Ukuqopha Ukushaja Kwe-EV Yomhlaba Wonke: I-CCS vs CHAdeMO, i-V2G Evolution, kanye ne-ChaoJi Standards

Ukuchaza Isimo Sokushaja Kwe-EV Yomhlaba Wonke: Ukungena Okujulile Kobuchwepheshe Ku-CCS Uma kuqhathaniswa Nezinqubo Zokuxhumana Zebhasi ze-CHAdeMO, i-ISO 15118 Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CAN Bus, i-V2G Evolution, kanye Nokuvela Kwezinga Le-ChaoJi

1. Isingeniso: Ukuvela Kokushaja Okusheshayo kwe-DC kanye Nokufuna Ukuma Okujwayelekile

Ukushintshela ekuhambeni kukagesi akusikho nje ukushintsha kokunyakaza kwezimoto kodwa kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuhlelwa kabusha kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kanye nokuziphatha kwabathengi. Enhliziyweni yalolu shintsho kukhona ingqalasizinda yokushaja, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukushaja okusheshayo kwamanje (DC) (DCFC). Njengoba izimoto zikagesi (EV) sezishintshe kusuka kumaphrojekthi okuhlola akhethekile zaya ezixazululweni zokuhamba ezijwayelekile, isidingo sokushaja okusheshayo, okuthembekile, nokujwayelekile sesibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokumisa ibe yinto engavamile. Imboni ichazwe umncintiswano weminyaka eminingi phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-Combined Charging System (CCS) kanye ne-CHAdeMO standard.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala zama-EV anamuhla—cishe ngasekupheleni kwawo-2000 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2010—indawo yayiyindawo “yaseNtshonalanga Yasendle” enezindinganiso ezizimele nezasekuqaleni. I-Nissan LEAF, eyethulwa ngo-2010, yasekela indinganiso ye-CHAdeMO, eyaqala eJapane. Yasungulwa yi-CHAdeMO Association (inhlangano ye-TEPCO, i-Nissan, i-Mitsubishi, nabanye), kwaba uhlelo lokuqala lokushaja okusheshayo lwe-DC olusetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. I-CHAdeMO yanikeza ipulatifomu eqinile, elungele izinhlangothi ezimbili eyayisebenzisa ibhasi le-Controller Area Network (CAN) ukuxhumana, inqubo esevele igxile kakhulu kubunjiniyela bezimoto.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhiqizi baseYurophu nabaseMelika bafuna indlela ehlanganisiwe kakhudlwana. Esikhundleni sokuba namachweba ahlukene okushaja i-AC ne-DC—njengoba kwenza izimoto ze-CHAdeMO—baphakamise i-Combined Charging System (CCS). I-CCS isebenzise isixhumi "se-Combo" esenezela amaphini e-DC ezindinganisweni ze-AC ezikhona (uhlobo 1 eNyakatho Melika kanye nohlobo 2 eYurophu). Ngale kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, i-CCS ikhethe indlela yokuxhumana ehluke kakhulu: Ukuxhumana Ngezintambo Zikagesi (PLC) ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ze-ISO 15118 kanye ne-DIN 70121.

Lokhu kwehlukana kwezakhiwo kudale imakethe ehlukene. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, abashayeli bezimoto ze-EV, abaqhubi beziteshi zokushaja (ama-CPO), kanye nabakhiqizi bezimoto behamba endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ukuhambisana kwezimoto kuncike endaweni yezwe kanye nokukhetha komkhiqizi. Ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-CCS ne-CHAdeMO akukhona nje ukuma kwepulaki; kuyimpi yamafilosofi okuxhumana, i-topology yesekethe, kanye nethonya le-geopolitical.

Njengoba sibheke ngawo-2030, isimo siyashintsha futhi. Ngokukhuphuka kwe-North American Charging Standard (NACS)—eyamukela iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-CCS ngendlela ehlukile—kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendinganiso ye-ChaoJi yesizukulwane esilandelayo, imboni iqhubekela phambili ekuhlanganeni okungenzeka, noma kungakhululekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe okujulile komehluko phakathi kwe-CCS ne-CHAdeMO, sihlola imininingwane ejulile yezinqwaba zokuxhumana kwabo, i-physics yezixhumi zabo, amandla emakethe aqhuba ukuvela kwazo, kanye nekusasa lokushaja ngamandla aphezulu kakhulu.

2. Izinqubo Zokuxhumana: ISO 15118 (PLC) vs. CHAdeMO (CAN)

Umehluko omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-CCS ne-CHAdeMO ulele endleleni imoto (EV) kanye ne-Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) ezikhulumisana ngayo. Lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ekuphatheni ukuphepha, ukuqinisekisa isimo sebhethri, ukuxoxisana nge-voltage kanye namazinga amanje, kanye nokuphatha ulwazi lokukhokhisa.

2.1 Indlela ye-CHAdeMO: Ukuxhumana Ngebhasi le-CAN

I-CHAdeMO isebenzisa inqubo yebhasi ye-Controller Area Network (CAN). Ngokombono wobunjiniyela bezimoto, i-CAN “iyi-lingua franca.” Yasungulwa yiBosch ngawo-1980 ukuze kube nokuxhumana okuqinile, okuvikela umsindo phakathi kwamayunithi okulawula kagesi (ama-ECU) ngaphakathi kwemoto. I-CHAdeMO isebenzisa i-CAN pair ezinikele ngaphakathi kwekhebula lokushaja ukuze kube lula ukuxhawulana phakathi kweshaja nemoto.

