD): Kuzindikira Kutuluka kwa Madzi mu Machitidwe Okhala ndi Mphamvu Yaikulu ya Voltage

Chitetezo ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchaja mwachangu kwa DC, komwe ma voltage amatha kupitirira 900V ndipo ma currents amatha kufika 500A. Gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka chitetezo ichi ndi Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD).

Dongosolo Loyandama

Mosiyana ndi mphamvu ya AC yogona, komwe neutral imalumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi, makina ochapira a DC "amayandama" kapena "olekanitsidwa." DC+ kapena DC- line sizimalumikizidwa ku chassis yagalimoto (Ground). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati munthu akhudza imodzi mwa mizere ya DC ndi chassis nthawi imodzi, palibe magetsi omwe ayenera kudutsamo chifukwa palibe dera lonse lobwerera ku gwero.

Udindo wa IMD

Komabe, ngati pali vuto la insulation—monga chingwe chosweka kapena kutayikira kwa coolant mkati mwa batire—mzere umodzi wa DC ukhoza kukhazikika mwangozi. Ngati vuto lina litachitika pamzere wina, pamakhala short circuit yoopsa.

IMD nthawi zonse imayang'anira kukana pakati pa basi ya DC ndi Protective Earth (PE).

• Mayeso Oyambirira Kulipiritsa:Ma contactor akuluakulu asanatseke kuyatsa, EV ndi EVSE amachita cheke cha insulation. Ngati kukana kuli pansi pa malire enaake (nthawi zambiri 100 ohms pa volt), gawoli limayimitsidwa.
• Kuwunika Kosalekeza:Pa nthawi yolipiritsa, IMD ikupitilizabe kuyika chizindikiro chaching'ono kuti iwunikire kuwonongeka.

Kukhazikitsa kwa CCS1 vs. CCS2 IMD

Ngakhale mfundoyi ndi yofanana, malire enieni ndi nthawi yoyankhira zimatha kusiyana pakati pa SAE ndi IEC. Machitidwe a CCS2 ku Europe nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza IMD mwachindunji mu chowongolera cha EVSE, pomwe machitidwe a CCS1 akhoza kukhala ndi kuwunika kofalikira pakati pa kabati yamagetsi ndi chotulutsira magetsi. Kuvuta kumeneku kumawonjezeka muzochitika za "kugawana malo" komwe otulutsira magetsi ambiri amagawana gawo limodzi lalikulu losinthira magetsi.

Mutu 7: Njira Zotsekera ndi Kusamalira Kutentha: Ma Latches Opangidwa ndi Manja vs. Electronic Solenoids

Kudalirika kwa pulagi ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa miyezo iwiriyi.

CCS1: Udindo wa Latch

Chotchinga chamanja cha pulagi ya CCS1/J1772 ndicho chofooka kwambiri. M'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, ma latches awa nthawi zambiri amasweka ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kapena kuzizira ndi ayezi. Ngati chotchinga chasweka, dera la Proximity Pilot (PP) silingatseke, zomwe zingalepheretse galimoto kuyambitsa chaji. Choyipa kwambiri n'chakuti, chotchinga chosweka pang'ono chingalole cholumikizira kugwedezeka panthawi yamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwongolero cha magetsi chiwonongeke komanso kutentha kuwonongeke.

CCS2: Kupambana kwa Solenoid

CCS2 imachotsa chogwirira cha chogwirira. Cholowera cha galimotoyo chili ndi pini yamagetsi (solenoid) yomwe imalowa m'bowo mu cholumikizira ikangoyikidwa bwino.

• Chitetezo Cholumikizirana:Galimotoyo sidzatseka ma contactor ake amphamvu kwambiri mpaka solenoid itatsimikizira kuti yatsekedwa.
• Kupewa Kuba:Cholumikiziracho sichingachotsedwe mpaka wogwiritsa ntchito atatsegula galimotoyo kapena kuyimitsa gawolo kudzera pa mawonekedwe a galimoto, zomwe zimaletsa kutsekedwa kosaloledwa.

Kusamalira Kutentha

Pamene liwiro la kuchaja likukwera kufika pa 400 kW, kasamalidwe ka kutentha sikulinso kosankha. CCS1 ndi CCS2 zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito masensa otenthetsera kutentha (nthawi zambiri ma thermistors a NTC) omwe ali pafupi ndi ma DC pin.

