Injira mu buryo bwimbitse ku mahame ya CCS1 na CCS2: Amabwiriza agenga itumanaho n'ishyirwa hamwe rya NACS

Gusobanura ikibazo cy’isi yose cyo gushyushya: Uburyo bwo gusesengura tekiniki mu buryo bwimbitse mu buryo bwa tekiniki bunyuranye mu bijyanye n’amahame ya CCS1 ugereranyije na CCS2, porotokoli z’itumanaho ry’urwego rw’umubiri, imiterere y’ubugenzuzi bw’ubwishingizi bw’amashanyarazi, n’impinduka mu iterambere rya politiki mu guhuza NACS

Igice cya 1: Intangiriro: Imiterere y'amashanyarazi ku Isi n'Intambara Isanzwe

Inganda z’imodoka ku isi muri iki gihe zirimo gukoresha imwe mu mpinduka zikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga mu mateka yazo y’ikinyejana: kuva kuri moteri zikoresha umuriro w’imbere (ICE) kugera kuri moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi (EV). Nubwo imiterere ya bateri za lithium-ion n’imikorere myiza ya silicon carbide (SiC) inverters akenshi bikunze kuvugwa cyane, intwari idatangazwa—kandi ikunze kubangamira—muri iyi mpinduka ni uburyo bwo gusharija.

Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gusharija ni umugozi w’uruhinja rw’amashanyarazi. Si icyuma gifunga n’isoko gusa; ni uburyo bugezweho bw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingufu nyinshi, porotokoli z’itumanaho rya elegitoroniki, n’uburyo bwo gufunga umutekano. Muri iki gihe, isi igabanyijemo ibice bibiri bya Sisitemu yo Gusharija Ihuriweho (CCS): CCS1 (Ihuriweho muri Amerika ya Ruguru na Koreya) na CCS2 (Ihuriweho mu Burayi no mu tundi turere twinshi).

Ariko, iri tandukaniro ririmo guhungabana. Izamuka rya North American Charging Standard (NACS), riherutse gushyirwa mu nyandiko nka SAE J3400, ryateje urujijo mu nganda, rigatera ubwoba ko CCS1 itazakoreshwa ku isoko ryayo. Hagati aho, imiterere y’ubuhanga bwa CCS2 ikomeje gutera imbere bitewe n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya ISO 15118-20, bigatuma ibintu nka Plug & Charge na Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Iyi nkuru itanga isesengura ryimbitse rya tekiniki rya CCS1 na CCS2 rya dogere 360. Tuzasuzuma itandukaniro ryabyo mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, uburyo ibimenyetso by'ingenzi bya Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) na Power Line Communication (PLC), imikorere y'ingenzi y'ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubushyuhe (IMD), hamwe n'imbaraga zikomeye za politiki n'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa byagize uruhare muri ibi bipimo ngenderwaho. Tuzasuzuma kandi imbogamizi z'imikoranire zibangamiye imiyoboro rusange yo gusharija ndetse n'amategeko akomeye ajyanye n'ikoreshwa rya adaptateri z'abandi.

Igice cya 2: Imizi y'Ihindagurika: SAE J1772 vs. IEC 62196-2 n'Inzira Igana kuri CCS

Kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe uburyo bwo gushyushya buvanze, agomba kubanza kureba amahame ngenderwaho yo gushyushya AC yabanjirije ayo. CCS ni "inyongera" kuri plugs za AC zisanzweho, bityo izina "Combined."

Ivuka ry'ubwoko bwa 1 (SAE J1772)

Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, Ishyirahamwe ry'Abahanga mu by'Imodoka (SAE) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryashyizeho uburyo bwa J1772. Uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu bukoreshwa, bukunze kwitwa plug ya Yazaki cyangwa Type 1, bwagenewe gusarija AC mu buryo bumwe. Bwari bufite pin eshanu: L1 (Line 1), N (Neutral), PE (Protective Earth), CP (Control Pilot), na PP (Proximity Pilot).

Ubwoko bwa 1 bwakozwe neza ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi wo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, aho amashanyarazi yo mu rugo asanzwe ari 120V cyangwa 240V imwe-phase. Igishushanyo mbonera cya mekanike cyari gikubiyemo agakoresho gafata igikumwe kugira ngo gafashe umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku modoka na microswitch yo kwerekana ko igihe cyo gusharija gitangiye kandi kirangiye.

Izamuka ry'ubwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196-2)

Muri icyo gihe, Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga ya Tekiniki y’Umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi (IEC) mu Burayi yari irimo gukora ku gipimo gikwiriye umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi w’i Burayi, gishyigikira ingufu za AC z’ibice bitatu. Icyavuyemo ni uko plug ya Mennekes, cyangwa Type 2, yashyizweho hakurikijwe IEC 62196-2.

Bitandukanye n'ubwoko bwa 1, ubwoko bwa 2 ni umuyoboro w'amapine arindwi: L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, na PP. Binyuze mu gushyigikira ibice bitatu, ubwoko bwa 2 bwashoboraga gutanga ingufu za AC zigera kuri 22 kW (32A kuri 400V), mu gihe ubwoko bwa 1 muri rusange bwari bufite aho bugarukira kuri 7.4 kW cyangwa 19.2 kW mu miterere idasanzwe y'amashanyarazi menshi. Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bwa 2 bwavuye ku mugozi w'intoki, buhitamo solenoid ifunga ikoranabuhanga imbere mu gice cy'imodoka.

Igisubizo cya "Combo"

Uko icyifuzo cyo gusharija vuba cyagendaga cyiyongera, injeniyeri zahuye n'ikibazo: ni gute wakongeramo gusharija DC ifite imbaraga nyinshi utiriwe usaba umuyoboro wa kabiri, utandukanye ku modoka? Igisubizo cyari Sisitemu yo Gusharija Ihuriweho.

• CCS1 (Uhuzwa rwa 1):Ifata connector ya AC yo mu bwoko bwa 1 hanyuma ikongeraho pin ebyiri nini za DC (DC+ na DC-) munsi yayo.
• CCS2 (Uruvange rwa 2):Ifata connector ya AC yo mu bwoko bwa 2 hanyuma ikongeramo power pin ebyiri za DC ziri munsi yayo.

Muri ibyo bihe byombi, ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gutwara imodoka (Control Pilot) na Protective Earth (PE) bikoreshwa mu gufatana mu ntoki na DC, bigatuma habaho urwego rwo guhuza neza no kugabanya ubukana bw'insinga z'imbere mu modoka.

