Funda kabanzi ngezindinganiso ze-CCS1 vs CCS2: Izinqubo Zokuxhumana kanye Nokuhlanganiswa kwe-NACS

Ukuchaza I-Global Charging Paradox: Ukungena Okujulile Kwezobuchwepheshe Obukhulu Obuningi Kumazinga E-CCS1 vs. CCS2, Amaphrothokholi Okuxhumana Ngezingqimba Ezibonakalayo, Ukwakheka Kokuqapha Ukufakwa Kokushisa, kanye Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezwe Kubheke Ekuhlanganisweni Kwe-NACS

Isahluko 1: Isingeniso: Isimo Sokufakelwa Ugesi Emhlabeni Wonke kanye Nempi Ejwayelekile

Imboni yezimoto yomhlaba wonke okwamanje idlula kwenye yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wayo wekhulu leminyaka: ukuguquka kusuka ezinjinini zokushisa zangaphakathi (ICE) kuya ezimotweni zikagesi (EV). Ngenkathi ikhemikhali yamabhethri e-lithium-ion kanye nokusebenza kahle kwama-inverter e-silicon carbide (SiC) kuvame ukubamba izihloko, iqhawe elingadunyiswa—kanye nesithiyo esivamile—salolu shintsho yi-interface yokushaja.

Izinga lokushaja yintambo ye-umbilical ye-EV ecosystem. Akuyona nje ipulaki nesokhethi; kuyisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yama-electronics anamandla aphezulu, izinqubo zokuxhumana zedijithali, kanye nokuxhumeka kokuphepha. Namuhla, umhlaba uhlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko ngamakamu amabili e-Combined Charging System (CCS): i-CCS1 (Evamile eNyakatho Melika naseKorea) kanye ne-CCS2 (Evamile eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo eziningi).

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlukana kwe-binary kuyaphazamiseka. Ukwanda kwe-North American Charging Standard (NACS), esanda kubhalwa njenge-SAE J3400, kuthumele amagagasi okushaqisayo embonini, okusongela ukwenza i-CCS1 ingasebenzi emakethe yayo yasekhaya. Okwamanje, ubunzima be-CCS2 buyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokusetshenziswa kwe-ISO 15118-20, okuvumela izici ezifana ne-Plug & Charge kanye ne-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe okuphelele, okungama-degree angu-360 kwe-CCS1 kanye ne-CCS2. Sizohlola umehluko wazo womshini, umqondo wesignali oyisisekelo we-Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) kanye ne-Power Line Communication (PLC), umsebenzi obalulekile wokuphepha we-Insulation Monitoring Devices (IMD), kanye namandla ayinkimbinkimbi e-geopolitical kanye ne-supply chain abumbe lezi zindinganiso. Sizohlola nezinselele zokusebenzisana ezihlupha amanethiwekhi okushaja omphakathi kanye nemvelo yezomthetho ebaluleke kakhulu ezungeze ukusetshenziswa kwama-adapter ezinkampani zangaphandle.

Isahluko 2: Izimpande Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo: I-SAE J1772 vs. IEC 62196-2 kanye Nendlela Eya ku-CCS

Ukuze uqonde iSistimu Yokushaja Ehlanganisiwe, umuntu kufanele aqale abheke amazinga okushaja e-AC angaphambi kwawo. I-CCS empeleni "iyisengezo" kuma-plug e-AC akhona, yingakho igama elithi "Okuhlanganisiwe."

Ukuzalwa Kohlobo 1 (SAE J1772)

Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, i-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) e-United States yathuthukisa indinganiso ye-J1772. Isixhumi esibonakalayo, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ipulaki ye-Yazaki noma i-Type 1, saklanyelwa ukushaja i-AC yesigaba esisodwa. Sasinezikhonkwane ezinhlanu: i-L1 (Line 1), i-N (Neutral), i-PE (Protective Earth), i-CP (Control Pilot), kanye ne-PP (Proximity Pilot).

Uhlobo 1 lwenzelwe igridi yamandla yaseNyakatho Melika, lapho ugesi wendawo yokuhlala uvame ukuba yi-120V noma i-240V yesigaba esisodwa. Umklamo womshini wawuhlanganisa i-thumb-latch esetshenziswa ngesandla ukubopha isixhumi emotweni kanye ne-microswitch yokubonisa ukuqala nokuphela kweseshini yokushaja.

Ukuvela Kohlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2)

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) eYurophu yayisebenza endinganisweni efanele igridi yaseYurophu, esekela amandla e-AC anezigaba ezintathu. Umphumela waba ipulaki ye-Mennekes, noma i-Type 2, ebhalwe ngaphansi kwe-IEC 62196-2.

Ngokungafani noHlobo 1, uHlobo 2 luyisixhumanisi esinamaphini ayisikhombisa: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, kanye ne-PP. Ngokusekela izigaba ezintathu, uHlobo 2 lunganikeza amandla afinyelela ku-22 kW e-AC (32A ku-400V), kanti uHlobo 1 ngokuvamile lwalukhawulelwe ku-7.4 kW noma ku-19.2 kW ekulungiselelweni kwamandla aphezulu angavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHlobo 2 lusuke e-latch ephathwayo, lwakhetha i-solenoid ekhiya ngogesi ngaphakathi kwe-inlet yemoto.

Isixazululo "se-Combo"

Njengoba isidingo sokushaja okusheshayo sasikhula, onjiniyela babhekene nenkinga: ungayifaka kanjani i-DC charger enamandla amakhulu ngaphandle kokudinga i-port yesibili, ehlukile emotweni? Isixazululo kwaba yiCombined Charging System.

• I-CCS1 (Inhlanganisela 1):Ithatha isixhumi se-AC sohlobo 1 bese ifaka amaphini amabili amakhulu kagesi e-DC (DC+ kanye ne-DC-) ngaphansi kwaso.
• I-CCS2 (Inhlanganisela 2):Ithatha isixhumi se-AC sohlobo lwe-2 bese ifaka amaphini amabili kagesi e-DC afanayo ngaphansi kwaso.

Kuzo zombili izimo, amaphini e-Control Pilot (CP) kanye ne-Protective Earth (PE) akhona asetshenziswa futhi ekuxhawulaneni kwe-DC, okuqinisekisa izinga lokuhambisana emuva kanye nokunciphisa ubunzima bezintambo zangaphakathi zemoto.