• Kunyoza:Ngati kutentha kwa mapini kupitirira malire otetezeka (monga 85°C), EVSE idzangosintha kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi kuti pulasitiki isasungunuke.
• Kuziziritsa Madzi:Mu ma dispenser amphamvu kwambiri, zingwezo zimakhala zokhuthala kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala ndi njira zoziziritsira zomwe zimakhala ndi glycol. Izi zimathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito ma conductors a mkuwa ochepa (kuchepetsa kulemera kwa zingwe) pamene kutentha kuli kotetezeka pa 500A.

Mutu 8: Kuyesa kwa Mgwirizano (IOP): Mavuto mu Zomangamanga Zogulitsa Zambiri

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zokhumudwitsa kwambiri kwa dalaivala wa EV ndi "kulephera kugwirana chanza" — galimoto ndi chojambulira zimakana kulankhula. Imeneyi ndi vuto la interoperability (IOP).

Kuvuta kwa Mapulogalamu Okhazikika

Chidutswa cholumikizirana cha CCS chimaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo:

1. Gawo Lakuthupi:Ubwino wa Chizindikiro cha HPGP PLC.
2. Gawo la Ulalo wa Deta:Maadiresi a MAC ndi kulumikizana kwa netiweki.
3. Gawo la Netiweki:Kulowetsa ma adilesi a IPv6 (kofunikira ndi ISO 15118).
4. Gawo Logwiritsira Ntchito:Mauthenga ozikidwa pa XML (EXI compression).

Ngati pulogalamu ya charger (yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Linux kapena OS yeniyeni) ili ndi kusiyana pang'ono kwa nthawi mu IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol yake, kapena ngati XML parser ya galimotoyo ikuyembekezera schema yosiyana pang'ono, gawolo silikugwira ntchito.

Zochitika Zoyesera ndi Chitsimikizo

Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, makampaniwa amachita "Testivals" (Testing Festivals) zomwe zimachitikira mabungwe monga CharIN. Mainjiniya ochokera ku Tesla, VW, ABB, ndi Siemens amabweretsa magalimoto awo ndi ma charger pamalo apakati kuti ayesere kuphatikiza kulikonse komwe kungatheke. Ngakhale zili choncho, "mchira wautali" wa firmware yakale ya EVSE ndi mitundu yatsopano ya magalimoto umatsimikizira kuti IOP ikadali vuto losatha mu dongosolo la CCS.

Mutu 9: Kusintha kwa Mchenga wa Geopolitical: Kusiyana kwa Chigawo ndi Zachuma cha Global Supply Chain

Kusankha pakati pa CCS1 ndi CCS2 sikunali kokhudza luso lapamwamba; kunali kokhudza zomangamanga zomwe zilipo kale komanso ulamuliro wa chigawo.

Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya

Europe yasintha msanga kuti ilamulire CCS2 kudzera mu Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID). Mwa kukakamiza ma charger onse apagulu kuti apereke mawonekedwe a Type 2 kapena CCS2, Europe idapewa "nkhondo yokhazikika" yomwe idavutitsa North America kwa zaka zambiri. Izi zidalola msika wachiwiri wolimba wa zida zina ndikupangitsa kuti unyolo woperekera katundu ukhale wosavuta kwa makampani opanga magalimoto aku Europe monga BMW ndi Renault.

Kugawikana kwa North America

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, North America inalola kuti miyezo yambiri ikhalepo: CCS1, CHAdeMO (yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi Nissan), ndi cholumikizira cha Tesla. Kugawikana kumeneku kunalepheretsa ndalama zogulira zomangamanga za anthu onse, chifukwa eni malo anakakamizika kugula makina okwera mtengo operekera ma protocol ambiri.

South Korea ndi Taiwan

South Korea idagwiritsa ntchito CCS1, makamaka kutsatira chitsanzo cha US chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwakukulu kwa GM komanso momwe msika wa US unakhudzira kutumiza kwa Hyundai/Kia magalimoto a EV koyambirira. Komabe, Taiwan ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi, pomwe boma poyamba linkadalira CCS1 koma lawona kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa magalimoto a CCS2 ndi NACS, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale malo ovuta okhala ndi miyezo yambiri.

Mutu 10: Wosokoneza wa NACS: Momwe SAE J3400 ikuphatikiza North America ndikuwopseza CCS1

Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2022, Tesla idatsegula kapangidwe kake kolumikizira padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuchitcha North American Charging Standard (NACS). Patangopita miyezi ingapo, pafupifupi makampani onse akuluakulu opanga magalimoto ku North America — Ford, GM, Rivian, Volvo — adalengeza kusintha kuchoka ku CCS1 kupita ku NACS.