Iphrothokholi ye-CHAdeMO ilula kakhulu. Ilandela ukulandelana kwezimpawu okuchazwe ngokuqinile. Uma kufakwa ipulaki ye-CHAdeMO, isignali ebonakalayo ye-12V iqala inqubo. Imoto kanye neshaja bese kushintshana ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngebhasi le-CAN, njenge-voltage ephezulu ibhethri elingayamukela kanye nogesi omkhulu ishaja engawunikeza. Ngenxa yokuthi i-CAN iyiphrothokholi yesikhathi sangempela, yokubambezeleka okuphansi, i-CHAdeMO ingasabela ngokushesha kakhulu ezinguqukweni zesimo sebhethri noma ukuphazamiseka kokuphepha.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokwakheka kwe-CHAdeMO/CAN ukusekelwa kwayo okungokwemvelo kokugeleza kwamandla okuqondiswa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili (V2G/V2H). Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana kusekelwe kuma-CAN ID alula, achazwe kahle, ukusebenzisa izici zemoto-kuya-kugridi kwakungenzeka cishe kusukela ekuqaleni. I-CHAdeMO ivumela ishaja ukuthi icele amandla ebhethri lemoto, okwenza kube lula ukulawulwa kwemvamisa kanye namandla okusekela ekhaya.

2.2 Indlela ye-CCS: i-PLC kanye ne-ISO 15118

I-CCS ithatha indlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-Power Line Communication (PLC). Ngokukhethekile, i-CCS isebenzisa indinganiso ye-HomePlug Green PHY ukudlulisa idatha yemvamisa ephezulu ngephinikhodi ye-Control Pilot (CP) yesixhumi. Le datha ibe isihunyushwa ngelensi yezindinganiso ze-ISO 15118 kanye ne-DIN 70121.

Kungani kufanele ukhethe i-PLC kune-CAN? Isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwukuvikela ikusasa kanye nomthamo wedatha. I-ISO 15118 ayizange yenzelwe nje ukulawula ukushaja okuyisisekelo, kodwa njengohlaka oluphelele lokuxhumana kwedijithali. Isekela izici ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-“Plug & Charge,” lapho imoto iziveza khona futhi iphatha inkokhelo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sekhadi le-RFID noma uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula. Ukuze kusekelwe ukubethela kanye nezakhiwo zedatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidingekayo kulezi zici, i-bandwidth ephezulu kunalokho okunikezwa yibhasi elijwayelekile le-CAN yabonwa iyadingeka.

Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-PLC kuletha ubunzima obukhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iphinikhodi ye-CP isetshenziselwa futhi isignali eyisisekelo ye-Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (ukuhamba okuvela ku-J1772 AC standard yokushaja), isignali ye-PLC kumele ifakwe phezu kwalesi signali ye-analog. Lokhu kudinga ama-transceivers nezihlungi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsindo kagesi ovela enkambisweni yokushaja ye-DC enamandla aphezulu awonakalisi ukuxhumana. Inqubo "yokuxhawulana" ku-CCS ihamba kancane kakhulu kunaku-CHAdeMO ngoba uhlelo kumele lusungule isixhumanisi senethiwekhi, lwenze ukuxhumana okusekelwe ku-IP (TCP/IPv6), futhi lushintshanise imiyalezo esekelwe ku-XML.

2.3 Isifinyezo Sokuqhathanisa Iphrothokholi

Ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-CAN ne-PLC kungenye yezinto ezilula uma kuqhathaniswa nekhono. Uhlelo olusekelwe ku-CAN lwe-CHAdeMO luyashesha, luthembekile, futhi kulula ukulusebenzisa, kodwa alunazo izakhiwo zokuxhumana eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinezingqimba ezidingekayo ukuze kuzule umhlaba wonke ngendlela engenamthungo, evikelekile kanye nokushintshaniswa kwedatha kwezinga eliphezulu. Uhlelo lwe-ISO 15118/PLC lwe-CCS luyisitaki sokuxhumana esinamandla, esisezingeni lebhizinisi esivumela izici ze-smart-grid ezithuthukisiwe, kodwa luza ngezindleko zobunzima behadiwe obuphezulu kanye nendawo yokuxhumana ebuthakathaka kakhulu.

3. I-Underlying Circuit Topology kanye ne-Power Electronics

Umehluko phakathi kwe-CCS ne-CHAdeMO udlulela ngale kwesofthiwe nokuxhumana uye ekwakhiweni kukagesi okuyisisekelo kwenqubo yokushaja. Zombili izinhlelo zihlose ukuletha i-DC enamandla aphezulu ngqo ebhethri, zidlule i-AC-to-DC converter yemoto esebhodini, kodwa zisingatha ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokuphepha ngezindlela ezihlukile.

3.1 Ukuxhawulana kanye nama-Loop Okuphepha

Esimweni sokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, i-EVSE empeleni ingumthombo wamandla we-DC onamandla aphezulu olawulwa yimoto. Ukuphepha kwalolu hlelo kuncike ekuxhumekeni kwehadiwe nesofthiwe okungafuneki.

I-Topology ye-CHAdeMO:I-CHAdeMO ithembele ochungechungeni lwezixhumi ezibonakalayo kanye nemigqa yesignali engu-12V ukuphatha isimo sesekethe yokushaja. Uchungechunge lumi kanje:

1. Ukuxhumana ngokomzimba kanye nokutholwa.
2. Isignali yokuxhawulana ye-12V kusukela ku-EV kuya ku-EVSE.
3. Ukuxhumana ngebhasi le-CAN kuyaqala.
4. I-EVSE yenza ukuhlolwa kokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinkinga zomhlabathi kukhebula noma isixhumi.
5. Imoto ivala ama-contactor ayo angaphakathi e-DC.
6. I-EVSE iqala ukuhlinzeka ngogesi.

