Kugadzirisa Kuchaja Kwemagetsi Epasi Rose: CCS vs CHAdeMO, V2G Evolution, uye ChaoJi Standards

Kugadzirisa Nyika Yese Yekuchaja MaEV: Kupinda Kwakadzama Kwehunyanzvi muCCS neCHAdeMO Protocols, ISO 15118 neCAN Bus Communication, V2G Evolution, uye Kubuda kweChaoJi Standard

1. Nhanganyaya: Kushanduka kweDC Fast Charging uye Kutsvaga Standardization

Kuchinja kuenda kumagetsi ekufambisa hakungori kungochinja kwekufambisa mota chete asi kugadziridza kukuru kwekugoverwa kwesimba uye maitiro evatengi. Pakati pekuchinja uku pane zvivakwa zvekuchaja, kunyanya matekinoroji anogonesa Direct Current (DC) Fast Charging (DCFC). Sezvo mota dzemagetsi (EVs) dzachinja kubva kumapurojekiti ekuyedza akasarudzika kuenda kune mhinduro dzekutakura dzakajairika, kudiwa kwekuchaja nekukurumidza, kwakavimbika, uye kwakajairika kwave kuri kukuru. Zvisinei, nzira yekuenzanisa yave isiri chinhu chakareruka. Indasitiri iyi yakatsanangurwa nemakwikwi emakore akawanda pakati pezvivakwa zviviri zvikuru: Combined Charging System (CCS) uye CHAdeMO standard.

Mumazuva ekutanga emota dzemazuva ano dzemagetsi emagetsi—kusvika pakupera kwema2000 nekutanga kwema2010—nzvimbo yacho yaive "Wild West" yemitemo yepamutemo uye yekutanga. Nissan LEAF, yakatangwa muna 2010, yakatsigira mwero weCHAdeMO, uyo wakatanga kuJapan. Yakagadzirwa neCHAdeMO Association (mubatanidzwa weTEPCO, Nissan, Mitsubishi, nedzimwe), ndiyo yaive yekutanga DC fast charging system yakashandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose. CHAdeMO yakapa puratifomu yakasimba, yakagadzirira nzira mbiri yaishandisa bhazi reController Area Network (CAN) pakutaurirana, protocol yakatove yakadzika midzi muinjiniya yemotokari.

Kusiyana neizvi, vagadziri vekuEurope neAmerica vakatsvaga nzira yakabatana. Panzvimbo pekuva nemachiteshi akasiyana ekuchaja AC neDC—sezvakaita mota dzeCHAdeMO—vakakurudzira Combined Charging System (CCS). CCS yakashandisa chinobatanidza che "Combo" chakawedzera mapini eDC kune zviyero zveAC zviripo (Type 1 kuNorth America neType 2 kuEurope). Kunze kwechinobatanidza chemuviri, CCS yakasarudza nzira yakasiyana zvikuru yekutaurirana: Power Line Communication (PLC) zvichibva pane zviyero zveISO 15118 neDIN 70121.

Kusiyana uku kwezvivakwa kwakagadzira musika wakapatsanurwa. Kwemakore anopfuura gumi, vatyairi vemagetsi, vanochaja nzvimbo dzemotokari (CPOs), nevagadziri vemotokari vanga vachifamba munzvimbo yakaoma uko kuenderana kwemotokari kunoenderana nenzvimbo uye zvinodiwa nemugadziri. Makwikwi ari pakati peCCS neCHAdeMO haasi echimiro cheplug chete; ihondo yepfungwa dzekutaurirana, matunhu edunhu, uye simba rezvematongerwo enyika.

Sezvatinotarisa kuma2030, mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja zvakare. Nekukwira kweNorth American Charging Standard (NACS)—iyo inoshandisa CCS communication protocol nenzira yakasiyana—uye nekuvandudzwa kweChaoJi standard yechizvarwa chinotevera, indasitiri iri kuenda kune kusangana kunogoneka, kana kusina kugadzikana. Chinyorwa chino chinopa ongororo yakadzama yehunyanzvi yemusiyano uripo pakati peCCS neCHAdeMO, ichiongorora ruzivo rwakadzama rwema "communication stacks" avo, fizikisi yema "connectors" avo, masimba emusika ari kutungamira kushanduka kwavo, uye remangwana rekuchaja zvine simba guru.

2. Maitiro ekutaurirana: ISO 15118 (PLC) vs. CHAdeMO (CAN)

Musiyano mukuru wehunyanzvi pakati peCCS neCHAdeMO uri pakuti mota (EV) neElectric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) zvinotaurirana sei. Kutaurirana uku kwakakosha pakutarisira kuchengetedzeka, kusimbisa mamiriro ebhatiri, kutaurirana nezvemagetsi nemazinga aripo, uye kubata ruzivo rwekubhadhara.

2.1 Maitiro eCHAdeMO: Kutaurirana neBhazi reCAN

CHAdeMO inoshandisa nzira yebhazi yeController Area Network (CAN). Kana tichitarisa mainjiniya emotokari, CAN ndiyo "lingua franca." Yakagadzirwa naBosch muma1980 yekutaurirana kwakasimba, kunodzivirira ruzha pakati pemayuniti ekudzora emagetsi (ECUs) ari mumotokari. CHAdeMO inoshandisa CAN pair yakatsaurirwa mukati metambo yekuchaja kuti iite kuti charger nemota zvibatane.

Nzira yeCHAdeMO iri nyore. Inotevera kutevedzana kwemasaini kwakanyatsotsanangurwa. Kana chivharo cheCHAdeMO chaiswa, chiratidzo che12V chinotanga maitiro acho. Mota nechaja zvinozochinjana ruzivo rwekutanga kuburikidza nebhazi reCAN, senge voltage yepamusoro inogona kugamuchira bhatiri uye simba remagetsi rinogona kupihwa nechaja. Nekuti CAN inzira yakaderera, chaiyo-nguva, CHAdeMO inogona kupindura nekukurumidza kune shanduko mumamiriro ebhatiri kana kukanganiswa kwekuchengetedza.

Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zve CHAdeMO/CAN architecture ndechekutsigira kwayo simba rinofamba munzira mbiri (V2G/V2H). Nekuti kutaurirana kwacho kwakavakirwa paCAN IDs dziri nyore, dzakatsanangurwa zvakanaka, kushandisa maficha emota-ku-grid kwaikwanisika kubva pakutanga. CHAdeMO inobvumira charger kukumbira simba kubva kubhatiri remota, zvichiita kuti frequency regulation uye simba rekuchengetedza imba rive nyore.

2.2 Maitiro eCCS: PLC neISO 15118

CCS inoshandisa nzira yakaoma zvikuru nekushandisa Power Line Communication (PLC). Zvikuru sei, CCS inoshandisa HomePlug Green PHY standard kutumira data repamusoro-soro kuburikidza neControl Pilot (CP) pin yeconnector. Data iri rinozodudzirwa kuburikidza nelenzi yeISO 15118 neDIN 70121 standards.

Sei tichifanira kusarudza PLC pane CAN? Chikonzero chikuru chaive chekuchengetedza data mune ramangwana uye kugona kwayo. ISO 15118 yakagadzirwa kwete chete yekudzora kuchaja, asi sehurongwa hwekutaurirana hwedhijitari hwakazara. Inotsigira maficha epamusoro senge "Plug & Charge," uko mota inozvizivisa uye inobata mari otomatiki pasina kudiwa kweRFID kadhi kana mobile app. Kuti itsigire encryption uye maumbirwo akaomarara edata anodiwa kune aya maficha, bandwidth yakakwira kupfuura iyo bhazi reCAN rinowanzo kupa yakaonekwa seyakakosha.

Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwePLC kunounza kuomarara kukuru. Nekuti CP pin inoshandiswawo kune chiratidzo chePulse Width Modulation (PWM) (chinotakurwa kubva kuJ1772 AC charging standard), chiratidzo chePLC chinofanira kuiswa pane chiratidzo ichi cheanalog. Izvi zvinoda ma transceivers nema filters akanyatsogadzirwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti ruzha rwemagetsi kubva mukuchaja kweDC ine simba guru harukanganisi kutaurirana. Maitiro e "handshake" muCCS anononoka kupfuura muCHAdeMO nekuti system inofanira kugadzira network link, kuita IP-based communication (TCP/IPv6), uye kuchinjana mameseji akavakirwa paXML.

2.3 Pfupiso yeKuenzanisa kweProtocol

Kuchinjana pakati peCAN nePLC ndekwekuti zviri nyore kana tichienzanisa nekugona. Sisitimu yeCHAdeMO yeCAN inokurumidza, yakavimbika, uye iri nyore kushandisa, asi haina hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana hwakasimba hunodiwa kuti pave nekufamba-famba kwakachengeteka pasi rose uye kuchinjana data kwepamusoro-soro. Sisitimu yeCCS yeISO 15118/PLC ipuratifomu yekutaurirana ine simba, yemhando yepamusoro inogonesa maficha epamusoro esmart-grid, asi inoenderana nekuomarara kwehardware uye nharaunda yekutaurirana isina kusimba.

3. Underlying Circuit Topology uye Power Electronics

Musiyano uripo pakati peCCS neCHAdeMO unopfuura software nekutaurirana kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwakakosha kwemaitiro ekuchaja. Masisitimu ese ari maviri ane chinangwa chekuendesa DC ine voltage yakakwira zvakananga kubhatiri, ichipfuura AC-to-DC converter yemotokari, asi anobata magetsi emagetsi uye kuchengetedzeka nenzira dzakasiyana.

3.1 Kubatana Maoko uye Zvidimbu Zvekuchengetedza

Muchiitiko chekuchaja nekukurumidza kweDC, EVSE inonyanya kuve simba guru reDC rinodzorwa nemotokari. Kuchengetedzeka kwegadziriro iyi kunoenderana nemidziyo isina kushandiswa uye macomputer akabatana nesoftware.

ChadeMO Topology:CHAdeMO inoshandisa macontactors akasiyana-siyana uye mitsara yechiratidzo ye12V kuti igadzirise mamiriro ecircuit yekuchaja. Kurongeka kwacho ndekwekuti:

1. Kubatana kwemuviri uye kuonekwa.
2. Chiratidzo chekubata maoko che12V kubva kuEV kuenda kuEVSE.
3. Kutaurirana nemabhazi eCAN kwatanga.
4. Iyo EVSE inoita bvunzo yekudzivirira kupisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hapana zvikanganiso zvepasi muwaya kana chinongedzo.
5. Mota yacho inovhara macontactor ayo emukati eDC.
6. EVSE inotanga kupa magetsi.

Dunhu reCHAdeMO rakagadzirwa kuti rive "risina njodzi" padanho rehardware. Kana chiratidzo che12V chikarasika, EVSE inofanira kumisa kufamba kwemagetsi nekukasika.

Pamusoro peCCS:CCS inoshandisa topology yakabatana zvikuru inobva pamitemo yekuchaja yeAC. Inoshandisa mapini eControl Pilot (CP) neProximity Pilot (PP).

1. Pini yePP inoratidza kuti chivharo chaiswa uye chibatiso chakavharwa.
2. Pini yeCP inoshandisa chiratidzo chePWM kuratidza mamiriro eEVSE uye kugona kwayo pari zvino.
3. Kutaurirana kwePLC kwakagadzirwa pamusoro pemutsetse weCP.
4. Kutaurirana kwedhijitari kunoitika kuburikidza neISO 15118.
5. Kuongororwa kwekuzviparadzanisa kunoitwa.
6. Macontactor eDC akavharwa.

MuCCS, kuchinja kubva pakuchaja AC kuenda kuDC kunobatwa neControl Pilot logic imwechete, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kune vagadziri kugadzira mota dzinotsigira mhando dzese dzekuchaja kuburikidza nechiteshi chimwe chete chakabatana.

3.2 Masimba Emagetsi Nemiganhu Yekupisa

Magetsi emagetsi ari muchiteshi chekuchaja anofanira kukwanisa kugadzirisa voltage ne current nenzira inochinja simba.