Isahluko 3: Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Okubonakalayo Ukucwila Okujulile: Umklamo Wemishini kanye Nama-Pinouts E-Combo 1 vs. Combo 2

Umehluko ongokoqobo phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2 awukona nje ubuhle; ubonisa umehluko oyisisekelo engqalasizinda yegridi kanye nefilosofi yokuphepha.

I-CCS1 (SAE J1772 Combo)

Isixhumi se-CCS1 sibonakala ngomklamo waso "oyindilinga" ozuzwe njengefa ku-J1772.

• Ukucushwa kwephinikhodi:Amaphini ama-5 phezulu (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) kanye namaphini ama-2 amakhulu phansi (DC+, DC-).
• Indlela Yokubopha:I-CCS1 ithembele ku-latch yomshini esibambweni. Umsebenzisi ucindezela inkinobho ukuze akhulule ipulaki. Lo mklamo ugxekwe ngokuthi uthambekele ekuphukeni nokuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi badonse ipulaki ngenkathi ugesi usaqhubeka (yize isignali ye-CP iklanyelwe ukumisa ugesi ngokushesha lapho ugesi ukhishwa).
• Ukupholisa:Amashaja e-CCS1 ashesha kakhulu (350 kW+) anamuhla asebenzisa izintambo ezipholiswe uketshezi lapho i-coolant ijikeleza khona kubaqhubi be-DC futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaphini ngokwawo ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi seseshini yamandla aphezulu (500A+).

I-CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Combo)

Isixhumi se-CCS2 sisebenzisa ukwakheka “okuyisicaba” kohlobo 2.

• Ukucushwa kwephinikhodi:Izikhonkwane eziyi-7 phezulu (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) kanye nezikhonkwane ezimbili ezinkulu phansi (DC+, DC-).
• Indlela Yokubopha:I-CCS2 ihlala ikhiywe ngogesi yimoto. Ayikho inkinobho esibambweni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuqinile futhi okuphephile, njengoba imoto ilawula ngokuphelele ukuthi isixhumi singasuswa nini.
• Ukuhambisana kwegridi:Ngenxa yokuthi i-CCS2 iqukethe amaphini e-L2 kanye ne-L3, imoto efakwe i-CCS2 ingasebenzisa ngokugcwele ukushaja kwe-AC kwezigaba ezintathu ekhaya noma emsebenzini, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ezimakethe zaseYurophu nase-Asia.

Ithebula Eliqhathanisayo: I-CCS1 vs. I-CCS2 Izinhlobo Zomzimba

Isahluko 4: I-Control Signal Logic: I-PWM (Ukuguqulwa Kobubanzi Be-Pulse) kanye ne-Basic Handshake

Ngaphambi kokuba noma yimaphi ama-electron ane-voltage ephezulu ageleze, i-Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) kanye ne-Electric Vehicle (EV) kumele zenze ukuxhawulana okune-voltage ephansi. Le nqubo ilawulwa yizingqimba ezimbili zokuxhumana: isignali ye-PWM yakudala kanye nesignali yesimanje ye-PLC.

Isiginali ye-PWM (IEC 61851-1)

Ulayini we-Control Pilot (CP) usebenzisa isignali ye-12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) ku-1 kHz ukuze udlulise izimo eziyisisekelo. Lena indlela enamandla, e-analog ebilokhu iyisisekelo sokushaja kwe-EV iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.

• Isimo A (12V):Akukho moto exhunyiwe.
• Isifundazwe B (9V):Imoto ixhunyiwe, ayilungele ukushaja.
• Isifundazwe C (6V):Imoto ixhunyiwe futhi isilungele ukushajwa (akudingeki umoya).
• Isifundazwe D (3V):Imoto ixhunyiwe futhi isilungele ukushajwa (kudingeka umoya).
• Umjikelezo Womsebenzi:Iphesenti lesikhathi "sokuvuliwe" sesiginali engu-1 kHz litshela imoto ukuthi ugesi omkhulu kakhulu ongawunikeza i-EVSE. Isibonelo, umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-25% ungase umele ama-Amps angu-15.

Ukushintshela ku-DC

Ngokushaja i-AC, isignali ye-PWM yanele. Kodwa-ke, ngokushaja i-DC, i-EV ne-EVSE kudingeka zishintshanise idatha eyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-State of Charge yebhethri (i-SoC), i-voltage eceliwe, kanye nezisayini zedijithali zokukhokha. Yilapho i-PWM ifinyelela khona umkhawulo wayo.

Ku-CCS, umugqa we-CP "usetshenziswa kabusha." Uma uxhumano olubonakalayo selutholakele nge-PWM, uhlelo lumboza isignali yedijithali evame kakhulu kulayini we-CP kusetshenziswa i-Power Line Communication (PLC). Isignali ye-PWM ihlala kumjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-5% ohleliwe, osebenza njenge-"digital toggle" ekhombisa i-EV ukuthi iqalise iphrothokholi ye-HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Isahluko 5: Ukuxhumana Okuthuthukisiwe: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, kanye Nendima ye-PLC (Ukuxhumana Ngezintambo Zamandla)

Nakuba amaphini angokwenyama ehluka phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2, "ubuchopho" besistimu bufana kakhulu. Bobabili bathembele ezindinganisweni ze-ISO/IEC 15118 kanye ne-DIN 70121 zokuxhumana kwe-DC.

I-DIN 70121: Ibhuloho eliya e-DC

I-DIN 70121 yayiwukuqala ukusetshenziswa kokuxhumana kokushaja kwe-DC kwe-CCS. Iyingxenye ye-ISO 15118 drafts yokuqala. Ivumela imoto kanye neshaja ukushintshana ngemiyalezo efana nalokhu:

• Ukutholwa Kwesevisi:Yiziphi izinsizakalo (i-AC/DC) ezinikezwa yishaja?
• I-ChargeParameterDiscovery:Iyini imikhawulo yamandla kagesi kanye nowamanje webhethri kanye neshaja?
• Ukulethwa Kwamandla:Umyalo wangempela wokuqala noma ukumisa ukugeleza kwamandla.

I-ISO 15118: Izinga Lokushaja Elihlakaniphile

I-ISO 15118 “iyindinganiso yegolide” yokuxhumana kwe-EV. Iyindinganiso enezingxenye eziningi eyethula izici eziningana ezithuthukisiwe:

1. Iplagi Nokushaja (PnC):Isebenzisa i-Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), imoto ingaziveza ngokuphephile kushaja futhi iphathe ukukhokhisa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Awekho amakhadi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-RFID ezidingekayo.
2. Izinsizakalo Ezenezelwe Ngenani:Ulwazi mayelana namanani kagesi endawo noma ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile.
3. Ukushaja Okuqondiswa Kabili (ISO 15118-20):Ukuvumela imoto ukuthi ibuyisele ugesi kugridi noma ekhaya.