Isekethe ye-CHAdeMO iklanyelwe ukuba "ingaphumeleli" ezingeni lehadiwe. Uma isignali ye-12V ilahlekile, i-EVSE kumele imise ngokushesha ukuhamba kwamandla.

I-Topology ye-CCS:I-CCS isebenzisa i-topology ehlanganisiwe kakhulu etholakala ezindinganisweni zokushaja ze-AC. Isebenzisa amaphini e-Control Pilot (CP) kanye ne-Proximity Pilot (PP).

1. Iphinikhodi ye-PP ibonisa ukuthi ipulaki ifakiwe futhi i-latch ivaliwe.
2. Iphinikhodi ye-CP isebenzisa isignali ye-PWM ukukhombisa isimo se-EVSE kanye namandla amanje.
3. Ukuxhumana kwe-PLC kusungulwa phezu komugqa we-CP.
4. Izingxoxo zedijithali zenzeka nge-ISO 15118.
5. Ukuqapha ukuhlukaniswa kuyenziwa.
6. Ama-contactor e-DC avaliwe.

Ku-CCS, ukushintshela ekushajeni kwe-AC kuya kwe-DC kuphathwa nge-Control Pilot logic efanayo, okwenza kube lula ngabakhiqizi ukwakha izimoto ezisekela zombili izinhlobo zokushaja nge-port eyodwa ehlanganisiwe.

3.2 Amazinga Amandla kanye Nemikhawulo Yokushisa

Ama-elekthronikhi kagesi angaphakathi kwesiteshi sokushaja kumele akwazi ukushintsha i-voltage kanye ne-current ngendlela eguquguqukayo.

• I-CHAdeMO:Ngokomlando, i-CHAdeMO yayinomkhawulo ku-50 kW (500V, 125A). Nakuba indinganiso ibuyekeziwe (CHAdeMO 2.0) ukuze isekele kufika ku-400 kW, zimbalwa kakhulu izimoto noma amashaja asebenzise la mazinga aphezulu. Umkhawulo uvame ukuba ukushisa; ngaphandle kokupholisa uketshezi olusebenzayo kukhebula, ukugcina amandla angaphezu kuka-200A kunzima kusixhumi se-CHAdeMO ngenxa yokumelana nokuxhumana.
• I-CCS:I-CCS yaklanywa kucatshangelwa uphahla oluphezulu. Ngokusebenzisa izintambo nezixhumi ezipholile ngoketshezi, i-CCS2 (inguqulo yaseYurophu) ingagcina amaza afinyelela ku-500A kanye nama-voltage afinyelela ku-1000V, okwenza isivinini sokushaja sibe ngu-350 kW nangaphezulu. Ukwakheka kwe-CCS, ikakhulukazi kufomethi yohlobo 2, kunikeza indawo engcono kakhulu yamaphini e-DC anomoya ophezulu, kunciphisa ukushisa okukhiqizwa esibonakalayo.

3.3 Ukuqapha Ukuhlukaniswa Nokumisa Isisekelo

Isici esibalulekile se-topology yesekethe ye-DC uhlelo lokuqapha ukuhlukaniswa (i-IMS). Njengoba ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC kuhilela ama-voltage angadlula i-800V, uhlelo kumele luqhubeke nokuqapha ukumelana phakathi kwe-DC rails enhle/engemihle kanye nomhlabathi we-chassis.

• Amashaja e-CHAdeMO ngokuvamile ane-IMS ehlanganisiwe evala isigaba samandla uma ukuhlukaniswa kwehla ngaphansi komkhawulo othile (ngokuvamile i-100 ohms nge-voltage ngayinye).
• Izinhlelo ze-CCS nazo zidinga ukuqapha ukuhlukaniswa, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana kwe-PLC kwenzeka ku-CP pin (okubhekiselwe phansi), kunengozi yokuphazamiseka phakathi kwe-DC rails ene-voltage ephezulu kanye nesignali yokuxhumana uma ukuhlukaniswa kuphazamisekile. Ukuhlunga okuthuthukisiwe kwihadiwe ye-CCS kuyadingeka ukunciphisa lokhu.

3.4 Amandla kagesi aqondiswe kabili

I-topology yesekethe yokushaja okuqondiswayo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Idinga i-inverter ngaphakathi kwe-EVSE (noma imoto) engavumelanisa nemvamisa ye-AC yegridi.

• I-CHAdeMO:Indinganiso ichaza inqubo ye-V2X (Imoto kuya Kuyo Yonke Into) ezingeni le-CAN, okuvumela ishaja yangaphandle ukuthi isebenze njenge-inverter. Lokhu kwenza kube lula izinto zikagesi zemoto kodwa kwenza “ishaja ye-V2G” ibize kakhulu.
• I-CCS:Izinga le-ISO 15118-20 (ukuphindaphinda kwakamuva) ekugcineni liletha ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ku-CCS. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa lokhu kudinga izinguquko ezinkulu kuma-elekthronikhi kagesi emotweni kanye ne-PLC communication stack, okuholela ekukhishweni kancane kwezici ze-V2G ezimotweni ezihambisana ne-CCS uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye zazo ze-CHAdeMO.

[Kuzoqhubeka kusibuyekezo esilandelayo...]

4. Ubunjiniyela Bokuxhuma: Amandla Okusebenza Kwemishini, Ukuphathwa Kokushisa, kanye Nokuhlolwa Kokuphepha

Ukuxhumana okubonakalayo phakathi kwe-EV neshaja kuyikhono lobunjiniyela obunembile. Kumelwe iphathe amakhulu ama-kilowatts wamandla, ibekezelele izinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokuxhuma, futhi imelane nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu ngenkathi ihlala iphephile kumthengi ojwayelekile ukuyiphatha. Ifilosofi yokuklama yezixhumi ze-CCS ne-CHAdeMO imelela izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene zokuxazulula lezi zinselele.