• CHAdeMO:Kare, CHAdeMO yaingogumira pa50 kW (500V, 125A). Kunyange hazvo standard yakagadziridzwa (CHAdeMO 2.0) kuti itsigire kusvika ku400 kW, mota shoma kana machaja akashandisa mazinga aya akakwirira. Muganho wacho unowanzova wekupisa; pasina kutonhora kwemvura muwaya, kuchengetedza simba rinodarika 200A kunoomera CHAdeMO connector nekuda kwekusagona kuibata.
• CCS:CCS yakagadzirwa ichifunga nezvedenga rakakwirira. Nekushandisa tambo dzakatonhodzwa nemvura uye zvinobatanidza, CCS2 (yekuEurope) inogona kuchengetedza magetsi anosvika 500A uye magetsi anosvika 1000V, zvichiita kuti kumhanya kwekuchaja kusvike 350 kW zvichikwira. Magadzirirwo eCCS, kunyanya mumhando yeType 2, anopa nzvimbo iri nani yeDC pini dzine simba rakawanda, zvichideredza kupisa kunobva panzvimbo yacho.

3.3 Kutarisa Kuzviparadzanisa uye Kuisa Rutivi Pasi

Chinhu chakakosha paDC circuit topology isystem yekutarisa isolation monitoring (IMS). Sezvo DC fast charging ichisanganisira voltages dzinogona kudarika 800V, system inofanira kugara ichitarisa resistance iri pakati peDC rails dzakanaka/dzisina kunaka nechassis ground.

• Machaja eCHAdeMO anowanzova neIMS yakabatanidzwa inodzima simba kana isolation ikadonha pasi pemuganho wakati (kazhinji 100 ohms pavolt).
• Masisitimu eCCS anodawo kutariswa kwekuzviparadzanisa, asi nekuda kwekuti kutaurirana kwePLC kunoitika paCP pin (iyo inotaurwa pasi), pane mukana wekuti pave nekukanganiswa pakati pemagetsi eDC ane voltage yepamusoro nechiratidzo chekutaurirana kana kuzviparadzanisa kukakanganiswa. Kusefa kwepamusoro muCCS hardware kunodiwa kuderedza izvi.

3.4 Magetsi Emagetsi Anoshanda Madivi Aviri

Maitiro ekushandisa circuit topology yekuchaja madivi maviri akaomarara. Inoda inverter mukati meEVSE (kana mota) inogona kuenderana ne AC frequency yegrid.

• CHAdeMO:Mutemo uyu unotsanangura nzira yeV2X (Mota kuenda kuZvese) paCAN level, zvichibvumira charger yekunze kushanda se inverter. Izvi zvinoita kuti magetsi emota ave nyore asi zvinoita kuti "V2G charger" idhure zvakanyanya.
• CCS:Muyero weISO 15118-20 (wekupedzisira) unozopa rutsigiro rwakasimba kuCCS. Zvisinei, kuita izvi kunoda shanduko huru kumagetsi emagetsi ari mumotokari uye PLC communication stack, zvichikonzera kuti zvinhu zveV2G zvisashande zvakanaka mumotokari dzinoenderana neCCS zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zveCHAdeMO.

[Zvichaenderera mberi muchinyorwa chinotevera...]

4. Connector Engineering: Simba reMichina, Kutarisira Kupisa, uye Kuedzwa Kwekuchengetedza

Kubatana kwemagetsi pakati pemagetsi eEV nechaja ibasa guru rekugadzira zvinhu nemazvo. Inofanira kubata makilowatts emagetsi akawanda, kutsungirira zviuru zvemakombiyuta ekubatanidza, uye kutsungirira mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa uku ichiramba yakachengeteka kuti mutengi aishandise. Magadzirirwo emakombiyuta eCCS neCHAdeMO anomiririra nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa matambudziko aya.

4.1 Kugadzira Michina uye Nzira dzeKukiya

Chinobatanidza DC fast charging hachisi chivharo chete; i interface yakakiyiwa uye ine voltage yakawanda.

• Chinobatanidza cheCHAdeMO:Puragi yeCHAdeMO inozivikanwa nechimiro chayo chakakura, chakatenderera uye chibatiso chayo chemakanika. Inoshandisa mapini akatevedzana esimba uye masaini. Chinhu chikuru chekugadzirwa kweCHAdeMO ndechekuti nzira yekukiya inowanzobatanidzwa muconnector pachayo. Kana mushandisi akadzvanya trigger ndokuisa plug, makiyi emakanika anoita kuti isabviswe magetsi ari kuyerera. Mapini acho akagadzirwa kuti "afukidzwe" kudzivirira kusangana netsaona, uye connector yakagadzirwa kuti ikwanise kubata madonhwe makuru uye kukuvara.
• CCS Connector (Combo 1 & Combo 2):Chinobatanidza cheCCS chakagadzirwa nemapulagi emhando ye1 (J1772) neType 2 (Mennekes). Chinowedzera mapini maviri makuru eDC pasi peseti yeAC pin. Kusiyana neCHAdeMO, nzira yekukiya yeCCS inowanzo kuwanikwa mukati mechiteshi chekuchaja chemotokari, kwete chinobatanidza. Chinobatidza magetsi chemagetsi chiri mumotokari chinobaya notch pachinobatanidza kuti chirambe chiri panzvimbo yacho. Izvi zvinobvumira dhizaini yechinobatanidza kuti chishande zvakanaka asi zvinoisa mutoro wekuvimbika kwemugadziri wemotokari.

4.2 Kuedza Simba reMichina uye Kugara Kwenguva refu

Mitemo yese miviri inotevedzera mitemo yekuyedza yakasimba, senge yakatsanangurwa muIEC 62196. Miedzo iyi inosanganisira:

• Simba reKuisa uye Kubvisa:Chinobatanidza chinofanira kunge chiri nyore kuti munhu abatanidze asi chakasimba zvakakwana kuti chirambe chisina simba rekubata. Nekufamba kwenguva, matinji esirivha anogona kupera simba, zvichiwedzera simba rekubata uye kupisa.
• Muedzo weKupwanya:Zvese zviri zviviri CCS neCHAdeMO zvinobatanidzwa zvinoedzwa kuti zvisaparare kana mota ikatsika pamusoro pazvo. Chigadziko hachifanirwe kutsemuka nenzira inoratidza zvikamu zvemagetsi ane simba guru.
• Kuramba Kukanganiswa:Zvinobatanidza zvinodonhedzwa kubva pakukwirira kwemita imwe zvichienda pasi pekongiri kakawanda kuitira kuti insulation yemukati uye zvikamu zvemakanika zvirambe zviripo.