Igice cya 3: Ubwubatsi bw'Ibintu Bifatika Kwibira mu Kiyaga Gito: Igishushanyo mbonera cya Mekanike n'Impande zombi z'Ihuriro rya 1 vs. Ihuriro rya 2

Itandukaniro riri hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2 si ubwiza gusa; rigaragaza itandukaniro ry'ibanze mu bikorwa remezo by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi n'amahame y'umutekano.

CCS1 (SAE J1772 Combo)

Umuhuza wa CCS1 urangwa n'imiterere yawo "y'uruziga" wakomotse kuri J1772.

• Imiterere y'ifishi:Udupira 5 hejuru (L1, N, PE, CP, PP) n'udupira 2 tunini hepfo (DC+, DC-).
• Uburyo bwo gufunga:CCS1 ikoresha agakingirizo ka mashini kari ku mukono. Umukoresha akanda buto kugira ngo arekure agakingirizo. Iyi miterere yanenzwe kuba ishobora kwangirika no gutuma abakoresha bakura agakingirizo mu gihe umuriro ushobora kuba ugitemba (nubwo ikimenyetso cya CP cyagenewe guhagarika umuriro ako kanya iyo agakingirizo karekuwe).
• Gukonjesha:Imashini zigezweho zikoresha amashanyarazi ya CCS1 yihuta cyane (350 kW+) zikoresha insinga zikonjeshwa n'amazi aho icyuma gikonjesha kizenguruka impande z'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi ya DC ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'udupira ubwatwo kugira ngo hirindwe ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy'imyitozo y'amashanyarazi menshi (500A+).

CCS2 (IEC 62196-3 Ihuriro)

Umuhuza wa CCS2 ukoresha imiterere "y'uruhande rugororotse" ya Type 2.

• Imiterere y'ifishi:Udupira 7 hejuru (L1, L2, L3, N, PE, CP, PP) n'udupira 2 tunini hepfo (DC+, DC-).
• Uburyo bwo gufunga:CCS2 ihora ifunze neza n'imodoka. Nta buto iri ku mugozi. Ibi muri rusange bifatwa nk'ibikomeye kandi bitekanye, kuko imodoka ifite ububasha bwose ku gihe umuhuza ushobora gukurwaho.
• Guhuza urusobe rw'amakuru:Kubera ko CCS2 irimo imisumari ya L2 na L3, imodoka ifite CCS2 ishobora kubyaza umusaruro amashanyarazi ya AC mu buryo butatu mu rugo cyangwa ku kazi, bigatuma irushaho gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye mu masoko y’i Burayi na Aziya.

Imbonerahamwe yo Kugereranya: CCS1 vs. CCS2 Ibisobanuro Bifatika

Igice cya 4: Uburyo bwo kugenzura ibimenyetso: PWM (Guhindura ubugari bw'imivuduko y'amaraso) n'uburyo bwo gusabana kw'ibanze

Mbere yuko electron zifite amashanyarazi menshi zitembera, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi (EVSE) n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EV) bigomba gukora itumanaho rifite amashanyarazi make. Iyi gahunda igengwa n’uburyo bubiri bwo gutumanaho: ikimenyetso cya PWM cya kera n’ikimenyetso cya PLC kigezweho.

Ikimenyetso cya PWM (IEC 61851-1)

Umurongo wa Control Pilot (CP) ukoresha ikimenyetso cya 12V Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) kuri 1 kHz kugira ngo utangaze imiterere y'ibanze. Ubu ni uburyo bukomeye, bwa analog bwabaye ishingiro ryo gusharija EV mu gihe kirenga imyaka icumi.

• Leta A (12V):Nta modoka ihujwe.
• Leta B (9V):Imodoka ihujwe, ntabwo yiteguye kwishyuza.
• Leta C (6V):Imodoka ihujwe kandi yiteguye gusharija (guhumeka ntabwo ari ngombwa).
• Leta D (3V):Imodoka ihujwe kandi yiteguye gusharija (guhumeka birakenewe).
• Urugendo rw'inshingano:Ijanisha ry'igihe "kuri" cy'ikimenyetso cya 1 kHz ribwira imodoka umuvuduko ntarengwa EVSE ishobora gutanga. Urugero, 25% by'umuvuduko w'akazi ushobora kuba uhagarariye Amps 15.

Impinduka ijya muri DC

Ku bijyanye no gushyushya AC, ikimenyetso cya PWM kirahagije. Ariko, kugira ngo DC ishyushye, EV na EVSE bigomba guhanahana amakuru akomeye, nka bateri ikoresha batiri (SoC), voltage isabwa, n'imikono ya digitale kugira ngo bishyurwe. Aha niho PWM igera ku mupaka wayo.

Muri CCS, umurongo wa CP "usubirwamo." Iyo habonetse umurongo ufatika unyuze kuri PWM, sisitemu ikomeza ikimenyetso cya digitale gifite frequency yo hejuru ku murongo wa CP ikoresheje Power Line Communication (PLC). Ikimenyetso cya PWM gikomeza kuba ku murongo wa duty wa 5% udahinduka, gikora nk'"guhindura ikoranabuhanga" bitanga ikimenyetso kuri EV kugira ngo itangire protocole ya HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP) PLC.

Igice cya 5: Itumanaho rigezweho: ISO 15118, DIN 70121, n'uruhare rwa PLC (Itumanaho ry'Umuyoboro w'Ingufu)

Nubwo pin physical zitandukanye hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2, "ubwonko" bw'iyi sisitemu burasa cyane. Byombi byishingikiriza ku bipimo ngenderwaho bya ISO/IEC 15118 na DIN 70121 mu itumanaho rya DC.

DIN 70121: Ikiraro kijya kuri DC

DIN 70121 ni yo ya mbere yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu itumanaho rya DC charger kuri CCS. Ni igice kimwe cy’impapuro za mbere za ISO 15118. Yemerera imodoka na charger guhanahana ubutumwa nka:

• Serivisi yo Gushakisha:Ni izihe serivisi (AC/DC) chargeur itanga?
• ChargeParameterDiscovery:Ni ibihe bipimo by'amashanyarazi n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi kuri bateri na charger?
• Gutanga imbaraga:Itegeko nyaryo ryo gutangiza cyangwa guhagarika urujya n'uruza rw'ingufu.