Isendlalelo Esibonakalayo se-PLC

Ihadiwe edingekayo kulokhu yi-modem ye-HomePlug Green PHY. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngomugqa we-Control Pilot, ophethe isignali ye-PWM engu-1 kHz, kunomsindo omkhulu. I-PLC isebenzisa i-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha—edluliselwa kumafrikhwensi aphakathi kuka-2 MHz no-30 MHz—itholwa ngokuthembekile naphezu kwendawo enamandla kagesi kagesi yesiteshi sokushaja esinamandla aphezulu.

Isahluko 6: Izinqubo Zokuphepha Nokuqapha Ukufakwa Kokushisa (IMD): Ukuthola Ukuvuza Ezinhlelweni Ezinamandla Aphezulu

Ukuphepha kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekushajeni okusheshayo kwe-DC, lapho ama-voltage angadlula i-900V kanti ama-current angafinyelela ku-500A. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalolu hlobo lokuphepha yi-Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD).

Uhlelo Lokuntanta

Ngokungafani namandla e-AC okuhlala, lapho i-neutral iboshelwe khona emhlabeni, izinhlelo zokushaja ze-DC "ziyantanta" noma "zihlukanisiwe." I-DC+ noma i-DC-line azixhunyiwe ku-chassis yemoto (Ground). Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umuntu ethinta omunye wemigqa ye-DC kanye ne-chassis ngesikhathi esisodwa, akukho mandla kagesi okufanele adlule kuzo ngoba akukho mjikelezo ophelele obuyela emthonjeni.

Indima ye-IMD

Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ukwehluleka kokuvikela ukushisa—njengekhebula eliqhekekile noma ukuvuza kwe-coolant ngaphakathi kwebhethri—enye yemigqa ye-DC ingase ibambeke ngengozi. Uma kwenzeka iphutha lesibili komunye umugqa, kwenzeka i-short circuit eyingozi.

I-IMD iqapha njalo ukumelana phakathi kwebhasi le-DC kanye ne-Protective Earth (PE).

• Ukuhlolwa Kwangaphambi Kokushaja:Ngaphambi kokuba ama-contactor amakhulu asondele ukuqala ukushaja, i-EV kanye ne-EVSE zenza ukuhlolwa kokushisa. Uma ukumelana kungaphansi komkhawulo othile (ngokuvamile ama-ohms ayi-100 nge-volt), iseshini iyamiswa.
• Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo:Ngesikhathi sokushaja, i-IMD iyaqhubeka nokufaka isignali encane ukuze iqaphe ukuwohloka.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CCS1 vs. CCS2 IMD

Nakuba lesi simiso sifana, imikhawulo ethile kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula zingahluka phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-SAE kanye ne-IEC. Izinhlelo ze-CCS2 eYurophu zivame ukuhlanganisa i-IMD ngqo kumlawuli we-EVSE, kanti izinhlelo ze-CCS1 zingase zibe nokuqapha okusabalalisiwe kakhulu phakathi kwekhabhinethi yamandla kanye ne-dispenser. Ubunzima buyanda ezimweni "zokwabelana ngesayithi" lapho abasabalalisi abaningi babelana khona ngeyunithi eyodwa enkulu yokuguqula amandla.

Isahluko 7: Izindlela Zokukhiya Nokuphathwa Kokushisa: Ama-Latches Ezandla vs. Ama-Solenoid E-elekthronikhi

Ukuthembeka kwe-plug ngomshini kuyisici esibalulekile phakathi kwalezi zindinganiso ezimbili.

I-CCS1: Isibopho se-Latch

I-latch ephathwayo ye-plug ye-CCS1/J1772 iyona ndawo ebuthaka kakhulu kuyo. Ezilungiselelweni zomphakathi, la ma-latch avame ukuphulwa abasebenzisi noma aqandiswe yiqhwa. Uma i-latch iphukile, isekethe ye-Proximity Pilot (PP) ingase ingavali, okuvimbela imoto ukuthi iqalise ukushaja. Okubi nakakhulu, i-latch ephukile kancane ingase ivumele isixhumi ukuthi sinyakaze ngesikhathi seseshini yamandla aphezulu, okuholela ekuqhekekeni nasekulimeni kokushisa.

I-CCS2: Ukuphakama Kwe-Solenoid

I-CCS2 isusa isibambo sesibambo. Indawo yokungena yemoto inephini elinomshini (i-solenoid) elishelela emgodini oxhumanisayo uma selifakwe ngokuphelele.

• Ukuphepha Kokukhiya Okuhlanganisiwe:Imoto ngeke ivale ama-contactor ayo ane-voltage ephezulu kuze kube yilapho i-solenoid iqinisekisa isimo "sokukhiywa".
• Ukuvimbela Ubusela:Isixhumi asikwazi ukususwa kuze kube yilapho umsebenzisi evula imoto noma emisa iseshini ngesixhumi esibonakalayo semoto, okuvimbela ukunqamuka okungagunyaziwe.

Ukuphathwa Kokushisa

Njengoba isivinini sokushaja sisondela ku-400 kW, ukuphathwa kokushisa akusadingeki. Zombili i-CCS1 ne-CCS2 zisebenzisa izinzwa zokushisa (ngokuvamile ama-thermistors e-NTC) ezifakwe eduze kwamaphini e-DC.

• Ukuhlambalaza:Uma izinga lokushisa kumaphini lidlula umkhawulo ophephile (isb., 85°C), i-EVSE izoshintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo noma inciphise ugesi ukuze ivimbele umgodi wepulasitiki ukuthi ungancibiliki.
• Ukupholisa Okusaketshezi:Kuma-dispenser anamandla amakhulu, izintambo ziqine kakhulu ngoba ziqukethe iziteshi ze-coolant esekelwe ku-glycol. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-conductor ethusi amancane (okunciphisa isisindo sekhebula) ngenkathi kugcinwa amazinga okushisa aphephile ku-500A.

Isahluko 8: Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenzisana (IOP): Izinselele Kwingqalasizinda Ehlanganisa Abathengisi Abaningi

Esinye sezinto ezikhungathekisa kakhulu umshayeli we-EV “ukwehluleka kokuxhawulana”—imoto kanye neshaja kumane kwenqabe ukukhuluma. Lena inkinga yokusebenzisana (i-IOP).