4.1 Umklamo Wemishini Nezindlela Zokukhiya

Isixhumi sokushaja okusheshayo se-DC asiyona nje ipulaki; siyisixhumi esivalekile nesinamandla aphezulu.

• Isixhumi se-CHAdeMO:Ipulaki ye-CHAdeMO yaziwa ngesimo sayo esikhulu nesiyindilinga kanye ne-lever yayo yokubopha ngomshini. Isebenzisa uchungechunge lwezikhonkwane zamandla kanye nesignali. Isici esibalulekile somklamo we-CHAdeMO ukuthi indlela yokukhiya ivame ukufakwa kusixhumi uqobo. Lapho umsebenzisi ecindezela i-trigger futhi efaka ipulaki, izikhonkwane zomshini ziqinisekisa ukuthi azikwazi ukususwa ngenkathi ugesi ugeleza. Izikhonkwane zenzelwe "ukumbozwa" ukuvimbela ukuthintana ngengozi, futhi isixhumi sakhiwe ukuze sibhekane nokwehla okukhulu kanye nemithelela.
• Isixhumi se-CCS (I-Combo 1 kanye ne-Combo 2):Isixhumi se-CCS siwukuvela kwama-plug e-AC ohlobo 1 (J1772) kanye nohlobo 2 (Mennekes). Sinezela ama-power pin amabili amakhulu e-DC ngaphansi kwesethi yephinikhodi ye-AC. Ngokungafani ne-CHAdeMO, indlela yokukhiya ye-CCS ivame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwephothi yokushaja yemoto, hhayi isixhumi. I-actuator kagesi emotweni icindezela inothi kusixhumi ukuze isibambe endaweni yaso. Lokhu kuvumela ukwakheka kwesixhumi okubushelelezi kodwa kubeka umthwalo wokuthembeka kwemishini kumenzi wemoto.

4.2 Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla Okusebenza Nokuqina Kwemishini

Zombili izindinganiso zingaphansi kwezinqubo zokuhlola eziqinile, njengalezo ezichazwe ku-IEC 62196. Lezi zivivinyo zifaka:

• Amandla Okufaka Nokuhoxisa:Isixhumi kumele sibe lula ngokwanele ukuthi umuntu asixhume kodwa siqine ngokwanele ukuze silondoloze ukumelana okuncane kokuthinta. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuthintana okumbozwe ngesiliva kungaguga, kwandise ukumelana nokushisa.
• Ukuhlolwa Kokuchoboza:Zombili izixhumi ze-CCS kanye ne-CHAdeMO ziyahlolwa ukuze zisinde uma zigingqika yimoto. Indlu akumele iqhekeke ngendlela eveza izingxenye ezinamandla aphezulu.
• Ukumelana Nomthelela:Izixhumi zehliswa zisuka ekuphakameni kwemitha elilodwa ziye phansi kokhonkolo izikhathi eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufudumala kwangaphakathi kanye nezingxenye zemishini zihlala ziphelele.

4.3 Ukuphathwa Kokushisa: Inselele Yokushisa Okuphezulu

Ukushisa kuyisitha sokushaja okusheshayo. Njengoba amandla kagesi (I) ekhula, ukushisa okukhiqizwayo (P = I²R) kukhula ngokushesha.

• Ukupholisa Okungadingi Ukuphola:Amashaja okuqala angu-50 kW asebenzise izintambo zethusi ezijiyile ezazithembele ekushabalaleni okungenamsebenzi. Lokhu kunamandla alinganiselwe angaba ngu-125A noma u-150A.
• Ukupholisa Okusebenzayo Koketshezi:Ukuze kufinyelelwe ku-350 kW (500A), izinhlelo ze-CCS zaqala izintambo ezipholiswe ngoketshezi. I-coolant (ngokuvamile ingxube yamanzi-glycol noma uwoyela we-dielectric okhethekile) ijikeleziswa ngekhebula kuze kube ngemuva kwezikhonkwane zokuthinta. Lokhu kuvumela ikhebula elincane neliguquguqukayo ngenkathi kulawulwa umthwalo omkhulu wokushisa.
• Indlela Yokushisa ye-CHAdeMO:Nakuba i-CHAdeMO 2.0 isekela ukupholisa okuketshezi, ukufika kwale nqubo kamuva ekushajeni okunamandla aphezulu kusho ukuthi iningi lengqalasizinda ye-CHAdeMO ekhona linamathele ku-50-100 kW. Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kwepulaki ye-CHAdeMO, enamaphini amaningi amancane esignali azungeze amaphini kagesi, kwenza ukupholisa okuketshezi kube nzima kakhulu ukukusebenzisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlelwa okuhlukanisiwe kwesixhumi se-CCS Combo.

4.4 Ukuvalwa Kwemvelo (Izilinganiso ze-IP)

Iziteshi zokushaja zivezwa emvuleni, eqhweni, nasothulini. Izixhumi eziningi zilinganiselwe ku-IP54 noma ngaphezulu. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi zisingatha kanjani umswakama umakukhishwe i-plugIzixhumi ze-CCS zivame ukuba nemigodi yokukhipha amanzi ukuze zivimbele amanzi ukuthi angangeni ezimbotsheni ze-AC pin, kuyilapho uhlelo lwe-CHAdeMO oluqinile lokumboza kanye ne-cap lwenzelwe ukugcina ubuso bonke besixhumi bomile.