ISO 15118: Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gushyushya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga

ISO 15118 ni "igipimo ngenderwaho cya zahabu" cy'itumanaho rya EV. Ni igipimo ngenderwaho cy'ibice byinshi kigaragaza ibintu byinshi bigezweho:

1. Gucomeka no Gutanga Shaja (PnC):Ikoresheje uburyo bwa Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), imodoka ishobora kwigaragaza neza kuri charger no kwishyuza mu buryo bwikora. Nta makarita cyangwa porogaramu za RFID bikenewe.
2. Serivisi zo Kongera Agaciro:Amakuru yerekeye ibiciro by'ingufu zo mu gace cyangwa guhuza na sisitemu z'ikoranabuhanga zo mu rugo.
3. Gushyushya mu cyerekezo kibiri (ISO 15118-20):Gutuma imodoka ishobora gusubiza amashanyarazi mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa mu rugo.

Urwego rw'umubiri rwa PLC

Ibikoresho bikenewe kuri ibi ni modemu ya HomePlug Green PHY. Kubera ko itumanaho rikorerwa ku murongo wa Control Pilot, unafite ikimenyetso cya 1 kHz PWM, hari urusaku rwinshi. PLC ikoresha Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) kugira ngo irebe ko amakuru—yoherezwa kuri frequencies iri hagati ya 2 MHz na 30 MHz—yakirwa neza nubwo hari ikirere kibi cya electromagnetic station ifite ingufu nyinshi.

Igice cya 6: Amabwiriza y'umutekano n'igenzura ry'ubwirinzi bw'amashanyarazi (IMD): Gutahura aho amazi asohoka muri sisitemu zifite ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi

Umutekano ni wo uhangayikishijwe cyane no gushyushya vuba kwa DC, aho voltage zishobora kurenza 900V naho amashanyarazi akagera kuri 500A. Igice cy'ingenzi muri ubu buryo bw'umutekano ni igikoresho cyo kugenzura ubushyuhe (IMD).

Sisitemu yo Kureremba

Bitandukanye n'ingufu za AC zo mu rugo, aho imashini idafite aho ibogamiye ifatanye n'ubutaka, sisitemu zo gusharija DC "ziri kuremba" cyangwa "ziri ukwazo." DC+ cyangwa DC- line ntabwo bihujwe na chassis y'imodoka (Ground). Ibi bivuze ko iyo umuntu akoze ku murongo umwe wa DC na chassis icyarimwe, nta muyaga ugomba kunyuramo kuko nta ruziga rwuzuye rusubira aho isoko rituruka.

Uruhare rwa IMD

Ariko, iyo habayeho ikibazo cyo gufunga insulation—nk'insinga yangiritse cyangwa ikintu gikonjesha kiri mu ipaki ya bateri—imwe mu mirongo ya DC ishobora gucika ku buryo butamenyekanye. Iyo habayeho ikindi kibazo ku wundi murongo, habaho guhagarara k'amashanyarazi mu buryo buteje akaga.

IMD ihora igenzura ubukana buri hagati ya bisi ya DC na Protective Earth (PE).

• Ikizamini cyo Gushyushya Mbere:Mbere yuko contactors nkuru zegera gutangira gusharija, EV na EVSE bigenzura ubushyuhe. Iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi y’urugero runaka (ubusanzwe ni 100 ohms kuri volt), igikorwa kirahagarara.
• Gukurikirana buri gihe:Mu gihe cyo gushyushya, IMD ikomeza gushyira ikimenyetso gito kugira ngo irebe niba yangiritse.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya CCS1 na CCS2 IMD

Nubwo ihame ari rimwe, ingano yihariye n'igihe cyo gusubiza bishobora gutandukana hagati y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya SAE na IEC. Sisitemu za CCS2 mu Burayi zikunze gushyira IMD mu buryo butaziguye muri controller ya EVSE, mu gihe sisitemu za CCS1 zishobora kugira igenzura rikwirakwira hagati y'akabati k'amashanyarazi n'agakoresho gatanga umuriro. Ubu buhanga buriyongera mu bihe byo "gusangira ahantu" aho udukoresho twinshi dusangira igice kimwe kinini cyo guhindura ingufu.

Igice cya 7: Uburyo bwo gufunga no gucunga ubushyuhe: Imigozi y'intoki ugereranije na Solenoids z'ikoranabuhanga

Kuba icyuma gifunga neza ni ikintu gikomeye gitandukanya ibipimo byombi.

CCS1: Inshingano za Latch

Agakoresho gakozwe n'intoki ka CCS1/J1772 ni ko gafite intege nke cyane. Mu hantu hahurira abantu benshi, utu dukoresho dukunze kuvunika n'abakoresha cyangwa tugakonjeshwa n'urubura. Iyo agakoresho gacitse, uruziga rwa Proximity Pilot (PP) rushobora kudafunga, bigatuma imodoka idatangira gusharija. Ikirushijeho kuba kibi ni uko agakoresho gacitse gato gashobora gutuma icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi kizunguruka mu gihe cy'ingufu nyinshi, bigatera kwangirika no kwangirika k'ubushyuhe.

CCS2: Ubuhanga bwo Gushyira Solenoid mu Bihe Bitandukanye

CCS2 ikuraho umugozi w'imodoka. Aho imodoka yinjira hafite agapira ka moteri (solenoid) gahita kajya mu mwobo uri mu gihuza iyo kimaze gushyirwamo neza.

• Umutekano wo Gufungana:Imodoka ntabwo izafunga contactors zayo zifite voltage nyinshi kugeza igihe solenoid yemeje ko "ifunze".
• Kwirinda Ubujura:Umuhuza ntushobora gukurwaho kugeza igihe umukoresha afunguye imodoka cyangwa agahagarika ikiganiro akoresheje uburyo bw'imodoka, bikarinda gucikamo bitemewe.

Imicungire y'ubushyuhe

Uko umuvuduko wo gusharija ugenda ugera kuri 400 kW, gucunga ubushyuhe ntibikiri amahitamo. CCS1 na CCS2 byombi bikoresha sensor z'ubushyuhe (ubusanzwe thermistors za NTC) ziri hafi y'udupira twa DC.

• Guseka:Iyo ubushyuhe ku migozi burenze urugero ntarengwa (urugero, 85°C), EVSE izahita "igabanuka" cyangwa igabanye umuyoboro w'amazi kugira ngo hirindwe ko plastike ishonga.
• Gukonjesha amazi:Mu byuma bitanga umuriro mwinshi, insinga ziba zikomeye cyane kuko ziba zifite imiyoboro ikoresha glycol-coolant. Ibi bituma hakoreshwa ibyuma bitanga umuriro byoroheje (bigabanya uburemere bw'insinga) mu gihe bigumana ubushyuhe bwiza kuri 500A.