4.3 Kutarisira Kupisa: Dambudziko reKupisa Kwakanyanya

Kupisa ndiko muvengi wekuchaja nekukurumidza. Sezvo magetsi (I) achiwedzera, kupisa kunogadzirwa (P = I²R) kunokura zvakanyanya.

• Kutonhodza Kusingashande:Machaja ekutanga e50 kW aishandisa tambo dzemhangura dzakakora dzaishandiswa pakuparara kwemagetsi. Simba iri raingosvika pa125A kana 150A.
• Kutonhodza kwemvura inoshanda:Kuti isvike 350 kW (500A), masisitimu eCCS akatanga tambo dzinotonhorera mumvura. Chinotonhodza (kazhinji musanganiswa wemvura-glycol kana mafuta edielectric akasarudzika) chinotenderedzwa netambo uye kusvika kumashure kwemapini ekubata. Izvi zvinobvumira tambo yakatetepa uye inochinjika uku ichidzora mutoro mukuru wekupisa.
• Nzira yeChadeMO yekupisa:Kunyange zvazvo CHAdeMO 2.0 ichitsigira kutonhora kwemvura, kusvika kwestandard pakuchaja kwesimba guru kwakareva kuti zvivakwa zvakawanda zveCHAdeMO zviripo zvakamira pa50-100 kW. Kurongeka kwemukati meplug yeCHAdeMO, nemapini ayo madiki akawanda akakomberedza mapini emagetsi, kunoita kuti kutonhora kwemvura kuve kwakaoma kushandisa zvichienzaniswa nehurongwa hwakasiyana hweCCS Combo connector.

4.4 Kuvharirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza (IP Ratings)

Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinosangana nemvura, sinou, uye guruva. ​​Mazhinji ema connectors ane chiyero che IP54 kana kupfuura. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti anobata sei hunyoro kanayakabviswa paplug. Zvinobatanidza zveCCS zvinowanzova nemaburi ekudhonza mvura kudzivirira kuti mvura isaungane mumasoketi eAC pin, nepo sisitimu yakasimba yeCHAdeMO yekufukidza nekuvharira yakagadzirwa kuti ichengetedze kumeso kwese kwechinobatanidza chakaoma.

5. Geopolitics yeEV Standards: Hondo yekutonga pasi rose

Nyaya yeCCS vs. CHAdeMO ine chekuita nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese uye kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda pamwe chete nehunyanzvi. Kusarudzwa kwechiyero chekuchaja kune zvakunoreva zvikuru pakuchengetedzwa kwesimba renyika uye kukwikwidzana kwevagadziri vemotokari dzemuno.

5.1 Nhare yeEurope: CCS2

European Union yaive mutambi akasimba mu "Standard Wars." Nekuraira kushandiswa kweType 2 connector yekuchaja AC uye CCS2 yekuchaja DC, EU yakaita kuti pave nemusika wakabatana. Izvi zvakamanikidza vagadziri vekuJapan neAmerica kuti vagadzirire. Kunyangwe Tesla, iyo yakashandisa connector yayo kwenguva refu muUS, yakachinja kuenda kuCCS2 yeModel 3 neModel Y muEurope. Sarudzo yeEU yakakonzerwa nechido chekushanda pamwe chete pakati pemiganhu uye kufarira PLC/ISO 15118 communication stack iri nyore kushandisa, iyo yaienderana ne "Smart Grid" roadmap yavo.

5.2 Maonero echiJapan: Kwakatangira CHAdeMO

Kuzvipira kweJapan kuCHAdeMO kwaive kuwedzera kwekutungamira kwayo mumusika wemagetsi ekutanga. Kuva neEV yekutanga mumusika mukuru (LEAF) kwaireva kuti Japan yaidzora nyaya yekuchaja nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, sezvo musika wepasi rose waichinja, Japan yakazviwana yave yoga. Mhinduro yacho yaive kukura kweChaoJi, kushanda pamwe chete neChina kugadzira mwero wechizvarwa chinotevera uyo waigona kuzopedzisira watsiva zvese CHAdeMO neChinese GB/T standard.

5.3 Kuomarara kweNorth America: CCS1 vs. NACS

MuNorth America, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akanga akakamuka. Ford, GM, nevamwe vakashandisa CCS1 (rudzi rwekutanga). Panguva iyi, Tesla yakagadzira network yekuchaja yakabudirira zvikuru pasi rose ichishandisa connector yayo. Muzviitiko zvinoshamisa muna 2023, indasitiri yakachinja. Ford yakazivisa kuti yaizoshandisa connector yaTesla, iyo yakazotumidzwa zita idzva rekuti North American Charging Standard (NACS). Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, NACS inoshandisa iyozvakafananaNzira yekutaurirana yeISO 15118 PLC seCCS. Saka, kunyange hazvo chivharo chakachinja chimiro, "pfungwa" dzesisitimu dzakaramba dzichienderana neCCS. Izvi zvakaratidza kuguma kwemugwagwa weCHAdeMO mumusika weUS, sezvo kunyange kambani yekupedzisira yakaramba ichichinja (Nissan).

5.4 Nzira yeChina yekutonga: GB/T

China, musika mukuru wemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose, yakashandisa nzira yayo neGB/T standard. Kufanana neCHAdeMO, GB/T inoshandisa CAN bus communication asi ine physical pinout yakasiyana. Kuwanda kwemusika weChina kunoreva kuti GB/T, nenhamba yemaports, ndiyo standard inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kweChina muchirongwa cheChaoJi kunoratidza chishuwo chekuenderana kwenyika uye kugona kwemagetsi epamusoro-soro izvo GB/T standard iripo isingagoni kuwana zviri nyore.