Ubunzima Besitaki Sesofthiwe

I-stack yokuxhumana ye-CCS ihilela izendlalelo eziningi:

1. Isendlalelo Esibonakalayo:Ikhwalithi Yesiginali ye-HPGP PLC.
2. Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha:Amakheli e-MAC kanye nokujoyina inethiwekhi.
3. Isendlalelo Senethiwekhi:Ukufaka ikheli le-IPv6 (kudingeka yi-ISO 15118).
4. Isendlalelo Sohlelo Lokusebenza:Imiyalezo esekelwe ku-XML (ukucindezelwa kwe-EXI).

Uma isofthiwe yeshaja (esetshenziswe ku-Linux noma ku-OS yesikhathi sangempela) inomehluko omncane wesikhathi ku-IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol yayo, noma uma i-XML parser yemoto ilindele i-schema ehlukile kancane, iseshini iyahluleka.

Imicimbi Yokuhlola kanye Nesitifiketi

Ukuze kulwiwe nalokhu, imboni ibamba “ama-Testivals” (iMikhosi Yokuhlola) eqhutshwa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-CharIN. Onjiniyela abavela eTesla, VW, ABB, kanye ne-Siemens baletha izimoto zabo kanye namashaja endaweni ephakathi ukuze bahlole yonke inhlanganisela engenzeka. Naphezu kwalokhu, “umsila omude” we-firmware endala ye-EVSE kanye namamodeli ezimoto amasha kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-IOP ihlala iyinselele eqhubekayo ohlelweni lwe-CCS.

Isahluko 9: Izihlabathi Ezishintshayo Zezendawo: Ukuhlukana Kwesifunda kanye Nomnotho Wezokuthengwa Komhlaba Wonke

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2 kwakungavamile ukuba mayelana nokuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe; kwakumayelana nengqalasizinda ekhona kanye nobukhosi besifunda.

Ukuhlanganiswa KwaseYurophu

IYurophu yaqala ukusebenza kusenesikhathi ukuze inikeze amandla i-CCS2 nge-Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID). Ngokuphoqa wonke amashaja omphakathi ukuthi ahlinzeke nge-interface yohlobo 2 noma i-CCS2, iYurophu yagwema "impi ejwayelekile" eyayihlupha iNyakatho Melika iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kwavumela imakethe yesibili eqinile yezingxenye futhi kwenza lula uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezinkampani zaseYurophu ezifana ne-BMW ne-Renault.

Ukuhlukaniswa KwaseNyakatho Melika

INyakatho Melika, ngokuphambene nalokho, yavumela amazinga amaningi ukuba ahambisane: i-CCS1, i-CHAdeMO (eqhutshwa yiNissan), kanye nesixhumi seTesla esizimele. Lokhu kuhlukana kwavimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda yomphakathi, njengoba ababungazi bezindawo baphoqeleka ukuthenga abasabalalisi bezinhlelo eziningi ezibizayo.

INingizimu Korea kanye neTaiwan

INingizimu Korea yamukela i-CCS1, ikakhulukazi ilandela ukuhola kwe-US ngenxa yokuba khona okukhulu kwe-GM kanye nethonya lemakethe yase-US ekuthunyelweni kwe-EV kwasekuqaleni kwe-Hyundai/Kia. Nokho, iTaiwan iyisibonelo esithakazelisayo, lapho uhulumeni ekuqaleni wayethambekele ku-CCS1 kodwa wabona ukuthutheleka okukhulu kwezimoto ze-CCS2 ne-NACS, okwaholela endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi enamazinga amaningi.

Isahluko 10: I-NACS Disruptor: Indlela i-SAE J3400 ehlanganisa ngayo iNyakatho Melika futhi isongela i-CCS1

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, iTesla yavula umklamo wayo wokuxhumanisa emhlabeni, yawuqamba kabusha ngokuthi iNorth American Charging Standard (NACS). Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, cishe wonke abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu eNyakatho Melika—iFord, iGM, iRivian, neVolvo—bamemezele ukushintsha kusuka ku-CCS1 kuya ku-NACS.

Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe ze-NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Isici Sefomu:I-NACS incane kakhulu futhi ilula kunesixhumi esikhulu se-CCS1.
2. Amaphini Ahlanganisiwe:Ngokungafani ne-CCS, enamaphini ahlukene e-AC ne-DC, i-NACS isebenzisa amaphini amabili amakhulu afanayo kuzo zombili. Lokhu kunciphisa usayizi wendawo yokungena emotweni.
3. Iphrothokholi Yefa:Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-NACS isebenzisaokufanayoIphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-ISO 15118 PLC njenge-CCS. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abenzi bezimoto bangashintsha ipulaki ebonakalayo ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha yonke i-software stack yabo.

I-Death Knell ye-CCS1?

Ngokwenziwa kwe-NACS njenge-SAE J3400, i-CCS1 empeleni "iyindlela engasebenzi kahle" e-United States. Ngenkathi izinkulungwane zamashaja e-CCS1 zifakwa njengamanje ngohlelo lwe-NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), ikusasa ngokusobala liyi-NACS. Lolu shintsho luphoqe abakhiqizi beshaja abanjengo-SK Signet kanye ne-ChargePoint ukuthi bashintshe ngokushesha imigqa yabo yokuhlanganisa ukuze bafake izintambo ze-NACS.

Isahluko 11: Izimakethe ze-Adapter kanye Nokuthobela Imithetho: Izingozi Zezomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe Zehadiwe Ejwayelekile

Njengoba umhlaba ushintsha, ama-adapter asephenduke imboni engenisa izigidi zamaRandi. Manje usungathenga ama-adapter ukuze uguqule i-CCS2 ibe yi-CCS1, i-CCS1 ibe yi-Tesla, kanye ne-Tesla ibe yi-CCS1. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kulula kuza nezingozi ezinkulu.

Igebe Lokuphepha

Isixhumi se-CCS esiqinisekisiwe senzelwe ukuphatha i-500A futhi sihlanganisa nokuqapha ukushisa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-adaptha amaningi ezinkampani zangaphandle athengiswa kumapulatifomu e-e-commerce awanazo lezi zivikelo.

• Ingozi Yokugoba:Uma i-adaptha ingahlali kahle, i-micro-arcing ingenzeka endaweni exhumanisayo, ekugcineni incibilikise i-adaptha futhi ingase ilimaze ishaja yemoto ebizayo.
• Ukubambezeleka Kokuxhumana:Amanye ama-adapter asebenzisa ama-electronic “man-in-the-middle” ukuhumusha amaphrothokholi (isb., i-CHAdeMO ibe yi-CCS), okungaletha ukubambezeleka okubangela ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kokuphepha ku-EVSE.