Igice cya 8: Isuzuma ry'imikoranire (IOP): Imbogamizi mu bikorwa remezo by'abacuruzi benshi

Kimwe mu bintu bibabaza cyane umushoferi wa EV ni "kunanirwa guherekeza imodoka" - imodoka na charger byanze kuvuga. Iki ni ikibazo cy'imikorere y'imodoka (IOP).

Ingorane z'iyi porogaramu

Urusobe rw'itumanaho rwa CCS rugizwe n'ibice byinshi:

1. Icyiciro gifatika:Ubwiza bw'ikimenyetso cya HPGP PLC.
2. Urukurikirane rw'amakuru:Aderesi za MAC n'ihuza ry'umuyoboro.
3. Urusobe rw'urusobe:Aderesi ya IPv6 (isabwa na ISO 15118).
4. Icyiciro cy'Ikoreshwa:Ubutumwa bushingiye kuri XML (EXI compression).

Iyo porogaramu ya charger (ishyirwa mu bikorwa muri Linux cyangwa OS ikora mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo) ifite itandukaniro rito ry'igihe muri IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol yayo, cyangwa niba XML parser y'imodoka yiteze schema itandukanye gato, icyiciro kirananirwa.

Ibikorwa by'ibizamini n'impamyabushobozi

Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, inganda zikora "Testivals" (Iserukiramuco ry'Ibizamini) ritegurwa n'imiryango nka CharIN. Abahanga mu bya tesla, VW, ABB, na Siemens bazana imodoka zabo n'ibikoresho byo kuzikoresha mu gupima aho zihurira kugira ngo bapime uburyo bwose bushoboka. Nubwo bimeze bityo, "umurizo muremure" wa firmware ya kera ya EVSE n'imodoka nshya bituma IOP ikomeza kuba ikibazo gikomeye muri CCS.

Igice cya 9: Umucanga Uhinduka mu Bukungu bushingiye ku Gisozi n'Ubukungu ku Isi

Guhitamo hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2 ntabwo byari bishingiye cyane ku buhanga buhanitse; byari bishingiye ku bikorwaremezo byari bihari n'ubusugire bw'akarere.

Ihuriro ry'ibihugu by'i Burayi

Uburayi bwafashe icyemezo hakiri kare cyo gushyiraho CCS2 binyuze mu mabwiriza y’ibikorwa remezo by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli (AFID). Mu guhatira chargers zose za leta gutanga ubwoko bwa 2 cyangwa CCS2, Uburayi bwirinze "intambara isanzwe" yabangamiye Amerika ya Ruguru mu myaka myinshi. Ibi byatumye habaho isoko rikomeye ry’ibice byayo kandi byoroshya uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa ku bigo by’ubucuruzi by’i Burayi nka BMW na Renault.

Icikamo ibice rya Amerika ya Ruguru

Amerika ya Ruguru, ku rundi ruhande, yemereye amahame menshi kubana: CCS1, CHAdeMO (yasunitswe na Nissan), n'umuhuza wa Tesla. Uku gucikamo ibice byatumye ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo bya leta rigabanuka, kuko abashinzwe kwakira indege bahatiwe kugura utwuma duhenze two gutanga protocole nyinshi.

Koreya y'Epfo na Tayiwani

Koreya y'Epfo yahisemo CCS1, ahanini ikurikira ubuyobozi bwa Amerika bitewe n'uko GM yari ihari cyane ndetse n'ingaruka z'isoko rya Amerika ku modoka za Hyundai/Kia zoherezwaga mu mahanga za mbere. Ariko, Tayiwani ni inyigo ishimishije, aho guverinoma yabanje kwishingikiriza kuri CCS1 ariko ikaba yarabonye urujya n'uruza rw'imodoka za CCS2 na NACS, bigatuma habaho ibidukikije bigoye cyane.

Igice cya 10: Umuvumbuzi wa NACS: Uburyo SAE J3400 irimo guhuza Amerika ya Ruguru no gushyira mu kaga CCS1

Mu mpera za 2022, Tesla yafunguye igishushanyo cyayo cyihariye cy’imashini zihuza imodoka ku isi, iyihindura izina ry’urwego rwo gushyushya imodoka rwo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru (NACS). Mu mezi make, hafi ya buri sosiyete ikomeye ikora imodoka muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru—Ford, GM, Rivian, Volvo—yatangaje ko igiye kuva kuri CCS1 ikajya kuri NACS.

Ibyiza bya tekiniki bya NACS (SAE J3400)

1. Igipimo cy'imiterere:NACS ni nto cyane kandi yoroheje ugereranyije n'umuhuza munini wa CCS1.
2. Udupira twahujwe:Bitandukanye na CCS, ifite imigozi itandukanye ya AC na DC, NACS ikoresha imigozi ibiri minini imwe kuri byombi. Ibi bigabanya ingano y'aho imodoka yinjira.
3. Amasezerano y'umurage:Icy'ingenzi ni uko NACS ikoreshakimwePorotokole y'itumanaho ya ISO 15118 PLC nka CCS. Ibi byasobanuraga ko abakora imodoka bashobora guhindura porogaramu ikoreshwa badahinduye imiterere ya porogaramu zabo zose.

Urupfu rwa CCS1?

Kubera ko NACS yashyizwe mu buryo bwa SAE J3400, CCS1 ni "inzira idakora" muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Nubwo ibihumbi by'amasharubu ya CCS1 arimo gushyirwaho binyuze muri gahunda ya NEVI (National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure), ahazaza hagaragara ko ari NACS. Iri hinduka ryatumye abakora sharubu nka SK Signet na ChargePoint bahindura vuba imiyoboro yabo kugira ngo bashyiremo insinga za NACS.

Igice cya 11: Amasoko ya Adaptara n'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko: Ingaruka z'Amategeko n'iz'Ubuhanga ku Bikoresho Bitandukanye

Uko isi igenda ihinduka, adaptateri zabaye inganda zihenze cyane. Ubu ushobora kugura adaptateri zo guhindura CCS2 muri CCS1, CCS1 muri Tesla, na Tesla muri CCS1. Ariko, ubu buryo bworoshye buza n'ingaruka zikomeye.

Icyuho cy'umutekano

Umuyoboro wemewe wa CCS wagenewe gucunga 500A kandi urimo uburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe. Adaptateri nyinshi z’abandi zigurishwa ku mbuga za interineti zidafite ubwo buryo bwo kuzirinda.