Ubwino Waukadaulo wa NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Chinthu Chofunikira pa Fomu:NACS ndi yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yopepuka kuposa cholumikizira chachikulu cha CCS1.
2. Mapini Ophatikizana:Mosiyana ndi CCS, yomwe ili ndi mapini osiyana a AC ndi DC, NACS imagwiritsa ntchito mapini awiri akuluakulu omwewo pa onse awiri. Izi zimachepetsa kukula kwa malo olowera galimoto.
3. Ndondomeko Yoyambira:Chofunika kwambiri, NACS imagwiritsa ntchitochomwechoNdondomeko yolumikizirana ya ISO 15118 PLC monga CCS. Izi zikutanthauza kuti opanga magalimoto amatha kusintha pulagi yeniyeni popanda kusintha pulogalamu yawo yonse.

Kodi CCS1 ndi njira yotani yopezera imfa?

Ndi kulembedwa kwa NACS ngati SAE J3400, CCS1 ndi "njira yosakhazikika" ku United States. Ngakhale kuti ma charger ambirimbiri a CCS1 akuyikidwa kudzera mu pulogalamu ya NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), tsogolo la zinthu likuwoneka kuti ndi NACS. Kusinthaku kwapangitsa opanga ma charger monga SK Signet ndi ChargePoint kusintha mofulumira mizere yawo yolumikizira kuti iphatikizepo zingwe za NACS.

Mutu 11: Misika ya Adapter ndi Kutsatira Malamulo: Zoopsa Zalamulo ndi Zaukadaulo za Zida Zosiyanasiyana

Pamene dziko likusintha, ma adapter akhala makampani opanga madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Tsopano mutha kugula ma adapter kuti musinthe CCS2 kukhala CCS1, CCS1 kukhala Tesla, ndi Tesla kukhala CCS1. Komabe, izi zimabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu.

Kusiyana kwa Chitetezo

Cholumikizira cha CCS chovomerezeka chapangidwa kuti chigwire ntchito ya 500A ndipo chimakhala ndi kuwunika kwapamwamba kwa kutentha. Ma adapter ambiri a chipani chachitatu omwe amagulitsidwa pamapulatifomu a e-commerce alibe chitetezo ichi.

• Ngozi Yokwera:Ngati adaputala siikhala bwino, micro-arcing ikhoza kuchitika pamalo olumikizirana, zomwe pamapeto pake zimasungunula adaputala ndikuwononga chojambulira chagalimoto chokwera mtengo.
• Kuchedwa kwa Kulankhulana:Ma adapter ena amagwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi a "man-in-the-middle" kumasulira ma protocol (monga, CHAdeMO kupita ku CCS), zomwe zingayambitse kuchedwa komwe kumayambitsa nthawi yopuma yachitetezo mu EVSE.

Udindo ndi Inshuwalansi

Malinga ndi malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito adaputala yosavomerezeka nthawi zambiri kumachotsa chitsimikizo cha galimotoyo. Ngati moto wachitika pamalo ochajira chifukwa cha adaputala yolakwika, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amakhala ndi udindo waukulu. Mabungwe akuluakulu a miyezo tsopano akufulumira kupanga mapulogalamu otsimikizira ma adaputala (monga UL 2251), koma msika ukadali "Wild West" kwa omwe akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito.

Mutu 12: Chiyembekezo cha Mtsogolo: Kuchaja Megawatt (MCS), V2X, ndi Kulumikizana Kogwirizana

Pamene tikuyang'ana mu 2030, mkangano wa CCS1 ndi CCS2 ukhoza kusokonezedwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano.

Dongosolo Lochaja la Megawatt (MCS)

Pa magalimoto akuluakulu, ngakhale 350 kW ndi yochedwa kwambiri. Makampaniwa akupanga MCS, yomwe imatha kupereka ma Megawatts okwana 3.75 (3,000A pa 1,250V). Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, cholumikizira cha MCS ndi kapangidwe kamodzi padziko lonse lapansi, komwe kungathetse kusiyana kwa madera m'magawo amalonda.

Galimoto Yopita ku Chilichonse (V2X)

Kuphatikizidwa kwa ISO 15118-20 kudzasintha ma EV kukhala malo opangira magetsi oyenda. Kaya galimoto imagwiritsa ntchito CCS2 kapena NACS, kuthekera kokhazikitsa gridi nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri amagwira ntchito kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera ndalama kwa eni ma EV.

Mapeto

Kusiyana pakati pa CCS1 ndi CCS2 ndi umboni wa zovuta za kukhazikitsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale CCS2 yakhala yopambana bwino pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, kukwera kwa NACS kwasintha malamulo a North America. Kwa mainjiniya ndi opanga mfundo, phunziroli ndi lomveka bwino: zida zakuthupi ndizosakhalitsa, koma ma protocol a digito (ISO 15118) ndi mfundo zachitetezo (IMD) ndiye maziko enieni a tsogolo lamagetsi. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zaukadaulo izi ndikofunikira kwa aliyense amene akuyenda padziko lapansi la zomangamanga za EV.