6. Kugona kweMota-Kuenda-KuGridhi (V2G): Kugona Kuchaja Kunotenderera Maviri

Tekinoroji yeMota-kuenda-kuGridhi (V2G) inobvumira maEV kushanda semabhatiri makuru ekufambisa, achidzosera simba mugridi panguva yekudiwa kwakanyanya kana kupa simba rekuchengetedza kumba (V2H).

6.1 Kutanga Kwemusoro kweCHAdeMO

Kwemakore, kana waida V2G, waitenga mota yeCHAdeMO. Nekuti kutaurirana kwemabhazi eCAN kwaive nyore uye kwakanangana nemativi maviri kubva pazuva rekutanga, machaja eCHAdeMO aigona kukumbira simba kubva mumotokari. Nissan LEAF yave ichishandiswa muvatyairi veV2G pasi rose kwemakore anopfuura gumi. Nzira iyi (CHAdeMO V2X) yakakura uye yakanyorwa zvakanaka.

6.2 Kurwira kweCCS neISO 15118-20

CCS yakanonoka kusvika paV2G. Standard yekutanga yeISO 15118-2 yakanga isina rutsigiro rwakasimba rwekufamba kwemagetsi munzira mbiri. Yakanga iri kusvika pakaburitswa ISO 15118-20 apo CCS ecosystem yaive nenzira yakajairika yekugadzirisa nhaurirano dzakaoma dzinodiwa paV2G, dzakadai sedata rekubatanidza grid uye miganhu yekuburitsa. Kuitwa kwe -20 kunoda tekinoroji, kunoda hardware itsva mumotokari nemuchaja. Kunyange hazvo CCS iri kufambira mberi, nhaka yeCHAdeMO munzvimbo iyi ichiri nzvimbo yakasimba yekushandiswa kwayo muzvishandiso zvemotokari uye zvemagetsi.

6.3 Hupfumi hweV2G

Musiyano wehunyanzvi unokanganisawo mutengo. Mukugadzirisa kweCHAdeMO V2G, inverter inodhura yeDC-to-AC inowanzo kuve muchiteshi chekuchaja. Izvi zvinoderedza mitengo yemota asi zvinoita kuti charger idhure zvakanyanya (kazhinji inodarika $10,000). Vagadziri veCCS vari kutsvaga "DC V2G" (yakafanana neCHAdeMO) ne "AC V2G," uko charger yemota iri mubhazi inobata inversion. Yekupedzisira inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wemasystem eV2H epamba, asi zvinoda kuti hardware yemota ive yakasimba zvikuru.

7. Kushanduka kweMugove weMusika: Kukwira kweCCS uye Kupona kweNiche kweCHAdeMO

Kana tikaongorora data ra2015 nera2024, zviri pachena kuti CCS yakakunda muhondo yemusika mukuru, nepo CHAdeMO yave nechikamu chekutsigira chakare kana kuti chakanyanya munzvimbo zhinji dziri kunze kweJapan.

7.1 Nzvimbo Yekupa Mari

Kuderera kweCHAdeMO kunogona kuteverwa nezvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanda:

1. Kusiyiwa kwemugadziri:Pakangobatanidzwa Volkswagen, BMW, uye gare gare Ford neGM muCCS, mugumo weCHAdeMO kuMadokero wakasimbiswa.
2. Zvinokurudzira zvezvivakwa:Rubatsiro rwehurumende muUS neEurope (sechirongwa cheNEVI muUS) rwakawedzera kukoshesa CCS, zvichiita kuti zvisabatsire CPO kuisa maCHAdeMO plugs.
3. Miganhu yeSimba:Kusakwanisa kwezvivakwa zvakawanda zveCHAdeMO kupfuura 50 kW kwakaita kuti isanyanye kukwezva varidzi vemaEV emazuva ano ane mabhatiri makuru anogona kubata 150 kW+.

7.2 Kupona Kwenzvimbo Yepamusoro

Kunyangwe ichiderera, CHAdeMO haina kufa. Mamiriyoni emota dzine CHAdeMO achiri kufamba. Mumisika yakaita seUK neJapan, CHAdeMO ichiri chikamu chakakosha che network yeveruzhinji. Uyezve, munyika yemota dzinorema nemabhazi, vamwe vagadziri vachiri kuda nyore kweCHAdeMO yakavakirwa paCAN nekuda kwekuvimbika kwayo uye kugadzirira kwayo kweV2G.

7.3 Kuongororwa kweData: Maports paStandard

Mishumo yemusika ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti muEurope, madoko eCCS2 iye zvino ava kupfuura madoko eCHAdeMO nechikamu chinodarika gumi kusvika ku1. MuNorth America, shanduko iyi yakanyanya kushamisa, nezviteshi zvitsva zvakawanda zvichisiya CHAdeMO zvachose zvichisarudza magadzirirwo maviri eCCS/NACS. "Muswe murefu" weCHAdeMO ungangoramba uripo kwemamwe makore gumi, asi nguva yayo seyero yepasi rose yakapfuura.

[Zvichaenderera mberi muchinyorwa chinotevera...]

8. Maadapter Akaenzana uye Matambudziko Ekushanda Nevamwe: Fizikisi ye "Bridging the Gap"

Sezvo nyika iri kuchinja kuenda kune mamwe maitiro ari kutonga, mubvunzo wemamiriyoni emadhora kune vazhinji varidzi vemagetsi ndewekuti: "Ndingashandisa adapta here?" Mhinduro yacho yakaoma uye inosanganisira zvinopfuura kungogadzirisa mapini chete.

8.1 Nyaya Iri Nyore: MaAdapter eAC

Kugadzirisa pakati pemitemo yeAC (semuenzaniso, Type 1 kuenda kuType 2) kuri nyore. Aya ma "adapter" asina musoro anongochinja waya dzemhangura. Nzira yekutaurirana (PWM signaling) yakafanana kune ese maJ1772 nemaMennekes-based AC systems.

8.2 Nyaya Yakaoma: DC Adapters

Maadapter eDC, akadai seTesla-to-CHAdeMO kana CCS1-to-NACS adapter, akanyanya kuomarara.