• Ingaruka zo gukubita:Iyo adaptateri iticaye neza, micro-arcing ishobora kubaho ku rubuga, amaherezo ikangiza adaptateri kandi ishobora kwangiza charger ihenze y'imodoka iri mu modoka.
• Gutinda k'itumanaho:Adaptateri zimwe na zimwe zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "man-in-the-middle" kugira ngo zihindure protocole (urugero, CHAdeMO muri CCS), zishobora gutuma habaho gutinda gukurura igihe cy'umutekano muri EVSE.

Inshingano n'Ubwishingizi

Mu rwego rw'amategeko, gukoresha adaptateri idafite icyemezo akenshi bikuraho garanti y'imodoka. Iyo inkongi y'umuriro ibaye ku kibuga cyo gushyushya bitewe n'adaptateri ifite ikibazo, inshingano ziba ku mukoresha. Inzego zikomeye zishinzwe ubugenzuzi ziri kwihutira gushyiraho gahunda zo kwemeza adaptateri (nka UL 2251), ariko isoko riracyari "Uburengerazuba bw'Isi" ku bakoresha hakiri kare.

Igice cya 12: Icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza: Gukoresha Megawatt (MCS), V2X, na Unified Convergence

Mu gihe tugiye kureba mu 2030, impaka hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2 zishobora gupfukiranwa n'ikoranabuhanga rishya.

Sisitemu yo Gusharija Megawati (MCS)

Ku modoka zitwara amakamyo akomeye, ndetse na kW 350 ni gahoro cyane. Inganda zirimo gutegura MCS, ishobora gutanga Megawati zigera kuri 3.75 (3.000A kuri 1.250V). Igishimishije ni uko umuyoboro wa MCS ari igishushanyo kimwe ku isi, gishobora kurangiza icyuho mu karere k’ubucuruzi.

Imodoka ijya kuri buri kimwe cyose (V2X)

Guhuza ISO 15118-20 bizahindura amashanyarazi ya EV mu nganda zigendanwa. Yaba imodoka ikoresha CCS2 cyangwa NACS, ubushobozi bwo gushimangira ikoranabuhanga mu masaha y'akazi ka buri munsi buzaba ingenzi ku ba nyiri amashanyarazi ya EV.

Umwanzuro

Itandukaniro riri hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2 ni igihamya cy'ingorane zo gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho ku isi. Nubwo CCS2 yagaragaye nk'uwatsinze ku isoko mpuzamahanga, kuzamuka kwa NACS byatumye amategeko ya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru avugururwa. Ku bahanga mu by'ubwubatsi n'abashyiraho politiki, isomo rirasobanutse: ibikoresho bifatika ni iby'igihe gito, ariko amabwiriza y'ikoranabuhanga (ISO 15118) n'amahame y'umutekano (IMD) ni byo shingiro nyakuri ry'ejo hazaza hakoresha amashanyarazi. Gusobanukirwa izi ngingo z'ikoranabuhanga ni ingenzi ku muntu wese unyura mu isi ifite ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi.

Igice cya 13: Imibare yo kurwanya ubwishingizi bw'amashanyarazi: Imibare ya R_iso ​​n'umuvuduko w'amazi asohoka

Mu rwego rwo gushyushya vuba hakoreshejwe ingufu nyinshi (HV), ubushobozi bwo gushyushya (R_{iso}$) si ikintu cy’umutekano gusa ahubwo ni ihinduka ripimirwa rigena imiterere y’imikorere y’igihe cyo gushyushya. Dukurikije IEC 61851-23 na SAE J1772, sisitemu igomba kugira ubushobozi bwo gushyushya buhoro buhoro kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi ashobora kumanuka mu mubiri w’umuntu (I_{leakage}$) ashobora kunyura mu mubiri w’umuntu mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cya chassis.

Ihame ryo gupima

Igikoresho cyo Gukurikirana Ubwishingizi (IMD) gikoresha uburyo bwa "switched resistor" cyangwa "pulse injection" kugira ngo gipime uburinzi hagati y'ibyuma biyobora DC na Protective Earth (PE). Uburinzi bwose bw'ubwishingizi busobanurwa nk'uruvange rw'uburinzi kuva ku murongo mwiza kugera ku butaka ($R_p$) n'umurongo mubi ujya ku butaka ($R_n$):

$$R_{iso} = \frac{R_p \cdot R_n}{R_p + R_n}$$

Ibisabwa mu mutekano muri rusange bishyirwa kuri 100 $\Omega/V$ kuri sisitemu za DC. Ku modoka ishaja kuri 800V, $R_{iso}$ yemewe ni:

$$800V \inshuro 100 \Omega/V = 80.000 \Omega = 80 k\Omega$$

Imiterere y'Umuvuduko w'Imvura Isohoka

Umuvuduko w'amazi uva mu kirere uterwa n'ubushobozi bwa sisitemu bwo gukurura amashanyarazi ($C_y$) hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'amashanyarazi. Muri sisitemu itunganye neza, $R_p = R_n$, kandi voltage iri hagati ugereranije n'ubutaka ni zeru. Ariko, iyo habayeho ikosa kuri reli nziza ($R_p \rightarrow 0$), reli mbi yimukira kuri $-800V$ ugereranyije na chassis. IMD igomba kubona iri hinduka mu masegonda make.

Imbonerahamwe: Ingoboka z'umutekano kuri CCS1 ugereranije na CCS2

Igice cya 14: Ubuziranenge bw'ikimenyetso cya PLC: Guhangana n'urusaku mu bidukikije byo gusharija 500kW

Itumanaho ry’Umuyoboro w’Amashanyarazi (PLC) rikoreshwa muri CCS rishingiye ku bipimo bya HomePlug Green PHY (HPGP). Nubwo HPGP yari yagenewe gukoreshwa mu rugo rufite ingufu nke, kuyishyira mu bikorwa mu buryo bwa 500kW bwo gusharija bitera imbogamizi zikomeye zo guhuza ingufu za elegitoroniki (EMC).

Urusaku rw'ahantu hateye urusaku

Imashini zikoresha DC zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zikoresha Silicon Carbide (SiC) cyangwa Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) zihinduranya vuba mu ntera yazo y'ingufu. Ibi bice bihinduranya ku ntera kuva kuri 20 kHz kugeza 100 kHz, bigatuma habaho urusaku rukomeye. Kubera ko PLC ikora mu ntera ya 2 MHz kugeza kuri 30 MHz, ntabwo iri mu ntera y'urusaku rw'ibanze, ariko "ringing" ya frequency yo hejuru na common-mode transients bishobora kunyura mu buryo bworoshye imbere ya modem ya PLC.