Mutu 13: Masamu a Kukana Kuteteza: Kuwerengera kwa R_iso ​​ndi Kutuluka kwa Madzi

Mu gawo la high-voltage (HV) la DC fast charging, kukana kwa insulation ($R_{iso}$) sikuti ndi gawo lokha la chitetezo koma ndi chinthu choyezeka chomwe chimalamulira momwe ntchito ya charging imagwirira ntchito. Malinga ndi IEC 61851-23 ndi SAE J1772, dongosololi liyenera kukhala ndi kukana kochepa kwa insulation kuti lipewe mafunde oopsa ($I_{leakage}$) omwe angadutse m'thupi la munthu ngati chassis yalephera.

Mfundo Yoyezera

Chipangizo Chowunikira Kuteteza (IMD) nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito njira ya "switched resistor" kapena "pulse injection" poyesa kukana pakati pa ma conductor a DC ndi Protective Earth (PE). Kukana konse kwa kutetezera kumatanthauzidwa ngati kuphatikiza kofanana kwa kukana kuchokera ku mzere wabwino kupita pansi ($R_p$) ndi mzere woipa kupita pansi ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Chofunika cha chitetezo nthawi zambiri chimakhala pa 100 $\Omega/V$ pamakina a DC. Pagalimoto yomwe ikulipiritsa pa 800V, ndalama zocheperako zovomerezeka ndi $R_{iso}$:

$$800V \kuwirikiza 100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Mphamvu Zamakono Zotayikira

Mphamvu yotuluka imachokera ku mphamvu ya parasitic ya dongosolo ($C_y$) ndi kukana kwa insulation. Mu dongosolo lolinganizidwa bwino, $R_p = R_n$, ndipo voltage pakati poyerekeza ndi nthaka ndi zero. Komabe, ngati cholakwika chachitika pa njanji yabwino ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), njanji yoyipa imasamuka kufika pa $-800V$ poyerekeza ndi chassis. IMD iyenera kuzindikira kusinthaku mkati mwa ma milliseconds.

Tebulo: Mipata Yotetezera ya CCS1 vs. CCS2

Mutu 14: Kukhulupirika kwa Chizindikiro cha PLC: Kuthana ndi Phokoso mu Malo Ochapira a 500kW

Power Line Communication (PLC) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu CCS imachokera ku HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Ngakhale kuti HPGP poyamba idapangidwira ntchito zanzeru zapakhomo zotsika mphamvu, kuyigwiritsa ntchito m'malo ochapira a 500kW kumabweretsa zovuta kwambiri pakugwirizana kwa ma electromagnetic (EMC).

Pansi pa Phokoso

Ma charger a DC amphamvu kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Silicon Carbide (SiC) kapena Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) yosinthasintha mwachangu m'magawo awo amphamvu. Zigawozi zimasinthasintha pama frequency kuyambira 20 kHz mpaka 100 kHz, zomwe zimapangitsa phokoso lalikulu la harmonic. Popeza PLC imagwira ntchito mu 2 MHz mpaka 30 MHz, mwachionekere siili mbali ya phokoso loyambira losinthasintha, koma ma "ringing" apamwamba komanso ma common-mode transients amatha kudzaza mosavuta mawonekedwe a modem ya PLC.

Kuchepetsa ndi Kulumikizana

Chizindikiro cha Control Pilot (CP) chimanyamulidwa kudzera pa waya wosatetezedwa mkati mwa chingwe chochapira. Pa 30 MHz, chingwecho chimagwira ntchito ngati chingwe cholumikizira chovuta chomwe chimataya mphamvu komanso mphamvu.

• Zingwe za CCS1:Zingwe zazitali komanso zolemera ku US zingayambitse kuchepa kwa chizindikiro cha mawaya.
• Zingwe za CCS2:Ku Ulaya, zingwe zazifupi zomwe zili m'mizinda yodzaza zitha kukhala zovuta chifukwa cha kulankhulana pakati pa makina operekera magetsi oyandikana nawo.

Pofuna kuchepetsa vutoli, mainjiniya amagwiritsa ntchito "Signal Injection Units" (SIUs) zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma ferrite cores okwera kwambiri kuti zigwirizane ndi chizindikiro cha PLC pa mzere wa CP pomwe zimaletsa chizindikiro cha 1 kHz PWM ndi phokoso lapamwamba.