5. I-Geopolitics yeZinga le-EV: Impi Yokubusa Komhlaba Wonke

Indaba ye-CCS vs. CHAdeMO imayelana nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuvikelwa kwesifunda njengoba imayelana nobunjiniyela. Ukukhetha indinganiso yokushaja kunemiphumela emikhulu ekuphepheni kwamandla kwesizwe kanye nokuncintisana kwabakhiqizi bezimoto basekhaya.

5.1 INqaba YaseYurophu: CCS2

I-European Union yayingumdlali oqavile “ezimpini ezijwayelekile.” Ngokuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwesixhumi sohlobo 2 sokushaja i-AC kanye ne-CCS2 yokushaja i-DC, i-EU yaqinisekisa imakethe ehlangene. Lokhu kwaphoqa abakhiqizi baseJapan nabaseMelika ukuthi bazivumelanise nezimo. Ngisho ne-Tesla, eyayisebenzisa isixhumi esizimele isikhathi eside e-US, yashintshela ku-CCS2 ye-Model 3 kanye ne-Model Y eYurophu. Isinqumo se-EU sasiqhutshwa yisifiso sokusebenzisana ngaphesheya kwemingcele kanye nokukhetha i-PLC/ISO 15118 communication stack eguquguqukayo, ehambisana ne-roadmap yabo ye-“Smart Grid”.

5.2 Isimo SaseJapan: Imvelaphi ye-CHAdeMO

Ukuzibophezela kweJapan kwi-CHAdeMO kwakuwukunwetshwa kokuhola kwayo emakethe ye-EV yokuqala. Ukuba ne-EV yokuqala emakethe enkulu (i-LEAF) kwasho ukuthi iJapan ilawula indaba yokushaja kwasekuqaleni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imakethe yomhlaba wonke ishintsha, iJapan yazithola ihlukanisiwe kakhulu. Impendulo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kweChaoJi, umzamo wokubambisana neChina wokudala indinganiso yesizukulwane esilandelayo engagcina ithathe indawo ye-CHAdeMO kanye nendinganiso ye-GB/T yaseShayina.

5.3 Ubunzima beNyakatho Melika: CCS1 vs. NACS

ENyakatho Melika, isimo sasihlukene. I-Ford, i-GM, nabanye basebenzise i-CCS1 (inhlanganisela yohlobo 1). Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Tesla yakha inethiwekhi yokushaja ephumelela kakhulu emhlabeni isebenzisa isixhumi sayo esiyingqayizivele. Esimweni esishaqisayo ngo-2023, imboni yashintsha. I-Ford yamemezela ukuthi izosebenzisa isixhumi se-Tesla, esabizwa kabusha ngokuthi i-North American Charging Standard (NACS). Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-NACS isebenzisaokufanayoIphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-ISO 15118 PLC njenge-CCS. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ipulaki ishintsha isimo, "ubuchopho" besistimu buhlala buhambisana ne-CCS. Lokhu kwaphawula ngempumelelo ukuphela kwendlela ye-CHAdeMO emakethe yase-US, njengoba ngisho ne-holdout yokugcina (i-Nissan) yaqala ukushintsha.

5.4 Indlela Yokubusa YaseShayina: GB/T

IShayina, imakethe ye-EV enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isebenzise indlela yayo ejwayelekile ye-GB/T. Njenge-CHAdeMO, i-GB/T isebenzisa ukuxhumana ngebhasi le-CAN kodwa ine-pinout ehlukile ngokomzimba. Ubuningi bemakethe yaseShayina busho ukuthi i-GB/T, ngenani lamachweba, iyindinganiso esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ukubandakanyeka kweShayina kuphrojekthi ye-ChaoJi kubonisa isifiso sokuvumelanisa umhlaba wonke kanye namakhono anamandla aphezulu kakhulu indinganiso yamanje ye-GB/T engenakukwazi ukuwafeza kalula.

6. Amandla Okushaja Emotweni Kuya Kugridi (V2G): Amandla Okushaja Angaqondiswa Kabili

Ubuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) buvumela ama-EV ukuthi asebenze njengamabhethri amakhulu eselula, afake amandla emuva kugridi ngesikhathi sokudingeka okukhulu noma anikeze amandla okusekela ekhaya (V2H).

6.1 Isiqalo Esiyinhloko se-CHAdeMO

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, uma ufuna i-V2G, uthenge imoto ye-CHAdeMO. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana kwebhasi le-CAN kwakulula futhi kuqondiswa ohlangothini olulodwa kusukela osukwini lokuqala, amashaja e-CHAdeMO ayengacela kalula amandla emotweni. I-Nissan LEAF ibilokhu isetshenziswa kubashayeli bezindiza be-V2G emhlabeni jikelele iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi. Iphrothokholi (CHAdeMO V2X) ivuthiwe futhi ibhalwe kahle.

6.2 Umzabalazo we-CCS kanye ne-ISO 15118-20

I-CCS yafika sekwephuzile eqenjini le-V2G. Indinganiso yokuqala ye-ISO 15118-2 yayingenalo ukwesekwa okuqinile kokugeleza kwamandla okuqondiswa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhishwa i-ISO 15118-20 lapho uhlelo lwe-CCS lwalunendlela ejwayelekile yokusingatha izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidingekayo ze-V2G, njengedatha yokuvumelanisa igridi kanye nemikhawulo yokukhipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe--20 kuyadinga ubuchwepheshe, kudinga ihadiwe entsha kokubili emotweni kanye neshaja. Ngenkathi i-CCS ifinyelela ezingeni elifanele, ifa le-CHAdeMO kulesi sikhala lihlala liyiphuzu eliqinile lokusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezimoto kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.