Kugabanya no Guhuza

Ikimenyetso cya Control Pilot (CP) gitwarwa ku mugozi udakingiye uri imbere mu mugozi wo gusharija. Kuri 30 MHz, umugozi ukora nk'umurongo ugoranye wo kohereza amakuru ufite igihombo gikomeye mu gutuma umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi utera imbaraga no gutakaza ubushobozi.

• Insinga za CCS1:Insinga ndende kandi ziremereye muri Amerika zishobora gutuma amajwi adakora neza.
• Insinga za CCS2:Mu Burayi, insinga ngufi zo mu mijyi minini zishobora kugira ikibazo cyo kuvugana hagati y’ibikoresho bitanga amazi byegeranye.

Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, abahanga bakoresha "Signal Injection Units" (SIUs) bakoresha ferrite cores nyinshi kugira ngo bahuze ikimenyetso cya PLC ku murongo wa CP mu gihe babuza ikimenyetso cya 1 kHz PWM n'urusaku rwinshi.

Igice cya 15: ISO 15118-2 vs. -20: Ihindagurika ry'Ubwubatsi bw'Urutonde rw'Ubutumwa

Impinduka kuva ku gipimo cya mbere cya ISO 15118-2 ujya kuri ISO 15118-20 nshya (ikunze kwitwa "Dash 20″") ni ivugurura rikomeye rya porogaramu mu mateka yo gusharija amashanyarazi.

ISO 15118-2: Ikigo cy'Imari

Verisiyo ya "-2″ yashyizeho uburyo bwo gusabana bushingiye kuri XML:

1. Iporoto y'Ikoranabuhanga:Biganirira kuri verisiyo.
2. Igenamiterere ry'Ikiganiro:Ishyiraho isano.
3. Indangamuntu:Ifata RFID cyangwa Plug & Charge.
4. ChargeParameterDiscovery:Ihinduranya imipaka ya bateri.
5. Gutanga imbaraga:Igenzura urujya n'uruza rw'amazi.

ISO 15118-20: Ejo hazaza

Dash 20 izana imiterere mishya y'ubutumwa yagenewe icyiciro gitaha cya serivisi z'ingufu:

• Inkunga y'icyerekezo cy'amajwi abiri:Ubutumwa bwihariye bwo gusohora V2G (Imodoka ijya kuri Grid) na V2H (Imodoka ijya kuri Home).
• Uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu:Ituma charger ibwira imodoka guhindura ingufu zayo mu gihe nyacyo bitewe n'umutwaro wa grid, idatangiye gutangira.
• Umutekano wongerewe:Impinduka kuva kuri TLS 1.2 kugera kuri TLS 1.3, bitanga uburyo bwo gusabana bwihuse no gupfundikirana bikomeye.
• Guhinduranya ibintu byinshi:Yemerera serivisi nyinshi (urugero, gusharija + guhuza amakuru) gukoresha umurongo umwe wa PLC.

Imbonerahamwe y'uruhererekane rw'ubutumwa: Gushyira no Gushyushya (PnC) ugereranije n'indangamuntu yo hanze (EIM)

Muri PnC,Amasezerano y'ibanga ry'inguzanyoyoherezwa kuva mu modoka ijya kuri charger. charger ibi irabigenzura ukoresheje seriveri yayo ya OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol). Muri EIM, umukoresha agomba kwerekana ikarita ifatika, hanyuma charger ikoherezaKwemereragusaba ku gice cy'inyuma. Ubukererwe bwa PnC buri hasi cyane, bigatuma umukoresha agira ubunararibonye nk'ubwa Tesla.

Igice cya 16: Ubuhanga mu by'ubushyuhe bw'ibihuza bifite ingufu nyinshi: Ibikoresho, Ubudahangarwa bw'aho bihurira, n'Ubukonje bw'amazi

Uko twegereza imipaka y'imiterere ya CCS, ubuhanga mu bushyuhe buba imbogamizi nyamukuru mu miterere.

Ubudahangarwa bw'aho umuntu ahurira ($R_{contact}$)

Ubushyuhe bukorerwa kuri connector bugenwa n'Itegeko rya Joule: $P_{heat} = I^2 \cdot R_{contact}$. Ku giciro cya 500A:

• Niba $R_{contact} = 0.5 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.0005 = 125 W$.
• Iyo $R_{contact}$ igabanutse ikagera kuri $2.0 m\Omega$, $P_{heat} = 500^2 \cdot 0.002 = 500 W$.

Ubushyuhe bwa watts 500 mu mukingo wa pulasitiki ufunze buzatuma habaho gucika intege mu minota mike. Niyo mpamvu gupfunyika ifeza ku migozi ari ingenzi cyane. Ifeza ifite imbaraga nke cyane kurusha icyuma icyo ari cyo cyose kandi itanga ubuso bwishyiramo amavuta ku buryo bugabanya kwangirika mu gihe cy'ingendo ibihumbi n'ibihumbi z'ubukwe.

Sisitemu zo gukonjesha amazi

Kugira ngo ucunge imiyoboro iri hejuru ya 350A, gukonjesha amazi ni ngombwa. Ubusanzwe sisitemu ikoresha icyuma gikonjesha kiri mu kabati k'amashanyarazi.

• Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bikonjesha:Amavuta ya Dielectric ni yo akunda gukoreshwa mu gukumira imiyoboro migufi mu gihe habayeho gusohoka kw'amazi, ariko uruvange rw'amazi na glycol ni rwo rukunze kugaragara bitewe n'ubushobozi bwarwo bwo gushyuha buhanitse.
• Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro y'amazi:Utumashini twa DC+ na DC- dufite ububobere cyangwa tukikijwe n'imiyoboro ikonjesha. "Icyuma gikonjesha" giherereye inyuma y'udupira kugira ngo ubushyuhe buve aho buhurira.

Igice cya 17: Inyigo z'ingero z'imikorere: Gukemura ikibazo cy'ikoreshwa ry'intoki hagati ya VW ID.4 na Electrify America Chargers

Urugero ruzwi cyane rw'ibibazo byo gukorana kwa CCS1 rwabaye mu ntangiriro ya VW ID.4 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ba nyir'imodoka benshi bavuze ko amakosa ya "Red Ring" (gutanga charger byarananiranye) kuri sitasiyo za Electrify America (EA).

Impamvu nyamukuru: Igihe na XML

Nyuma y'amezi menshi yo kubika amakuru, injeniyeri bavumbuye imiterere y'irushanwa muriIgenamiterere ry'Ikiganirophase. Ishami rya EA (ryakozwe n'undi muntu) ryari ririmo koherezaSupportedAppProtocolResYihuta kurusha porogaramu ya ID.4 yo gushyushya (OBC) yashoboraga gutangiza IPv6 stack yayo. Imodoka yaburaga ubutumwa, igahagarika igihe, maze igahagarika ikiganiro.