Chaputala 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Kusintha kwa Kapangidwe ka Mauthenga

Kusintha kuchoka pa muyezo woyambirira wa ISO 15118-2 kupita ku ISO 15118-20 yatsopano (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa “Dash 20″”) kukuyimira kukweza kwakukulu kwa mapulogalamu m'mbiri ya kuyatsa kwa EV.

ISO 15118-2: Maziko

Mtundu wa “-2″ unakhazikitsa njira yoyambira yogwirirana pogwiritsa ntchito XML:

1. SupportedAppProtocol:Kukambirana za mtunduwo.
2. Kukhazikitsa Gawo:Kukhazikitsa mgwirizano.
3. Kuzindikiritsa:Imathandizira RFID kapena Pulagi & Charge.
4. ChargeParameterDiscovery:Amasintha malire a batri.
5. Kutumiza Mphamvu:Amalamulira kayendedwe ka madzi.

ISO 15118-20: Tsogolo

Dash 20 ikubweretsa dongosolo latsopano la uthenga lomwe lapangidwira mbadwo wotsatira wa ntchito zamagetsi:

• Thandizo la Mayendedwe Awiri:Mauthenga apadera a V2G (Galimoto yopita ku Grid) ndi V2H (Galimoto yopita ku Home) yotulutsa.
• Njira Yosinthasintha:Imalola chochaja kuti chiuze galimotoyo kuti isinthe mphamvu yake nthawi yeniyeni kutengera kuchuluka kwa gridi, popanda kuyambitsanso gawolo.
• Chitetezo Cholimbikitsidwa:Kusintha kuchokera ku TLS 1.2 kupita ku TLS 1.3, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwirana manja mwachangu komanso kubisa mawu mwamphamvu.
• Kuchulukitsa:Imalola mautumiki angapo (monga kuchaja + kulunzanitsa deta) kuti agwire ntchito kudzera pa kulumikizana komweko kwa PLC.

Tchati cha Mndandanda wa Mauthenga: Pulagi ndi Kuchaja (PnC) vs. Kuzindikira Kwakunja (EIM)

Mu PnC,Chikwangwani cha Mgwirizanoimatumizidwa kuchokera mgalimoto kupita ku charger. Charger imatsimikiza izi motsutsana ndi seva yake ya backend OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol). Mu EIM, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kupereka khadi lenileni, ndipo charger imatumizaLolezanipempho ku backend. Kuchedwa kwa PnC kuli kotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azigwiritsa ntchito "monga Tesla".

Mutu 16: Ukadaulo wa Kutentha kwa Zolumikizira Zamphamvu Kwambiri: Zipangizo, Kukana Kukhudzana, ndi Kuziziritsa Madzi

Pamene tikuyandikira malire a mawonekedwe a CCS, uinjiniya wa kutentha umakhala choletsa chachikulu pakupanga.

Kukana Kukhudzana ($R_{contact}$)

Kutentha komwe kumapangidwa pa cholumikizira kumatanthauzidwa ndi Lamulo la Joule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Pa ndalama ya 500A:

• Ngati $R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Ngati $R_{contact}$ yatsika kufika pa $2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Kutentha kwa ma Watts 500 mu chogwirira cha pulasitiki chotsekedwa kungayambitse kulephera kwakukulu mumphindi zochepa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake siliva-plating pa mapini ndi wofunika kwambiri. Siliva ili ndi mphamvu zochepa zamagetsi kuposa chitsulo chilichonse ndipo imapereka malo odzipaka okha omwe amachepetsa kuwonongeka pazaka zikwizikwi zogonana.

Machitidwe Oziziritsira Madzi

Kuti muzitha kuziziritsa madzi opitilira 350A, ndikofunikira. Dongosololi nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito chiller chotsekedwa mkati mwa kabati yamagetsi.

• Mtundu Woziziritsira:Madzi amagetsi amakondedwa kuti apewe kufalikira kwa mafunde afupiafupi ngati patuluka madzi, koma madzi ndi glycol osakaniza ndi ofala kwambiri chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kwapamwamba.
• Kapangidwe ka Paipi:Ma DC+ ndi ma DC- conductors ali ndi dzenje kapena ozunguliridwa ndi njira zoziziritsira. "Mbale yozizira" ili kumbuyo kwa mapini kuti ichotse kutentha kuchokera ku malo olumikizirana.