6.3 Umnotho we-V2G

Umehluko wezobuchwepheshe nawo uthinta izindleko. Ekusethweni kwe-CHAdeMO V2G, i-inverter ebizayo ye-DC-to-AC ivame ukuba sesiteshini sokushaja. Lokhu kugcina izindleko zemoto ziphansi kodwa kwenza ishaja ibize kakhulu (ngokuvamile ibe ngaphezu kuka-$10,000). Abakhiqizi be-CCS bahlola kokubili i-“DC V2G” (efana ne-CHAdeMO) kanye ne-“AC V2G,” lapho ishaja yemoto engaphakathi iphatha khona ukuguqulwa. Lokhu kokugcina kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zezinhlelo ze-V2H zasekhaya, kodwa kudinga ukuthi ihadiwe yemoto ibe namandla kakhulu.

7. Ukuguquka Kwesabelo Semakethe: Ukukhuphuka Kwe-CCS Nokusinda Kwe-Niche Kwe-CHAdeMO

Uma sibheka idatha kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2024, umkhuba ucacile: i-CCS iwine impi yemakethe evamile, kuyilapho i-CHAdeMO isingene esigabeni sokusekela esidala noma esikhethekile ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphandle kweJapane.

7.1 Iphuzu Lokuphonsa

Ukwehla kwe-CHAdeMO kungalandelelwa ezicini eziningana ezibalulekile:

1. Ukulahlwa Komkhiqizi:Lapho iVolkswagen, iBMW, kanye neFord kanye neGM sezizinikele ku-CCS, isiphetho se-CHAdeMO eNtshonalanga saqiniswa.
2. Izisusa Zengqalasizinda:Izibonelelo zikahulumeni e-US naseYurophu (njengohlelo lwe-NEVI e-US) zaya ngokuya zibeka phambili i-CCS, okwenza kube nenzuzo encane ngama-CPO ukufaka ama-plug e-CHAdeMO.
3. Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla:Ukungakwazi kwengqalasizinda eminingi ye-CHAdeMO ukudlula ama-kW angu-50 kwenze kwaba nzima ukuheha abanikazi bama-EV esimanje anamabhethri amakhulu angaphatha ama-kW angu-150+.

7.2 Ukusinda Kwe-Niche

Naphezu kokwehla kwayo, i-CHAdeMO ayikafi. Izigidi zezimoto ezifakwe i-CHAdeMO zisesezindleleni. Ezimakethe ezifana ne-UK ne-Japan, i-CHAdeMO isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yenethiwekhi yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezweni lezimoto ezisindayo namabhasi, abanye abakhiqizi basathanda ubulula be-CHAdeMO obusekelwe ku-CAN ngenxa yokuthembeka kwayo kanye nokulungela kwayo i-V2G.

7.3 Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha: Amachweba Ngokwezinga

Imibiko yemakethe yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi eYurophu, amachweba e-CCS2 manje adlula amachweba e-CHAdeMO ngesilinganiso esingaphezu kuka-10 kuya ku-1. ENyakatho Melika, ushintsho luyinto exakile nakakhulu, njengoba iziteshi eziningi ezintsha zishiya i-CHAdeMO ngokuphelele zikhetha ukucushwa okubili kwe-CCS/NACS. "Umsila omude" we-CHAdeMO cishe uzoqhubeka iminyaka eyishumi, kodwa isikhathi sayo njengendinganiso yomhlaba wonke esivelele sesidlulile.

[Kuzoqhubeka kusibuyekezo esilandelayo...]

8. Ama-adaptha Ajwayelekile kanye Nezinselele Zokusebenzisana: I-Fiziksi “Yokuvala Igebe”

Njengoba umhlaba uguqukela ezindinganisweni ezimbalwa ezivelele, umbuzo obiza izigidi zamaRandi kubanikazi abaningi be-EV uthi: “Ngingayisebenzisa yini i-adaptha?” Impendulo iyinkimbinkimbi ngobuchwepheshe futhi ihilela okungaphezu nje kokuphinda kufakwe imephu yephini ebonakalayo.

8.1 Ikesi Elilula: Ama-adaptha e-AC

Ukuzivumelanisa nezindinganiso ze-AC (isb., Uhlobo 1 kuya kuhlobo 2) kulula kakhulu. Lawa ama-adaptha “ayisiwula” ashintsha izintambo zethusi. Iphrothokholi yokuxhumana (uphawu lwe-PWM) iyafana kuzo zonke izinhlelo ze-AC ezisekelwe ku-J1772 kanye ne-Mennekes.

8.2 Ikesi Eliyinkimbinkimbi: Ama-adaptha e-DC

Ama-adapter e-DC, njenge-adaptha ye-Tesla-to-CHAdeMO noma i-adaptha ye-CCS1-to-NACS, ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

• Ukuhumusha Kwephrothokholi:Uma ushintsha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezahlukene zokuxhumana (isb., imoto ye-CHAdeMO ezama ukusebenzisa ishaja ye-CCS), i-adaptha kumele ibe ne-microcontroller esebenzayo. Le chip isebenza “njengomhumushi,” ilalele izimpawu zebhasi le-CAN ezivela emotweni futhi ikhiqize izimpawu ze-PLC/ISO 15118 ezifanayo zeshaja. Lokhu kwethula ukubambezeleka kanye nephuzu elingase lihluleke.
• Ukuqapha Ukushisa:Ngenxa yokuthi ama-adapter aletha izindawo zokuxhumana ezengeziwe, avame ukushisa kakhulu. I-adapter ye-DC esezingeni eliphezulu kumele ibe nezinzwa zayo zokushisa zangaphakathi ezingabonisa imoto ukuthi ibuyisele emuva ugesi uma uxhumano lushisa kakhulu.
• Ukulawula I-Voltage Nokuphepha:Ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC kuhilela ama-voltage aphezulu. Uma umsebenzisi ezama ukukhipha i-adaptha ngenkathi ugesi ugeleza, kungenzeka i-arc kagesi enkulu, yonakalise imishini noma ibangele ukulimala. Ama-adaptha kumele abe nezihluthulelo zomshini noma ze-elekthronikhi ezihambisana nomyalo wemoto othi “yeka ukushaja”.