Isibopho kanye Nomshuwalense

Ngokombono wezomthetho, ukusebenzisa i-adaptha engaqinisekisiwe kuvame ukuqeda iwaranti yemoto. Uma umlilo uvela esiteshini sokushaja ngenxa ye-adaptha enephutha, umthwalo wemfanelo uwela ngqo kumsebenzisi. Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezindinganiso manje sezigijimela ukudala izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa zama-adaptha (njenge-UL 2251), kodwa imakethe isalokhu "yi-Wild West" yabasebenzisi bokuqala.

Isahluko 12: Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Ukushaja Ama-Megawatt (MCS), i-V2X, kanye ne-Unified Convergence

Njengoba sibheke ku-2030, impikiswano phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2 ingase ifiphazwe ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Uhlelo Lokushaja lweMegawatt (MCS)

Emalorini athwala kanzima, ngisho nama-kW angu-350 ahamba kancane kakhulu. Imboni ithuthukisa i-MCS, engaletha ama-Megawatts afinyelela ku-3.75 (3,000A ku-1,250V). Ngokuthakazelisayo, isixhumi se-MCS siwumklamo owodwa womhlaba wonke, okungenzeka siqede ukuhlukana kwesifunda emkhakheni wezentengiselwano.

Imoto-kuya-Kuyo Yonke Into (V2X)

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ISO 15118-20 kuzoguqula ama-EV abe yiziteshi zamandla eselula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imoto isebenzisa i-CCS2 noma i-NACS, ikhono lokuzinzisa igridi ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu lizoba umthombo wemali engenayo obalulekile kubanikazi be-EV.

Isiphetho

Ukwehluka phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2 kuwubufakazi bobunzima bokusethwa kwezinga lomhlaba wonke. Nakuba i-CCS2 ivele njengomnqobi ocacile emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuphuka kwe-NACS kubhale kabusha imithetho yaseNyakatho Melika. Konjiniyela nabenzi bezinqubomgomo, isifundo sicacile: ihadiwe ebonakalayo iyadlula, kodwa izimiso zedijithali eziyisisekelo (ISO 15118) kanye nezimiso zokuphepha (IMD) yizona zisekelo zangempela zekusasa elinogesi. Ukuqonda lezi zici zobuchwepheshe kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba emhlabeni wengqalasizinda ye-EV enamandla aphezulu.

Isahluko 13: Izibalo Zokumelana Nokushisa: Izibalo ze-R_iso ​​kanye Nokuvuza Kwamanje

Esizindeni se-high-voltage (HV) sokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, ukumelana kokushisa (R_{iso}$) akuyona nje ipharamitha yokuphepha kodwa kuyinto eguquguqukayo elinganiswayo enquma isimo sokusebenza kweseshini yokushaja. Ngokusho kwe-IEC 61851-23 kanye ne-SAE J1772, uhlelo kumele lugcine ukumelana kokushisa okuncane ukuze kuvinjelwe imisinga yokuvuza eyingozi ($I_{leakage}$) engageleza emzimbeni womuntu uma kwenzeka iphutha le-chassis.

Isimiso Sokulinganisa

I-Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) ngokuvamile isebenzisa indlela ethi “switched resistor” noma “pulse injection” ukukala ukumelana phakathi kwama-DC conductor kanye ne-Protective Earth (PE). Ukumelana okuphelele kokumelana kokumelana kuchazwa njengenhlanganisela efanayo yokumelana kusukela kumugqa omuhle kuya phansi ($R_p$) kanye nomugqa omubi kuya phansi ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Imfuneko yokuphepha ngokuvamile ibekwa ku-100 $\Omega/V$ yezinhlelo ze-DC. Ukuze imoto ishaje ku-800V, okungenani i-$R_{iso}$ evumelekile izoba:

$$800V \izikhathi eziyi-100 \Omega/V = 80,000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Amandla Amanje Okuvuza

Ugesi ovuzayo usebenza nge-parasitic capacitance yesistimu ($C_y$) kanye nokumelana nokushisa. Kuhlelo olulinganiswe kahle, i-$R_p = R_n$, kanti i-voltage ephakathi nendawo uma iqhathaniswa nomhlabathi ingu-zero. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka iphutha ku-positive rail ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), i-negative rail ishintshela ku-$-800V$ uma iqhathaniswa ne-chassis. I-IMD kumele ibone lokhu kushintsha kungakapheli ama-millisecond.

Ithebula: Imingcele Yokuphepha ye-CCS1 vs. CCS2

Isahluko 14: Ubuqotho Besignali ye-PLC: Ukusingatha Umsindo Endaweni Yokushaja engu-500kW

I-Power Line Communication (PLC) esetshenziswa ku-CCS isekelwe kuncazelo ye-HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Nakuba i-HPGP yayiklanyelwe ekuqaleni izinhlelo zokusebenza zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile ezinamandla aphansi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezindaweni zokushaja ezingama-500kW kuletha izinselele ezinkulu zokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC).

Isitezi Somsindo

Amashaja e-DC anamandla aphezulu asebenzisa i-Silicon Carbide (SiC) noma i-Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) eshintsha ngokushesha ezigabeni zawo zamandla. Lezi zingxenye ziyashintsha kumaza asukela ku-20 kHz kuya ku-100 kHz, okudala umsindo obalulekile we-harmonic. Njengoba i-PLC isebenza ebangeni le-2 MHz kuya ku-30 ​​MHz, ngokwethiyori ayiveli ebhendini lomsindo oyinhloko wokushintsha, kodwa amaza “okukhala” aphezulu kanye nama-common-mode transients angagcwalisa kalula i-front-end yemodemu ye-PLC.

Ukunciphisa Nokuxhumanisa

Isignali ye-Control Pilot (CP) ithwalwa phezu kwentambo engavaliwe ngaphakathi kwekhebula lokushaja. Ku-30 MHz, ikhebula lisebenza njengomugqa wokudlulisa oyinkimbinkimbi onokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-inductive kanye ne-capacitive.

• Amakhebula e-CCS1:Izintambo ezinde, ezivame ukuba nzima e-US zingaholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwesignali.
• Amakhebula e-CCS2:EYurophu, izintambo ezimfushane ezindaweni ezixineneyo zasemadolobheni zingase zibe nenkinga yokuxoxisana phakathi kwezindawo zokusabalalisa eziseduze.

Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, onjiniyela basebenzisa “Amayunithi Okujova Esiginali” (ama-SIU) asebenzisa ama-ferrite cores angena kalula ukuze ahlanganise isignali ye-PLC emgqeni we-CP ngenkathi evimba isignali ye-PWM engu-1 kHz nomsindo wemvamisa ephezulu.

Isahluko 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Ukuvela Kwezakhiwo Kwezilandelano Zemiyalezo

Ushintsho oluvela ku-ISO 15118-2 ejwayelekile yokuqala luye ku-ISO 15118-20 entsha (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-Dash 20″) lumelela ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokushaja kwe-EV.

I-ISO 15118-2: Isisekelo

Inguqulo ethi “-2″ isungule ukuxhawulana okuyisisekelo okusekelwe ku-XML:

1. I-SupportedAppProtocol:Ixoxisana ngenguqulo.
2. Ukusethwa Kweseshini:Kusungula ukuxhumana.
3. Ukuhlonza:Iphatha i-RFID noma i-Plug & Charge.
4. I-ChargeParameterDiscovery:Ishintsha imikhawulo yebhethri.
5. Ukulethwa Kwamandla:Ilawula ukugeleza.

I-ISO 15118-20: Ikusasa

I-Dash 20 yethula isakhiwo esisha ngokuphelele semiyalezo esenzelwe isizukulwane esilandelayo sezinsizakalo zamandla:

• Ukusekelwa Okuqondiswa Kabili:Imiyalezo enikezelwe yokukhipha i-V2G (Imoto eya kuGridi) kanye ne-V2H (Imoto eya ekhaya).
• Imodi Eguquguqukayo:Ivumela ishaja ukuthi itshele imoto ukuthi ishintshe amandla ayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusekelwe kumthwalo wegridi, ngaphandle kokuqala kabusha iseshini.
• Ukuphepha Okuthuthukisiwe:Ukushintsha kusuka ku-TLS 1.2 kuya ku-TLS 1.3, okunikeza ukuxhawulana okusheshayo kanye nokubethela okunamandla.
• Ukuphindaphinda:Ivumela izinsizakalo eziningi (isib. ukushaja + ukuvumelanisa idatha) ukuthi zisebenze ngokuxhumeka okufanayo kwe-PLC.

Ishadi Lokulandelana Kwemilayezo: I-Plug & Charge (PnC) vs. I-External Identification (EIM)

Ku-PnC, i-I-ContractSignatureCertChainithunyelwa isuka emotweni iye kushaja. Ishaja iqinisekisa lokhu ngeseva yayo ye-backend OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol). Ku-EIM, umsebenzisi kumele aveze ikhadi elibonakalayo, bese ishaja ithumelaGunyazaisicelo esibuyela emuva. Ukubambezeleka kwe-PnC kuphansi kakhulu, okuholela kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi "okufana ne-Tesla".

Isahluko 16: Ubunjiniyela Bokushisa Kwama-High-Power Connectors: Izinto Zokusebenza, Ukumelana Nokuxhumana, kanye Nokupholisa Uketshezi

Njengoba sisondela emikhawulweni yesixhumi esibonakalayo se-CCS, ubunjiniyela bokushisa buba yisithiyo esiyinhloko sokuklama.

Ukumelana Nokuxhumana ($R_{contact}$)

Ukushisa okukhiqizwa esixhumini kuchazwa nguMthetho kaJoule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Ngenkokhelo engu-500A:

• Uma u-$R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, u-$P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Uma i-$R_{contact}$ yehla ibe yi-$2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Ukushisa okungama-Watts angu-500 esibambweni sepulasitiki esivalekile kuzoholela ekuhlulekeni okukhulu ngemizuzu embalwa. Yingakho i-silver-plating kuma-pin ibalulekile. Isiliva sinamandla aphansi kakhulu okumelana kagesi kunanoma iyiphi insimbi futhi sinikeza indawo ezigcoba ngokwayo enciphisa ukuguguleka phakathi nezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokuhlangana.

Izinhlelo Zokupholisa Uketshezi

Ukuze kusingathwe amaza angaphezu kuka-350A, ukupholisa uketshezi kuyimpoqo. Uhlelo luvame ukusebenzisa iyunithi yokupholisa evaliwe ngaphakathi kwekhabhinethi yamandla.

• Uhlobo Lokupholisa:Uketshezi lwe-dielectric luyathandwa ukuvimbela imijikelezo emifushane uma kwenzeka ukuvuza, kodwa izingxube zamanzi ne-glycol zivame kakhulu ngenxa yamandla azo okushisa aphezulu.
• Umklamo wepayipi:Ama-DC+ kanye nama-DC- conductor angenalutho noma azungezwe iziteshi zokupholisa. “Ipuleti elibandayo” litholakala ngqo ngemuva kwezikhonkwane ukuze kususwe ukushisa esibonakalayo sokuxhumana.

Isahluko 17: Izifundo Zezehlakalo Zokusebenzisana: Ukulungisa iphutha le-Handshake phakathi kwe-VW ID.4 kanye ne-Electrify America Chargers

Isibonelo esidumile sezinkinga zokusebenzisana kwe-CCS1 senzeka ekuqaleni kokukhishwa kwe-VW ID.4 e-United States. Abanikazi abaningi babike amaphutha athi “i-Red Ring” (ukushaja kwehlulekile) eziteshini ze-Electrify America (EA).

Imbangela Eyinhloko: Isikhathi kanye ne-XML

Ngemva kwezinyanga zokubhalisa idatha, onjiniyela bathole isimo somjaho e-Ukusethwa Kweseshiniisigaba. Ishaja ye-EA (eyenziwe ngumuntu wesithathu) yayithumelaI-SupportedAppProtocolResIsofthiwe ye-ID.4's onboard charger (OBC) ishesha kakhulu kunendlela isofthiwe ye-ID.4's onboard charger (OBC) engayiqalisa ngayo i-IPv6 stack yayo. Imoto ibingaphuthelwa umlayezo, iphelelwe yisikhathi, bese imisa iseshini.

Ukulungiswa: Ukulungisa Isofthiwe

Isixazululo sidinga isibuyekezo se-firmware semoto kanye neshaja. Ishaja yashintshwa ukuze ilinde isignali ethi “ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery” ngaphambi kokuthumela umlayezo wokuqala we-PLC, futhi isikhathi sokuvala semoto sandiswa kusukela kumasekhondi ama-2 kuya kumasekhondi ama-5. Lolu cwaningo lwecala luqokomisa ukuthi kungani “Ubufakazi” budingeka kodwa bunganele; izici zemvelo zangempela kanye nokubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi kunezela izendlalelo zobunzima ukuhlolwa kwelebhu okungenakukwazi ukuziphinda ngokugcwele.