• Shanduro yeProtocol:Paunenge uchichinja pakati pemitauro miviri yakasiyana yekutaurirana (semuenzaniso, mota yeCHAdeMO ichiedza kushandisa charger yeCCS), adapta inofanira kunge iine microcontroller inoshanda. Chip iyi inoshanda se "translator," ichiteerera masaini ebhazi reCAN kubva mumotokari uye ichigadzira masaini anoenderana ePLC/ISO 15118 echarger. Izvi zvinounza kunonoka uye mukana wekukundikana.
• Kutarisa Kupisa:Nekuti maadapter anowedzera nzvimbo dzekubata, anowanzo pisa zvakanyanya. Adapter yeDC yepamusoro-soro inofanira kunge iine masensa ayo ekupisa mukati ayo anogona kuratidza mota kuti idzore simba remagetsi kana kubatana kwacho kukapisa zvakanyanya.
• Kudzivirira uye Kuchengetedza Voltage Arcing:Kuchaja nekukurumidza kweDC kunosanganisira mavoltage akakwira. Kana mushandisi akaedza kubvisa adapta apo magetsi ari kuyerera, arc yemagetsi yakakura inogona kuitika, ichikuvadza michina kana kukonzera kukuvara. Adapta dzinofanira kunge dziine ma "mechanical kana electronic interlocks" anoenderana nemirairo yemotokari yekuti "stop charging".

8.3 Kuchinja kweTesla/NACS

Kushandiswa kweDC adapter kwakabudirira zvikuru kwave kuri "Magic Dock" yaTesla uye maCCS-to-Tesla adapters ayo akazvimiririra. Nekuti NACS inoshandisa CCS communication protocol, maadapters aya "haashande" kana tichitarisa logic asi achiri kuda thermal management yepamusoro-soro uye physical locking mechanisms kuti akwanise kumhanyisa charger inosvika 250 kW+ speeds.

9. Muyero weChaoJi: Bhiriji reKubatana Kwepasi Pose uye Simba Rakanyanya Kupfuura Rese

Vachiziva miganho yezvinodiwa pari zvino zveCHAdeMO neGB/T, CHAdeMO Association neChina Electricity Council (CEC) vakabatana kuti vagadzireChaoJi(inozivikanwawo seCHAdeMO 3.0).

9.1 Zvinangwa zveKugadzira: Kupfuura 500 kW

ChaoJi yakagadzirirwa ramangwana. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekutsigira kuchaja zvine simba guru—kusvika 900 kW (1500V uye 600A). Izvi zvakanangana nemusika wemarori nemabhazi ane mabasa makuru, uko kuchaja bhatiri re500 kWh mumaminitsi makumi maviri chinodiwa kuti mashandiro ashande zvakanaka.

9.2 Kugadzira Magadzirirwo Ehunyanzvi

• Kuenderana Kumashure:Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza ChaoJi inyaya yekuti inoshanda zvakanaka. Chinobatanidza chakagadzirwa kuitira kuti maadapta akwanise kubatanidza mota dzeChaoJi zviri nyore kune dziripo CHAdeMO, GB/T, uye kunyange maCCS chargers.
• Chinobatanidza Chakareruka:Chidzitiro cheChaoJi chidiki zvikuru uye chakareruka pane zvinobatanidza zveCHAdeMO kana CCS Combo 2 zviripo. Chinoshandisa pin layout itsva inovandudza huwandu hwemagetsi uye inoderedza simba rinodiwa pakuiswa.
• Mutyairi weAdvanced Control:ChaoJi inounza nzira yekutaurirana ye "dual-mode". Inogona kutsigira zvese CAN bus yechinyakare (yemasisitimu ekare) uye mapuroteni edhijitari anomhanya zvakanyanya ekushandisa mune ramangwana.
• Zvinhu zvekuchengetedza:ChaoJi ine zvinhu zvepamusoro zvakaita se "Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker" (ELCB) uye kuona hunyoro hwakasimba mukati memusoro wekubatanidza, zvichiita kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka kunyangwe pa1500V.

9.3 Migumisiro Yepasi Rose

ChaoJi inomiririra bhatani rekuti "Reset" rehondo dzakajairika. Kana ikashandiswa zvakanyanya muAsia uye mumashandisirwo anorema pasi rose, inogona kuva chiyero chechokwadi chezvinhu zvese zvakakura kupfuura mota yekutakura vanhu, nepo CCS/NACS ichitonga musika wemotokari dzevatengi.

10. Maonero Eramangwana: Kuchaja Megawatt, Mabhatiri Akasimba, uye Kubatanidzwa KwemaWireless

Tekinoroji yegore ra2024 ingori kutanga. Makore gumi anotevera achaona shanduko huru nhatu mukufambisa kwatinoita simba mumotokari.

10.1 Sisitimu Yekuchaja yeMegawatt (MCS)

Kune mota hombe—marori emhando yechisere, ngarava, uye kunyange ndege diki—kunyangwe 350 kW inononoka zvakanyanya. Megawatt Charging System (MCS) chiyero chitsva chakagadzirirwa kusvika ku3.75 MW (3,000A pa1,250V). MCS inoshandisa chinongedzo chitsva chose uye shanduro yakasarudzika yeISO 15118 protocol. Inotora PLC communication kubva kuCCS asi inokwidziridza hardware chaiyo kusvika padanho risati ramboonekwa.

10.2 Mabhatiri Akasimba uye Makomba Ekuchaja

"Kuchaja kwemuchina" kwanhasi kunogumira pahunhu hwemakemikari hwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion. Sezvo bhatiri richizara, kumhanya kwekuchaja kunofanira kuderera kudzivirira kukuvara. Mabhatiri eSolid-state (SSBs) anovimbisa kuchinja izvi. MaSSB anogona kubata C-rate yakakwira zvikuru, zvichireva kuti anogona kuchengetedza kumhanya kwekuchaja kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, 350 kW) kubva pa0% kusvika pa80% kana 90% SoC. Izvi zvichaisa kumanikidzwa kukuru pazviteshi zvekuchaja kuti zvipe simba rinogara kwenguva refu pasina kupisa kwakanyanya.