8.3 Ushintsho lwe-Tesla/NACS

Ukufakwa kwe-adapter ye-DC okuphumelele kakhulu kube yi-“Magic Dock” kaTesla kanye nama-adapter ayo azimele e-CCS-to-Tesla. Ngenxa yokuthi i-NACS isebenzisa iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-CCS, lawa ma-adapter “awenzi lutho” ngokobuchwepheshe ngokwengqondo kodwa asadinga ukuphathwa kokushisa okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu kanye nezindlela zokukhiya ngokomzimba ukuze kuphathwe isivinini sokushaja esingu-250 kW+ .

9. I-ChaoJi Standard: Ibhuloho Lokuvumelanisa Umhlaba Wonke kanye Namandla Aphezulu Kakhulu

Beqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwezindinganiso zamanje ze-CHAdeMO kanye ne-GB/T, i-CHAdeMO Association kanye ne-China Electricity Council (CEC) bahlangane ukuze bathuthukiseChaoJi(eyaziwa nangokuthi i-CHAdeMO 3.0).

9.1 Imigomo Yokuklama: Ngaphezu kuka-500 kW

I-ChaoJi yenzelwe ikusasa. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukusekela ukushaja okunamandla amakhulu kakhulu—kufika ku-900 kW (1500V kanye no-600A). Lokhu kuhloselwe imakethe yamaloli namabhasi anzima, lapho ukushaja ibhethri elingu-500 kWh ngemizuzu engama-20 kuyimfuneko yokusebenza kahle.

9.2 Ukwakhiwa Kwezobuchwepheshe

• Ukuhambisana Okubuyela Emuva:Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zeChaoJi ukuhambisana kwayo kwangemuva. Isixhumi senzelwe ukuthi ama-adapter akwazi ukuxhuma kalula izimoto zeChaoJi kumashaja akhona e-CHAdeMO, GB/T, ngisho ne-CCS.
• Isixhumi Esilula:Ipulagi ye-ChaoJi incane kakhulu futhi ilula kunezixhumi ze-CHAdeMO noma ze-CCS Combo 2 zamanje. Isebenzisa ukwakheka kwephini entsha ethuthukisa ubuningi bamanje futhi inciphise amandla adingekayo ukuze kufakwe.
• Ukuhlolwa Kokulawula Okuthuthukisiwe:I-ChaoJi yethula isu lokuxhumana "lemodi ephindwe kabili". Ingasekela kokubili ibhasi le-CAN lendabuko (lezinhlelo ezindala) kanye nezinqubo zedijithali ezisheshayo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhathi esizayo.
• Izici Zokuphepha:I-ChaoJi ifaka izici ezithuthukisiwe njenge-“Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker” (ELCB) kanye nokutholwa komswakama okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwekhanda lesixhumi, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngisho noma ku-1500V.

9.3 Imiphumela Yomhlaba Wonke

I-ChaoJi imelela inkinobho ethi “Setha Kabusha” engaba khona yezimpi ezijwayelekile. Uma yamukelwa kabanzi e-Asia kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisindayo emhlabeni jikelele, ingaba yindinganiso yangempela yazo zonke izinto ezinkulu kunemoto yabagibeli, kuyilapho i-CCS/NACS ibusa imakethe yezimoto zabathengi.

10. I-Future Outlook: Ukushaja i-Megawatt, Amabhethri Esimo Esiqinile, kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Okungenantambo

Ubuchwepheshe buka-2024 buyisiqalo nje. Iminyaka eyishumi ezayo izobona izinguquko ezintathu ezinkulu endleleni esihambisa ngayo amandla ezimotweni.

10.1 Uhlelo Lokushaja lweMegawatt (MCS)

Ezimotweni ezinkulu kakhulu—amaloli ekilasi lesi-8, imikhumbi, ngisho nezindiza ezincane—ngisho no-350 kW uhamba kancane kakhulu. Uhlelo Lokushaja lweMegawatt (MCS) luyindinganiso entsha eyenzelwe amandla afinyelela ku-3.75 MW (3,000A ku-1,250V). I-MCS isebenzisa isixhumi esisha ngokuphelele kanye nenguqulo ekhethekile yephrothokholi ye-ISO 15118. Iboleka ukuxhumana kwe-PLC ku-CCS kodwa ikhulisa ihadiwe ebonakalayo ibe amazinga angakaze abonwe.

10.2 Amabhethri Esimo Esiqinile kanye Namajika Okushaja

“Ijika lokushaja” lanamuhla linqunyelwe yizakhiwo zamakhemikhali zamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Njengoba ibhethri ligcwala, ijubane lokushaja kumele lehle ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo. Amabhethri e-Solid-state (SSBs) athembisa ukushintsha lokhu. Ama-SSB angaphatha amazinga e-C aphezulu kakhulu, okusho ukuthi angagcina ijubane lokushaja eliphezulu (isb., 350 kW) kusukela ku-0% kuze kube ngu-80% noma ku-90% SoC. Lokhu kuzobeka ingcindezi enkulu eziteshini zokushaja ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngokukhishwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo, okuphezulu ngaphandle kokucindezela kokushisa.