Ikosora: Gukoresha porogaramu zigabanya ubukana

Igisubizo cyasabye kuvugurura firmware ku modoka ndetse no kuri charger. charger yahinduwe kugira ngo itegereze ikimenyetso cya "ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery" mbere yo kohereza ubutumwa bwa mbere bwa PLC, kandi igihe cyo guhagarara cy'imodoka cyongerewe kuva ku masegonda 2 kugeza ku masegonda 5. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana impamvu "Ubuhamya" ari ngombwa ariko budahagije; ibintu bifatika ku bidukikije n'intera yo gutinda kuri interineti byongera imiterere y'ingorane isuzuma rya laboratwari ridashobora kwigana neza.

Igice cya 18: Ingaruka ku ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi: Umuringa, ifeza, n'ibura ry'ibiceri bya HPGP

Gukora ibikoresho bya CCS connectors ni uruganda rwihariye cyane rwiganjemo abakinnyi bake nka Phoenix Contact, Huber + Suhner, na TE Connectivity.

Uburyo ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa

• Umuringa:Insinga imwe ya 350kW ikonjeshejwe n'amazi ishobora kuba irimo umuringa urenga 15kg. Ihindagurika ry'ibiciro by'umuringa rigira ingaruka zitaziguye kuri CAPEX y'imiyoboro yo gusharija.
• Ifeza:Uburyo bwo gupfunyika imigozi ya CCS2 busaba ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gupfunyika imigozi kugira ngo habeho urwego rumwe rwa mikoroni 5-10. Kugabanya umubyimba uko ari ko kose bitera imbaraga zo guhangana no gusaza imburagihe.

HPGP Chipset Monopoly

Udupira twa modem twa HPGP (HomePlug Green PHY) ni bwonko bwa buri modoka ya CCS na charger. Mu myaka myinshi, Qualcomm yari umucuruzi w’ibanze (series ya QCA7000). Mu gihe cy’ibura ry’ibikoresho bya semiconductor ku isi hagati ya 2021 na 2022, ibura ry’utu dupira ryahagaritse umusaruro w’ibikoresho ibihumbi byo gushyushya. Ibi byatumye habaho imbaraga zo gushaka amasoko y’inyongera, aho amasosiyete nka Lumissil na Vertexcom yinjiye ku isoko, ariko inzira yo kwemeza silicon nshya mu rwego rw’imodoka izwiho kugenda buhoro.

Igice cya 19: Amabwiriza agenga: NEVI muri Amerika vs. AFIR muri EU

Guverinoma ntizigiha isoko uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu bisanzwe.

EU: AFIR (Amabwiriza y'ibikorwa remezo by'ibikomoka kuri peteroli)

AFIR y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ni yo nshingano ikomeye kurusha izindi ku isi. Isaba:

• Gukoresha charger zihuta buri kilometero 60 mu mihanda minini.
• CCS2 nk'igipimo ngenderwaho gitegetswe.
• Kwishyura mu buryo bwa "ad-hoc" (abasoma amakarita y'inguzanyo) bigomba guhuzwa, bikava mu buryo bwa "closed RFID".

Amerika: NEVI (Ibikorwaremezo by'Imodoka z'Ingufu z'Igihugu)

Itegeko ry’ibikorwa remezo bya Amerika ryashyizeho miliyari 5 z’amadolari yo kwishyuza. Amategeko ya NEVI yabanje gutegeka CCS1. Ariko, nyuma y’impinduka za NACS, amategeko yahinduwe kugira ngo yemerere insinga za NACS igihe cyose hari nibura insinga imwe ya CCS1 kuri buri kibanza. Iyi "Hybrid Model" ni ikiraro cy’agateganyo mu gihe Amerika igenda igana ku hazaza huzuye ha SAE J3400.

Igice cya 20: Guhuza SAE J3400 (NACS) n'ingaruka zayo ku nganda za CCS1

Guhindura imikorere ya NACS (SAE J3400) muri Amerika ya Ruguru byahinduye cyane gahunda ya CCS1.

Ingamba z'Ubuhanga

Inganda zakozwe neza kubera imigozi minini ya CCS1 ubu zirimo guhindurwa ibikoresho byazo kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu buryo buto bwa NACS. Ingorane ya NACS iri mu migozi yayo ya "Dual Use", isaba kontakteri za DC zihuta cyane imbere mu modoka kugira ngo zihinduke hagati ya AC inboard charger na DC battery bus.

Kurokoka kwa CCS1

CCS1 ishobora gukomeza kubaho muri Koreya y'Epfo kandi ikaba isanzweho muri Amerika mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Ariko, ingengo y'imari y'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere kuri CCS1 yagabanutse cyane igera kuri zeru kuko inganda zibanda kuri NACS na MCS. Ku nganda mpuzamahanga, ibi bivuze ko zigumana imirongo itatu itandukanye y'ibicuruzwa:

1. CCS2:Ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
2. NACS (J3400):Ku mugabane wa Amerika y'Amajyaruguru.
3. MCS:Ku rwego rw'isi rufite inshingano zikomeye.

Igice cya 21: Umwanzuro: Porogaramu Ihuriweho mu Isi Itandukanye

Nkuko twabibonye, ​​"Itandukaniro riri hagati ya CCS1 na CCS2" ni inkuru y'ibimenyetso bibiri by'umubiri umwe w'ikoranabuhanga. Niba imodoka ikoresha plug ya CCS1 izengurutse cyangwa plug ya CCS2 irambuye, ishingiro rya ISO 15118, umutekano wo kugenzura IMD, n'ikibazo cyo kutamenya neza ibimenyetso bya PLC biracyari bimwe.

Intambara yo mu myaka ya 2020 yo gushyushya yatwigishije ko gukorana kw'ikoranabuhanga atari ugukoresha porogaramu gusa—ahubwo ni porogaramu, ikoranabuhanga, n'ubunararibonye bw'umukoresha. Uko isi igenda ihurira ku mahame amwe n'amwe akomeye, intego izava kuri “Ese nshobora gukoresha porogaramu?” ikajya kuri “Ese gukoresha porogaramu ni kwihuta kandi ni ubuhanga bungana iki?” Impinduka ijya kuri NACS muri Amerika no gukomera kwa CCS2 mu Burayi bigaragaza iherezo ry'intangiriro y'impinduramatwara ya EV. Imyaka icumi iri imbere izagenwa na V2G, umuvuduko wa Megawatt, n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku isi udafite umugozi.