10.3 Kuchaja DC Isina Waya

Kunyange zvazvo kunyanya kutariswa kuri pamapulagi, kuchaja kwemagetsi asina waya (inductive) kuri kukura. Kuchaja kwemagetsi asina waya kwatove kushandiswa mumabhazi ekufambisa vanhu. Chikamu chinotevera ndechesimbakuchaja pasina waya—makoira ari mumugwagwa anochaja mota painenge ichityaira. Kubva pamaonero eprotocol, izvi zvingangoenderana neshanduro yakagadziriswa yeISO 15118, ichishandisa Wi-Fi kana DSRC yekubatana maoko pachinzvimbo chewaya yeControl Pilot.

11. Technical Deep-Dive: PLC vs. CAN Signal Integrity uye Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Kune mainjiniya vari mukamuri, sarudzo pakati pePLC neCAN inowanzo kurukurwa maererano nekuvimbika kwechiratidzo.

11.1 Kubatsira kweBhazi reCAN

CAN chiratidzo chekusiyanisa, zvichireva kuti haipindi ruzha rwe common-mode. Munzvimbo ine ruzha rwemagetsi ye300 kW DC charger—uko kuchinja kwemagetsi nekukurumidza kunokonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwe electromagnetic interference (EMI)—CAN bus inoshanda zvakasimba. Inoda waya dzakatwasuka uye zvakaoma "kuvhiringidza".

11.2 Dambudziko rePLC

PLC (HomePlug Green PHY) inoshanda pakati pe2 MHz kusvika 30 MHz. Iyi ndiyo frequency range yakafanana apo maconverter mazhinji eDC-DC anoburitsa ruzha. Kuti PLC ishande zvakavimbika muCCS charger, mainjiniya anofanira kuita zvinotevera:

• Kusefa kweBandpass Yepamusoro:Kuparadzanisa chiratidzo chekutaurirana kubva paruzha rwekuchinja kwesimba.
• Kufananidza Impedance:Kuvharirwa kwetambo yekuchaja kunochinja painovhurwa kana kutamiswa, izvo zvinogona kuratidza masaini ePLC uye kukonzera kurasikirwa kwedata.
• Kugadzirisa Chikanganiso:ISO 15118 inosanganisira kugadzirisa kwakasimba kwezvikanganiso zvesoftware kuti igadzirise "paketi yakadonhedzwa" dzimwe nguva inokonzerwa nekukwira kwemagetsi.

Iyi ndiyo mari inoshandiswa pakugadzira nekubvumidza machaja eCCS inodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura machaja eCHAdeMO.

12. Mhedziso: Kufamba-famba muRamangwana Rakabatana reMagadzirirwo eEV

Kukwikwidzana pakati peCCS neCHAdeMO kwave kuri chitsauko chakakosha munhoroondo yekufambisa kunochengetedza nharaunda. Kwaive kusawirirana kwetsika: kuvimbika kweJapan kwakavakirwa paCAN zvichienzaniswa nemaonero enyika dzekuMadokero enzvimbo yemagetsi yakangwara inotungamirwa nePLC.

Sezvatinopedzisa kunyura uku kwakadzama, chokwadi chinoverengeka chiri pachena:

1. Kubatanidzwa hakugoneki:Musika haugone kuramba uine mitemo mitatu kana mina yakasiyana yeDC nekusingaperi. MuNorth America, NACS (leveraging CCS logic) ndiyo inokunda. MuEurope, CCS2 ndiyo mambo. MuAsia, kubatanidzwa kweCHAdeMO neGB/T muChaoJi kunomiririra simba idzva.
2. Software ndiyo Mubatanidzwa Mutsva:Sezvo maadapta epanyama achiwanda uye achivimbika,zvemuvirichimiro chepuragi chinova chisina kukosha kupfuurasoftwareKutonga kweISO 15118/PLC kunoita sekunge kwakasimbiswa, sezvo kunyange NACS neMCS dzakazvigamuchira.
3. V2G ndiyo Killer App:Kuchinja kubva pa "kuchaja mota" kuenda pa "kuenzanisa grid" ndiyo dambudziko guru rinotevera. CHAdeMO yakatiratidza nzira, asi ramangwana richavakwa pahurongwa hwakachengeteka uye hunokura hweISO 15118.

Kune indasitiri yemagetsi emagetsi, "Standard Wars" haisi kupera neanokunda pasi rose, asi nekubatana kwenzvimbo. Kunyangwe ukashandisa lever yeCHAdeMO kana chinobatanidza cheNACS chakanaka, chinangwa chiripo chinoramba chakafanana: kufamba kwesimba nekukurumidza, kwakanaka, uye kwakachena kuti kusimbise ramangwana rekufamba. Zvidzidzo zveinjiniya zvakadzidzwa kubva munguva yeCCS neCHAdeMO zvichashanda sehwaro hwezana remakore rinotevera rekuvandudza magetsi.

Chinyorwa Chehunyanzvi Chakawedzerwa: Kuenzanisa Kuongororwa kweISO 15118 Layers vs. CHAdeMO CAN Frames

Kuti tinyatsoratidza kudzama kwetekinoroji idzi, ngationgororei maOSI layers chaiwo anobatanidzwa.

Nzvimbo yekutaurirana yeCHAdeMO:

• Rutivi Rwemuviri:CAN 2.0B (500 kbps), zviratidzo zve 12V zvakasiyana.
• Rutivi rweData Link:Mafuremu eCAN akajairwa ane maID chaiwo (semuenzaniso, 0×100 yeEVSE status, 0×101 yeEV status).
• Chimiro Chekushandisa:Mashoko eCHAdeMO emunhu pachake akaiswa, akatevedzana.

CCS (ISO 15118) Kutaurirana:

• Rutivi Rwemuviri:IEEE 1901 (HomePlug Green PHY) pamusoro peControl Pilot.
• Rutivi rweData Link:Ethernet (MAC layer).
• Rutivi rweNetwork/Transport:IPv6, TCP, UDP.
• Chikamu cheSession/Presentation:V2GTP (Mota-kuenda-kuGrid Transfer Protocol), XML/EXI (Efficient XML Interchange) encoding.
• Chimiro Chekushandisa:Mashoko anoshanda eISO 15118-2/20 (semuenzaniso, ChargeParameterDiscovery, PowerDelivery).