Isahluko 18: Imiphumela Yochungechunge Lokuphakelwa Komhlaba Wonke: Ithusi, I-Silver-Plating, kanye Nokuntuleka Kwama-HPGP Chips

Ukukhiqizwa kwezixhumi ze-CCS kuyimboni ekhethekile kakhulu ephethwe ngabadlali abambalwa abafana ne-Phoenix Contact, i-Huber+Suhner, kanye ne-TE Connectivity.

Ukuthembela Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Ithusi:Ikhebula elilodwa elipholile ngoketshezi elingu-350kW lingaqukatha ngaphezu kuka-15kg wethusi elihlanzekile kakhulu. Ukuguquguquka kwentengo yethusi kuthinta ngqo i-CAPEX yamanethiwekhi okushaja.
• Isiliva:Inqubo yokubopha izikhonkwane ze-CCS2 idinga amasu aqondile okubopha ngogesi ukuqinisekisa ungqimba olufanayo lwama-micron angu-5-10. Noma yikuphi ukuncipha kuholela ekumelaneni okukhulu nokuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

I-HPGP Chipset Monopoly

Ama-chip emodemu e-HPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) ayingqondo yazo zonke izimoto ze-CCS kanye neshaja. Sekuyiminyaka, i-Qualcomm yayingumhlinzeki oyinhloko (uchungechunge lwe-QCA7000). Ngesikhathi sokuntuleka kwe-semiconductor emhlabeni wonke ngo-2021-2022, ukuntuleka kwala ma-chip kumise ukukhiqizwa kweziteshi zokushaja eziyizinkulungwane. Lokhu kuholele ekucindezelweni kokuthola izinsiza zesibili, nezinkampani ezifana ne-Lumissil kanye ne-Vertexcom zingena emakethe, kodwa inqubo yokuqinisekisa i-silicon entsha emkhakheni wezimoto iyaziwa ngokuhamba kancane.

Isahluko 19: Izinhlaka Zokulawula: I-NEVI e-US vs. I-AFIR e-EU

Ohulumeni abasashiyi ukwamukelwa okujwayelekile emakethe.

I-EU: I-AFIR (Umthethonqubo Wengqalasizinda Yezinye Izinto Ezingamafutha)

I-AFIR ye-EU iyigunya elinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Idinga:

• Amashaja asheshayo njalo ngamakhilomitha angu-60 emigwaqweni emikhulu.
• I-CCS2 njengendinganiso ephoqelekile.
• Inkokhelo yesikhashana (izifundi zamakhadi esikweletu) izohlanganiswa, isuke ezindleleni zemvelo ze-RFID ezivaliwe.

I-US: I-NEVI (Ingqalasizinda Yezimoto Zikagesi Kazwelonke)

UMthetho Wengqalasizinda Yezinhlangothi Zombili wase-US wabeka u-$5 billion wokushaja. Imithetho ye-NEVI ekuqaleni yayigunyaza i-CCS1. Kodwa-ke, ngokulandela i-NACS pivot, imithetho yashintshwa ukuze ivumele izintambo ze-NACS inqobo nje uma kukhona okungenani ikhebula elilodwa le-CCS1 endaweni ngayinye. Le "Hybrid Model" iyibhuloho lesikhashana njengoba i-US iqhubekela phambili ekusaseni eligcwele le-SAE J3400.

Isahluko 20: Ukuhlangana kwe-SAE J3400 (NACS) kanye nomthelela wayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-CCS1

Ukushintshela ku-NACS (SAE J3400) eNyakatho Melika kushintshe kakhulu imephu yendlela ye-CCS1.

I-Pivot Yokukhiqiza

Amafektri alungiselelwe izibambo ezinkulu ze-CCS1 manje aselungiswa kabusha ukuze asetshenziswe umklamo omncane we-NACS. Ubunzima be-NACS busezipinini zayo "zokusetshenziswa okubili", ezidinga ama-contactor e-DC asheshayo ngaphakathi emotweni ukuze ashintshe phakathi kweshaja ye-AC ebhodini kanye nebhasi lebhethri le-DC.

Ukusinda kwe-CCS1

I-CCS1 cishe izohlala eNingizimu Korea futhi njengendinganiso yefa e-US eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Kodwa-ke, isabelomali se-R&D se-CCS1 sehle saya ku-zero njengoba imboni igxile ku-NACS kanye ne-MCS. Kubakhiqizi bomhlaba wonke, lokhu kusho ukugcina imigqa emithathu ehlukene yemikhiqizo:

1. I-CCS2:Kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke.
2. I-NACS (J3400):KwaseNyakatho Melika.
3. I-MCS:Ngomkhakha womhlaba wonke onzima.

Isahluko 21: Isiphetho: Iphrothokholi Ehlangene Ezweni Elihlukile Elingokwenyama

Njengoba sesibonile, "Umehluko phakathi kwe-CCS1 ne-CCS2" uyindaba yezibonakaliso ezimbili ezibonakalayo zomphefumulo owodwa wedijithali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imoto isebenzisa ipulaki eliyindilinga le-CCS1 noma ipulaki eliyisicaba le-CCS2, umqondo oyisisekelo we-ISO 15118, ukuphepha kokuqapha kwe-IMD, kanye nenselele yobuqotho besignali ye-PLC kusalokhu kufana.

Impi ejwayelekile yokushaja yango-2020 isifundise ukuthi ukusebenzisana akugcini nje nge-plug—kumayelana nesofthiwe, igridi, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi. Njengoba umhlaba uphendukela ezindinganisweni ezimbalwa ezivelele, ukugxila kuzoshintsha kusuka ku-"Ngingayifaka?" kuye ku-"Ingakanani i-charge eshesha futhi ehlakaniphile?" Ukushintshela ku-NACS e-US kanye nokuqina kwe-CCS2 eYurophu kuphawula ukuphela kokuqala kwenguquko ye-EV. Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lizochazwa yi-V2G, isivinini se-Megawatt, kanye nenethiwekhi yokushaja yomhlaba wonke engenamthungo ngempela.