Igice cya 22: Isesengura ryimbitse ry'imbonerahamwe y'uruziga rwa Proximity Pilot (PP) n'iy'igenzura rya Control Pilot (CP)

Kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe neza ubuhanga bwa CCS, agomba gusuzuma uburyo bungana n’ubwo bw’imirongo y’icyitegererezo. Iyi mirongo ni "imitsi" y’uburyo bwo gusharija, ikagenzura ko nta muvuduko mwinshi uhari ku migozi yagaragaye kandi ko ikinyabiziga kidashobora kugenda mu gihe gifatanye.

Umuyoboro w'Igenzura (CP)

Urusobe rwa CP ni ikimenyetso cya 1 kHz, $\pm 12V$ cyakozwe na EVSE. Ku ruhande rw'ikinyabiziga, urusobe rugizwe na diode n'uruhererekane rwa resistor ($R_1, R_2, R_3$) imodoka ishobora guhindura mu rusobe ikoresheje transistors cyangwa relays.

• Intego ya Diode:Diode igenzura ko igice cyiza cy'ikimenyetso cya PWM ari cyo cyonyine kigirwaho ingaruka n'ibirwanya amashanyarazi by'ikinyabiziga. Ibi bituma EVSE ibasha kubona "aho igera hasi" iyo igice kibi cy'ikimenyetso cya PWM cyagizweho ingaruka mu buryo butunguranye n'ikosa riri mu muyoboro wa resistor w'ikinyabiziga - igenzura ry'umutekano ribuza EVSE guha imbaraga insinga cyangwa connector yangiritse.

Gusoma Uruhererekane rw'inshingano

EVSE ishyiraho ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi aboneka mu muvuduko wa PWM w'umuraba kare wa 1kHz, maze imodoka ikawusobanura mbere yo gufunga contactors nkuru:

• 5% by'akazi:EVSE ntiriteguye—gushyushya ntibyemewe (bikoreshwa mu kwerekana aho ibintu biri).
• 10% by'akazi:EVSE yiteguye, nta guhumeka gukenewe (uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha sisitemu za DC zigezweho zifunze).
• 16-85% by'akazi:Umuvuduko uboneka ujyanye n'igihe cy'akazi—urugero, 50% bigaragaza umupaka wa 50A, bigatuma chargeur y'imodoka iri mu modoka ibasha kuyikoresha neza.
• 90-97% by'imirimo:Bigenewe imiterere yihariye nko guhumeka bikenewe (aside y'icyitegererezo) cyangwa ikimenyetso cya DC cyihariye.

Ubwiza bwa sisitemu ya CP ni uburyo idashobora gucika intege: iyo imodoka ibonye umuraba kare ufatika, ifata nabi cyane ikanze gushyaja; iyo EVSE ibonye nta gisubizo gifatika, yanga kongera ingufu. Iyo impande zose zifunze, bivuze ko igihe cyo gushaja kidashobora gutangira mu buryo buteje akaga.

Urugendo rw'Umupilote wa hafi (PP)

Umuyoboro wa PP ni wo ukoreshwa mu guhuza. Ukoresha resistor yoroshye kugira ngo imenyeshe impande zombi niba insinga yinjiyemo yuzuye—no kwirinda ko insinga isohoka hakoreshejwe insinga ifatanye.

• Agaciro k'umurwanyi:Resistor ya 150Ω igaragaza ko insinga ifunze mu modoka ariko idafunze; resistor ya 680Ω igaragaza ko insinga ifunze kandi ifatanye; uruziga rufunguye (nta resistor) bivuga ko umuhuza ufunze. EVSE n'imodoka basoma izi gaciro buri gihe.
• Uburinzi bwo kunyura mu modoka:Iyo sisitemu y'ikinyabiziga ibonye imiterere ya 150Ω mu gihe feri yo guhagarara irekuwe, ntizemerera vitesi gufata. Iyo insinga ifunze (680Ω), ikinyabiziga ntizemerera connector kurekurwa mu gihe umuriro wo gusharija urimo gutemba - bikuraho ibyago byo "gusohora plug ikora neza".
• Gutahura ko hari insinga:Kuri sisitemu za DC, umurongo wa PP wemera kandi ko insinga yo gusharija ihagaze neza ku mpera zombi mbere yuko EVSE yemerera contactors zifite voltage nyinshi gufunga.

Impamvu abapilote ari ingenzi mu buzima nyakuri

Hamwe na hamwe, imiyoboro ya CP na PP niyo mpamvu imashini yo gusharija iba ifite umutekano nubwo ama-ampere igihumbi arimo gutemba. Ni nabyo injeniyeri zireba mbere iyo imashini yananiwe gutangira: PP yangiritse, resistor ya CP yacitse, cyangwa pini ya pilot yangiritse bitanga umubare utangaje w'ihamagara rya serivisi rya "charger ntizatangira". Gusobanukirwa izi miyoboro bihindura ikibazo cy'amayobera mu gusuzuma iminota 10.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Urusobe rwa CP rufite ikimenyetso cya PWM cya 1kHz gifite uruziga rw'akazi kayo rushyiraho umurongo w'amashanyarazi uhari; imiterere yayo ishingiye kuri diode ituma umuntu amenya neza aho ari hasi.
• Urusobe rwa PP rukoresha umuyoboro wa resistor kugira ngo rumenye aho insinga ziherereye n'uko zifunze, rutanga uburinzi bwo gusohoka no kwemeza umwanya wo guhuza.
• Utu duce twombi ntitwizewe: ikimenyetso cy’umupilote cyabuze cyangwa kidakora neza gihagarika ikorwa mbere yuko contactor ifite voltage nyinshi ifunga.
• Amakosa yo mu murongo wa pilot ari mu akunze kugaragara mu gucika intege no gutangira charger—mu buryo bwa multimeter kandi ubu bumenyi bw'uruziga burakemura byinshi muri byo mu minota mike.

Vugana na MIDA Power injeniyeri zayo za CCS1/CCS2 zifite circuitry y’igerageza yubatswe kugira ngo isuzuma indwara: ahantu handitseho ibimenyetso bisobanutse, kode z’amakosa zisanzwe, n’inyandiko za serivisi zifasha abatekinisiye mu gukemura ibibazo bya CP/PP. Vugana natwe kugira ngo ubone inyandiko za tekiniki, ubufasha mu mahugurwa, n’ibisobanuro by’ibicuruzwa.