Kuomarara kweCCS stack kwakakwira kupfuura CHAdeMO. Kuiswa kweISO 15118 kunoda system yakazara yekushandisa (kazhinji inonaka yeLinux kana RTOS yakanakisa) kuti ishandise network stack, nepo CHAdeMO ichigona kushandiswa pane 8-bit kana 16-bit microcontroller iri nyore. Musiyano uyu unotsanangura kuti nei maCCS charger ekutanga aine "zvikanganiso zvesoftware" uye matambudziko ekubatana kupfuura maCHAdeMO chargers, asi unotsanangurawo kuti nei CCS yakakodzera zvakanyanya matambudziko ekuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta mune ramangwana.

Pfupiso Yekupedzisira yeMisiyano Yehunyanzvi Hukuru

Sezvo nyika yemotokari iri kufambira mberi kuenda kumberi kusina kuburitsa mweya, kusangana kwezviyero izvi kuburikidza nematekinoroji akaita seChaoJi uye kushandiswa kweISO 15118 communication logic kunoratidza kutanga kwemamiriro ekunze emagetsi epasi rose. "Hondo yemapulagi" iri kupa nzira kune "kuwirirana kwemapulagi." Kubatana kunomiririrwa neChaoJi, DNA yakagovaniswa yeISO 15118 communication logic, uye kukwira kwema megawatt-class systems (MCS) zvinoreva kuti machaja emangwana achataura mutauro wakafanana kunyangwe akapfeka zviso zvakasiyana.

Zvinoreva "Kuwirirana" Chaizvo Mukuita

Kune vanobata network, ramangwana rakabatana rinoshandurwa kuita zvinhu zvitatu zvinoshanda:

• Kubatana kweProtocol:ISO 15118-20 ichatsigira V2G, Plug & Charge, uye smart charging pane ese ma connector standard. Charger inoshandisa ISO 15118 nhasi icharamba ichishanda nesoftware kwemakore gumi, kunyangwe ma connector achichinja.
• Kushanda pamwe chete kwemuviri:Ma "dual-connector dispenser" (CCS + NACS, kana CCS + ChaoJi adapters) uye ma "field-swippable connector modules" zvinoreva kuti hardware haichafanirwe "kubheja" pane imwe chete standard.
• Kurongeka pakati peChina neJapan:Kushanda pamwe chete kweChaoJi pakati pemasangano eChina neJapan ndiwo chiratidzo chakajeka chekuti kunyangwe mitemo inokwikwidzana kare inogona kubatana—ChaoJi yakagadzirirwa kuva interface yepasi rose yeDC fast-charging inoenderana neGB/T, CHAdeMO, uye CCS ecosystems kuburikidza nemaadapter.

Nzira Yekutora Mazano

"Hondo yemapulagi" yakadya simba guru reinjiniya nekushambadzira, asi vakundi vaigara vari mota nema network airamba achichinjika. Maitiro ari kuungana nekuti fizikisi inogovaniswa: chiyero chega chega chinozopedzisira chaburitsa simba reDC kubva kune converter yakabatana negrid kuenda kubhatiri, uye kutaurirana kuri kuenderana neISO 15118. Chinhu chinosiyanisa hachisisiri chinobatanidza chinopfekwa nechaja, asi kuti inochaja zvakanaka sei—kugadzikana kwekutumira simba, kushanda zvakanaka, nguva yekushanda, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta.

Mugove weV2G

Kubatana uku hakusi kungoyevedza chete—kunovhura nzira huru yekubatsira isina kushandiswa muindasitiri: mota-ku-grid. ISO 15118-20 ndiyo chiyero chekutanga chepasi rose chekutsanangura kuchinjirwa kwesimba munzira mbiri, mitengo yeV2G, uye kuchengetedza Plug & Charge muchimiro chimwe chete chakabatana. Kana charger yeCCS2 neNACS charger zvichitaura mutauro mumwe chete weISO 15118, mota yekuEurope neyekuNorth America dzinogona kutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvakafanana zvekupindura zvinodiwa, misika yekutonga ma frequency, uye zvirongwa zvemagetsi ekukurumidza. CHAdeMO ndiyo yakatanga V2G, asi protocol yayo yakavakirwa paCAN haina kumbobvira yagadzirwa yekukurukurirana kwekuchengetedza internet uye smart-charging iyo ISO 15118 inopa. Ndokusaka chiyero "chakarasikirwa" nehondo yekubatanidza chiri kukunda hondo yesimba—uye nei mushandi wese wenetwork akakosha ikozvino achitsanangura kugona kweISO 15118-20 muhardware itsva.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• Magadzirirwo eISO 15118 eCCS akavakirwa paPLC akakunda hondo yekutaurirana nekuti anosvika paV2G, Plug & Charge, uye mashandisirwo emegawatt emangwana, nepo bhazi reCAN reCHAdeMO richiri musimboti wekare.
• ChaoJi inoratidza kuti China, Japan, uye CCS ecosystem zvinogona kusangana pane yakabatana DC interface ine simba guru.
• Kune vanoisa, njodzi dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemutemo dzinokwanisika: sarudza hardware inokwanisa kushandisa ISO 15118 ine maconnector anogona kuchinjwa uye iwe unodzivirirwa zvisinei nekuti plug ipi inokunda munharaunda.
• Nzvimbo inotevera yekukwikwidzana haisi iyo inobatanidza—inokurumidza kuchaja, kuvimbika, uye kubatanidzwa kwegridi.

Bata MIDA Power inogadzira maDC fast chargers akagadzirira ramangwana rakabatana: rutsigiro rweISO 15118 Plug & Charge, OCPP compliance, uye field-configurable connectors dzinosanganisira CCS1, CCS2, CHAdeMO, NACS, uye GB-T. Kunyangwe uri kuvaka musika weChina, Europe, kana North America, hardware yedu yakagadzirwa kuti irambe yakakodzera sezvo zviyero zvichisangana. Bata nesu kuti uwane hunyanzvi uye mutengo.