Mutu 17: Kusanthula kwa Mlandu Wogwirizana: Kuthetsa vuto la Handshake pakati pa VW ID.4 ndi Electrify America Chargers

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwirira ntchito kwa CCS1 chinachitika kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ya VW ID.4 ku United States. Eni ake ambiri adanena kuti zolakwika za "Red Ring" (chaji yalephera) pa siteshoni za Electrify America (EA).

Chifukwa Chake: Nthawi ndi XML

Pambuyo pa miyezi yambiri yolemba deta, mainjiniya adapeza kuti pali vuto la mpikisano muKukhazikitsa Gawogawo. Chojambulira cha EA (chopangidwa ndi chipani chachitatu) chinali kutumizaSupportedAppProtocolResGalimotoyo ikanatha kuyika uthenga mwachangu kuposa momwe pulogalamu ya ID.4's onboard charger (OBC) ikanatha kuyambitsa IPv6 stack yake. Galimotoyo inkasowa uthenga, inkatha nthawi, ndikusiya gawolo.

Kukonza: Kukonza Mapulogalamu

Yankho linafunika kusinthidwa kwa firmware ya galimoto ndi charger. Charger inasinthidwa kuti idikire chizindikiro cha "ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery" isanatumize uthenga woyamba wa PLC, ndipo nthawi yotha ntchito ya galimotoyo inakulitsidwa kuchoka pa masekondi awiri mpaka masekondi asanu. Kafukufuku wa nkhaniyi akuwonetsa chifukwa chake "Umboni" ndi wofunikira koma wosakwanira; zinthu zenizeni zachilengedwe komanso kuchedwa kwa netiweki kumawonjezera zovuta zomwe mayeso a labu sangabwereze mokwanira.

Mutu 18: Zotsatira za Unyolo Wopereka Zinthu Padziko Lonse: Mkuwa, Siliva, ndi Kusowa kwa Ma Chips a HPGP

Kupanga zolumikizira za CCS ndi kampani yapadera kwambiri yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi osewera angapo monga Phoenix Contact, Huber+Suhner, ndi TE Connectivity.

Kudalira Zinthu Zopangira

• Mkuwa:Chingwe chimodzi choziziritsidwa ndi madzi cha 350kW chingakhale ndi mkuwa woposa 15kg. Kusasinthasintha kwa mitengo ya mkuwa kumakhudza mwachindunji CAPEX ya maukonde ochapira.
• Siliva:Njira yopangira ma plating a ma pini a CCS2 imafuna njira zolondola zopangira ma electroplating kuti zitsimikizire kuti pali wosanjikiza wofanana wa ma micron 5-10. Kuchepa kulikonse kumabweretsa kukana kwambiri komanso kukalamba msanga.

Chipset ya HPGP Monopoly

Ma chips a HPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) modem ndi ubongo wa galimoto iliyonse ya CCS ndi charger. Kwa zaka zambiri, Qualcomm inali kampani yayikulu yogulitsa (QCA7000 series). Panthawi ya kusowa kwa ma semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 2021-2022, kusowa kwa ma chips awa kunayimitsa kupanga malo ambiri ochajira. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale kukakamizidwa kwa makampani ena, ndi makampani monga Lumissil ndi Vertexcom omwe akuyamba msika, koma njira yopezera satifiketi ya silicon yatsopano m'magalimoto ndi yocheperako.

Mutu 19: Makonzedwe Olamulira: NEVI ku US vs. AFIR ku EU

Maboma sakusiyanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka pamsika.

EU: AFIR (Malamulo Othandizira Pazinthu Zopangira Mafuta)

Lamulo la EU la AFIR ndilo lamulo lolimba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Limafuna:

• Ma charger othamanga kwambiri pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 aliwonse m'misewu ikuluikulu.
• CCS2 monga muyezo wofunikira.
• Malipiro a nthawi yomweyo (owerenga makadi a ngongole) ayenera kuphatikizidwa, kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotsekedwa za RFID.

US: NEVI (Ntchito Zamagetsi Zadziko Lonse)

Lamulo la US Bipartisan Infrastructure Law linapereka ndalama zokwana $5 biliyoni zolipiritsa. Malamulo a NEVI poyamba ankalamula kuti CCS1 igwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, potsatira lamulo la NACS, malamulowo anasinthidwa kuti alole zingwe za NACS bola ngati chingwe chimodzi cha CCS1 chilipo pamalo aliwonse. "Hybrid Model" iyi ndi mlatho wakanthawi pamene US ikupita ku tsogolo lathunthu la SAE J3400.

Mutu 20: Kugwirizana kwa SAE J3400 (NACS) ndi Zotsatira Zake pa Kupanga kwa CCS1

Kusintha kwa NACS (SAE J3400) ku North America kwasintha kwambiri njira ya CCS1.