Isahluko 22: Ukuhlaziywa Okuningiliziwe Kwemidwebo Yesekethe Ye-Proximity Pilot (PP) kanye ne-Control Pilot (CP)

Ukuze uqonde ngempela ubunjiniyela obusemuva kwe-CCS, umuntu kumele ahlole isekethe efanayo yemigqa yokushayela. Le migqa “iyimizwa” yesistimu yokushaja, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-voltage ephezulu ayitholakali kumaphini avele obala nokuthi imoto ayikwazi ukushayela ngenkathi ixhunyiwe.

Isekethe Yokulawula Umshayeli (CP)

Isekethe ye-CP iyisignali engu-1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ ekhiqizwa yi-EVSE. Ohlangothini lwemoto, isekethe iqukethe i-diode kanye nochungechunge lwama-resistor ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) imoto engayishintsha iye kwisekethe isebenzisa ama-transistors noma ama-relay.

• Inhloso ye-Diode:I-diode iqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye enhle kuphela yesignali ye-PWM ethintwa ama-resistor emoto. Lokhu kuvumela i-EVSE ukuthi ibone "ukusondela phansi" uma ingxenye embi yesignali ye-PWM ithintwa ngokungazelelwe yiphutha kunethiwekhi yokumelana yemoto—ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okubalulekile okuvimbela i-EVSE ukuthi inike amandla ikhebula noma isixhumi esonakele.

Ukufunda Umjikelezo Womsebenzi

I-EVSE ifaka ikhodi yamandla atholakalayo kumjikelezo womsebenzi we-PWM wegagasi lesikwele le-1kHz, bese imoto iyichaza ngaphambi kokuvala ama-contactor ayinhloko:

• Umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-5%:I-EVSE ayilungile—ukushaja akuvunyelwe (kusetshenziselwa ukusayina isimo).
• Umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-10%:Ilungele i-EVSE, akukho ukuphefumula okudingekayo (isimo esijwayelekile sezinhlelo ze-DC ezivaliwe zesimanje).
• Umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-16-85%:Ugesi otholakalayo uhambisana nomjikelezo womsebenzi—isibonelo, u-50% ubonisa umkhawulo we-50A, okuvumela usayizi weshaja yemoto engaphakathi ukuthi idonse kahle.
• Umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-90-97%:Kugcinelwe izimo ezikhethekile ezifana nokungenisa umoya okudingekayo (i-lead-acid yefa) noma i-DC signaling ethile.

Ubuhle bohlelo lwe-CP ukuthi alunawo umkhawulo wokusebenza kahle: uma imoto ingaboni igagasi lesikwele elisebenzayo, ithatha okubi kakhulu bese yenqaba ukushaja; uma i-EVSE ibona kungekho mpendulo evumelekile, yenqaba ukunika amandla. Ukwehluleka kohlangothi ngalunye kusho ukuthi iseshini yokushaja ayikwazi ukuqala ngendlela eyingozi.

Isekethe Yomshayeli Wendawo Eseduze (PP)

Isekethe ye-PP iyisihluthulelo somshini wesixhumi. Isebenzisa i-resistor elula ukumisa ngaphakathi kwepulaki ukuze itshele izinhlangothi zombili ukuthi ikhebula lifakwe ngokuphelele yini—nokuvimbela ukushayeka ngekhebula elixhunyiwe.

• Amanani Okumelana:I-resistor engu-150Ω ikhombisa ukuthi ikhebula lixhunywe emotweni kodwa alikhiyiwe; i-resistor engu-680Ω ikhombisa ukuthi ikhebula lixhunyiwe futhi likhiyiwe; isekethe evulekile (akukho resistor) isho ukuthi isixhumi sinqanyuliwe. I-EVSE kanye nemoto zifunda la manani njalo.
• Ukuvikelwa Kokuhamba Ngemoto:Uma uhlelo lwemoto luthola isimo se-150Ω ngenkathi ibhuleki lokupaka likhishwa, ngeke livumele igiya ukuthi libambeke. Uma ikhebula likhiyiwe (680Ω), imoto ngeke ivumele isixhumi ukuthi sikhululeke ngenkathi ugesi wokushaja ugeleza—okususa ingozi yokuthi “kukhishwe ipulaki elibukhoma”.
• Ukutholwa Kobukhona Bekhebula:Kumasistimu e-DC, umugqa we-PP uphinde uqinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula lokushaja libekwe kahle kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ngaphambi kokuba i-EVSE ivumele ama-contactor ane-voltage ephezulu ukuthi avaleke.

Kungani Abashayeli Bezindiza Bebalulekile Ezweni Langempela

Ndawonye, ​​amasekethe e-CP kanye ne-PP yiwona abangela ukuthi iseshini yokushaja iphephe ngisho noma ama-amps ayinkulungwane egeleza. Futhi ayindawo yokuqala onjiniyela ababheka kuyo lapho iseshini ihluleka ukuqala: umhlabathi we-PP obolile, i-CP resistor eqhekeziwe, noma iphinikhodi eyonakele ibangela ingxenye emangalisayo yezingcingo zesevisi "i-charger ngeke iqale". Ukuqonda lezi zisekethe kuguqula ukwehluleka okungaqondakali kube ukuxilongwa kwemizuzu eyi-10.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Isekethe ye-CP inesignali ye-PWM engu-1kHz enomjikelezo wayo womsebenzi ohlanganisa ugesi otholakalayo; ukwakheka kwayo okusekelwe ku-diode kwenza kube lula ukuthola ukuthinta okufushane kuya phansi.
• Isekethe ye-PP isebenzisa inethiwekhi yokumelana ukuthola ubukhona bekhebula kanye nesimo sokukhiya, okunikeza isivikelo sokushayela kude kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwesihlalo sokuxhuma.
• Zombili izisekethe ziphephile uma zingasebenzi: isignali yomshayeli engekho noma engavumelekile imisa iseshini ngaphambi kokuba noma yisiphi isixhumi esinogesi ophezulu sivale.
• Amaphutha omugqa wendiza aphakathi kokwehluleka okuvame kakhulu kokuqala kweshaja—i-multimeter futhi lolu lwazi lwesekethe luxazulula iningi lawo ngemizuzu.

Xhumana ne-MIDA Power onjiniyela bamashaja ayo e-CCS1/CCS2 anezijikelezo zokuhlola ezakhelwe ukuxilonga insimu: amaphuzu okuhlola abhalwe ngokucacile, amakhodi amaphutha ajwayelekile, kanye nemibhalo yesevisi ehambisa ochwepheshe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-CP/PP. Xhumana nathi ukuze uthole imibhalo yobuchwepheshe, ukwesekwa kokuqeqeshwa, kanye nemininingwane yomkhiqizo.