Chinthu Chachikulu Chopangira Zinthu

Mafakitale omwe adakonzedwa bwino kuti agwirizane ndi zogwirira zazikulu za CCS1 tsopano akukonzedwanso kuti agwirizane ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono ka NACS. Kuvuta kwa NACS kuli m'mapini ake a "Dual Use", omwe amafunikira ma contactor othamanga kwambiri a DC mkati mwa galimoto kuti asinthe pakati pa chojambulira cha AC ndi basi ya batri ya DC.

Kupulumuka kwa CCS1

CCS1 mwina idzakhalapobe ku South Korea komanso ngati muyezo wakale ku US kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Komabe, bajeti ya kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha CCS1 yatsika kufika pa zero pamene makampaniwa akuyang'ana kwambiri NACS ndi MCS. Kwa opanga padziko lonse lapansi, izi zikutanthauza kusunga mitundu itatu yosiyana ya malonda:

1. CCS2:Za msika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
2. NACS (J3400):Kwa North America.
3. MCS:Kwa gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhala ndi ntchito zambiri.

Mutu 21: Mapeto: Ndondomeko Yogwirizana mu Dziko Logawanika la Thupi

Monga taonera, "Kusiyana pakati pa CCS1 ndi CCS2" ndi nkhani ya maonekedwe awiri a mzimu umodzi wa digito. Kaya galimoto imagwiritsa ntchito pulagi yozungulira ya CCS1 kapena pulagi yathyathyathya ya CCS2, mfundo yaikulu ya ISO 15118, chitetezo cha kuyang'anira IMD, ndi vuto la kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro cha PLC zimakhalabe zofanana.

Nkhondo yoyendetsera ntchito yolipirira ya m'ma 2020 yatiphunzitsa kuti kugwirira ntchito limodzi sikungokhudza pulagi yokha—koma ndi pulogalamu, gridi, ndi zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akukumana nazo. Pamene dziko lapansi likusintha kupita ku miyezo ingapo yodziwika bwino, cholinga chidzasintha kuchoka pa "Kodi ndingalumikize?" kupita ku "Kodi mphamvuyi ndi yachangu komanso yanzeru bwanji?" Kusintha kupita ku NACS ku US ndi kukhazikika kwa CCS2 ku Europe kukuyimira kutha kwa chiyambi cha kusintha kwa EV. Zaka khumi zikubwerazi zidzafotokozedwa ndi V2G, liwiro la Megawatt, ndi netiweki yolipirira padziko lonse lapansi yopanda phokoso.

Mutu 22: Kusanthula Kwatsatanetsatane kwa Mawonekedwe a Proximity Pilot (PP) ndi Control Pilot (CP) Circuit

Kuti munthu ayamikiredi luso la CCS, ayenera kuyang'ana momwe mizere yoyendetsera galimoto imayendera. Mizere iyi ndi "mitsempha" ya makina ochapira, kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi ambiri sapezeka pamapini owonekera komanso kuti galimotoyo singayende bwino ikalumikizidwa.

Dera Loyendetsa (CP)

Chigawo cha CP ndi chizindikiro cha 1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ chopangidwa ndi EVSE. Kumbali ya galimoto, chigawocho chili ndi diode ndi mndandanda wa ma resistors ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) omwe galimotoyo ingasinthe kukhala chigawocho pogwiritsa ntchito ma transistors kapena ma relay.

• Cholinga cha Diode:Diode imatsimikizira kuti gawo labwino la chizindikiro cha PWM lokha ndi lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi zotsutsana ndi galimoto. Izi zimathandiza EVSE kuzindikira "kuchepa kwa mphamvu" ngati gawo loipa la chizindikiro cha PWM lakhudzidwa mosayembekezereka ndi vuto pa netiweki ya resistor ya galimotoyo—kuwunika kofunikira kwachitetezo komwe kumaletsa EVSE kupatsa mphamvu chingwe kapena cholumikizira chowonongeka.

Kuwerenga Ndondomeko ya Ntchito

EVSE imalemba mphamvu yomwe ilipo mu PWM duty cycle ya 1kHz sikweya mafunde, ndipo galimotoyo imaimasulira isanatseke ma contactor akuluakulu:

• 5% ya ntchito yozungulira:EVSE si yokonzeka—chaji sichiloledwa (chogwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsa momwe zinthu zilili).
• 10% ya ntchito yokhazikika:Yokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito EVSE, palibe mpweya wokwanira wofunikira (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi makina amakono a DC otsekedwa).
• 16-85% ya ntchito:Mphamvu yomwe ilipo imagwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito—mwachitsanzo, 50% imasonyeza malire a 50A, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukula kwa charger ya galimotoyo kukhale koyenera.
• 90-97% ya ntchito yogwira ntchito:Yosungidwa pazikhalidwe zapadera monga mpweya wofunikira (legacy lead-acid) kapena chizindikiro chapadera cha DC.

Ubwino wa makina a CP ndi kusalinganika kwake kosalephera: ngati galimotoyo siiona mafunde olondola a sikweya, imaganiza kuti ndi yoipa kwambiri ndipo imakana kuichaja; ngati EVSE siiona yankho lolondola, imakana kuipatsa mphamvu. Kulephera kwa mbali iliyonse kumatanthauza kuti nthawi yochaja singayambe moopsa.

Dera la Proximity Pilot (PP)

Chigawo cha PP ndi chikumbumtima cha makina cha cholumikizira. Chimagwiritsa ntchito choletsa chosavuta kugwetsa mkati mwa pulagi kuti chidziwitse mbali zonse ziwiri ngati chingwe chayikidwa mokwanira—ndipo kuti chisatuluke ndi chingwe cholumikizidwa.

• Makhalidwe Otsutsa:Choletsa cha 150Ω chimasonyeza kuti chingwe chalumikizidwa mu galimoto koma sichinatsekedwe; choletsa cha 680Ω chimasonyeza kuti chingwe chalumikizidwa ndi kutsekeredwa; dera lotseguka (lopanda choletsa) chimatanthauza kuti cholumikizira chatsekedwa. EVSE ndi galimoto zimawerenga mfundo izi mosalekeza.
• Chitetezo cha Kuthamangitsidwa:Ngati makina a galimoto azindikira momwe 150Ω ilili pamene buleki yoyimitsa galimoto ikutulutsidwa, sizilola kuti giya igwire ntchito. Ngati chingwecho chatsekedwa (680Ω), galimotoyo silola kuti cholumikiziracho chituluke pamene mphamvu yochaja ikutuluka—kuchotsa chiopsezo cha “kutulutsa pulagi yamoyo”.
• Kuzindikira Kukhalapo kwa Chingwe:Pa makina a DC, mzere wa PP umatsimikiziranso kuti chingwe chochajira chili bwino mbali zonse ziwiri EVSE isanalole kuti ma contactor amphamvu kwambiri atseke.

Chifukwa Chake Oyendetsa Ndege Ndi Ofunika M'dziko Lenileni

Pamodzi, ma CP ndi ma PP circuits ndi omwe amachititsa kuti nthawi yochaja ikhale yotetezeka ngakhale ma amps chikwi akuthamanga. Ndiwo malo oyamba omwe mainjiniya amawayang'ana pamene nthawi yalephera kuyamba: malo a PP omwe akhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri, choletsa CP chophwanyika, kapena pini yoyendetsa yomwe yawonongeka imabweretsa kuchuluka kwa mafoni a "chaja sichiyamba". Kumvetsetsa ma circuits awa kumapangitsa kulephera kwachinsinsi kukhala chidziwitso cha mphindi 10.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Chigawo cha CP chili ndi chizindikiro cha PWM cha 1kHz chomwe kayendedwe kake ka ntchito kamalemba mphamvu yomwe ilipo; kapangidwe kake kozikidwa pa diode kamathandiza kuzindikira mwachangu kuchokera pansi.
• Chigawo cha PP chimagwiritsa ntchito netiweki yolimbana ndi mawaya kuti izindikire kupezeka kwa chingwe ndi momwe chimatsekekera, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo choyendetsa galimoto komanso chitsimikizo cha mpando wolumikizira.
• Ma circuits onsewa ndi otetezeka kulephera: chizindikiro choyendetsa chomwe chasowa kapena chosagwira ntchito chimayimitsa gawolo asanayambe kutseka contactor iliyonse yamagetsi amphamvu.
• Zolakwika za mzere wa pilot ndi zina mwa zolephera zofala kwambiri zoyambitsa chaja—multimeter ndipo chidziwitso cha dera ichi chimathetsa zambiri mwa mphindi zochepa.

Lumikizanani ndi MIDA Power mainjiniya ake a CCS1/CCS2 okhala ndi ma circuitry opangidwa kuti azitha kuzindikira matenda m'munda: malo oyesera olembedwa bwino, ma code olakwika ofanana, ndi zikalata zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimathandizira akatswiri kuthetsa mavuto a CP/PP. Lumikizanani nafe kuti mupeze zikalata zaukadaulo, chithandizo chophunzitsira, ndi tsatanetsatane wa malonda.