10.3 Ukushaja kwe-DC okungenantambo

Nakuba ukugxila kakhulu kukuma-plug, ukushaja okungenantambo (okungenisa) kuyavuthwa. Ukushaja okungenantambo okuqinile sekuvele kusetshenziswa emabhasini ezokuthutha. Umngcele olandelayo uwukuthiamandla aguqukayoukushaja okungenantambo—amakhoyili afakwe emgwaqweni ashaja imoto ngenkathi ishayela. Ngokombono wephrothokholi, lokhu cishe kuzoncika enguqulweni eguquliwe ye-ISO 15118, kusetshenziswa i-Wi-Fi noma i-DSRC ukuze kuxhawulwe esikhundleni sentambo yokulawula i-Control Pilot ebonakalayo.

11. Ubuchwepheshe Bokucwila Okujulile: I-PLC vs. Ubuqotho Besignali ye-CAN kanye Nokuhambisana Kwama-Electromagnetic (EMC)

Konjiniyela abasekamelweni, ukukhetha phakathi kwe-PLC ne-CAN kuvame ukuphikiswana ngakho maqondana nobuqotho besiginali.

11.1 Inzuzo Yebhasi Le-CAN

I-CAN iyisignali ehlukile, okusho ukuthi imelana ngokwemvelo nomsindo wemodi evamile. Endaweni enomsindo kagesi yeshaja ye-DC engu-300 kW—lapho ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi ngesivinini esikhulu kudala khona ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwe-electromagnetic (EMI)—ibhasi le-CAN lisebenza kahle kakhulu. Lidinga izintambo ezilula ezisontekile futhi kunzima kakhulu “ukulidida.”

11.2 Inselele ye-PLC

I-PLC (HomePlug Green PHY) isebenza ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-2 MHz no-30 MHz. Leli ibanga elifanayo lemvamisa lapho abaguquli abaningi be-DC-DC bekhipha khona umsindo. Ukuze i-PLC isebenze ngokuthembekile kushaja ye-CCS, onjiniyela kumele basebenzise:

• Ukuhlunga kwe-Bandpass Okuthuthukisiwe:Ukuhlukanisa isignali yokuxhumana nomsindo wokushintsha amandla.
• Ukufaniswa kwe-Impedance:Ukuphazamiseka kwekhebula lokushaja kuyashintsha njengoba livuleka noma lithuthwa, okungabonakalisa amasignali e-PLC futhi kubangele ukulahleka kwedatha.
• Ukulungiswa Kwephutha:I-ISO 15118 ifaka ukulungiswa kwamaphutha aqinile ezingeni lesofthiwe ukuze kusingathwe "iphakethe eliwile" ngezikhathi ezithile elibangelwa ukukhuphuka kukagesi.

Lokhu kukhokha kwezobuchwepheshe yingakho amashaja e-CCS evame ukubiza kakhulu ukuwaklama nokuqinisekisa kunamashaja e-CHAdeMO.

12. Isiphetho: Ukuzulazula Ekusasa Elihlangene Lengqalasizinda Ye-EV

Umbango phakathi kwe-CCS ne-CHAdeMO ube yisahluko esibalulekile emlandweni wezokuthutha ezisimeme. Kwakuwukungqubuzana kwamasiko: ukuthembeka kweJapan okusebenzayo, okusekelwe ku-CAN uma kuqhathaniswa nombono wezwe laseNtshonalanga wesistimu yegridi ehlakaniphile eyinkimbinkimbi, eqhutshwa yi-PLC.

Njengoba siphetha lokhu kujula okujulile, amaqiniso amaningana asobala:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa akunakugwenywa:Imakethe ayikwazi ukusekela amazinga amathathu noma amane ahlukene e-DC unomphela. ENyakatho Melika, i-NACS (i-leveraging CCS logic) iyona ewinayo. EYurophu, i-CCS2 iyinkosi. E-Asia, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-CHAdeMO kanye ne-GB/T ku-ChaoJi kumelela amandla amasha.
2. Isofthiwe iyisixhumi esisha:Njengoba ama-adapter angokoqobo eba yinto evame kakhulu futhi ethembekile,ngokomzimbaukuma kwepulagi kuba yinto engabalulekile kakhulu kune-isofthiweinqubo. Ukubusa kwe-ISO 15118/PLC kubonakala kuqinisekisiwe, njengoba ngisho ne-NACS kanye ne-MCS sebeyamukele.
3. I-V2G uhlelo lokusebenza olubulalayo:Ushintsho oluvela “ekushajeni imoto” luye “ekulinganiseni igridi” luyinselele enkulu elandelayo. I-CHAdeMO isibonisile indlela, kodwa ikusasa lizokwakhiwa phezu kohlaka oluvikelekile nolunwebekayo lwe-ISO 15118.

Embonini ye-EV, "Izimpi Ezijwayelekile" azipheli ngomnqobi oyedwa womhlaba wonke, kodwa ngokuzwana kwesifunda. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uxhuma i-lever ye-CHAdeMO noma isixhumi se-NACS esihle, umgomo oyisisekelo uhlala ufana: ukunyakaza kwamandla okusheshayo, okusebenzayo, nokuhlanzekile ukuze kunikezwe amandla ikusasa lokuhamba. Izifundo zobunjiniyela ezifundwe enkathini ye-CCS ne-CHAdeMO zizosebenza njengesisekelo sekhulu elizayo lokusungula izinto ezintsha kagesi.

Isithasiselo Sobuchwepheshe Esandisiwe: Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhathanisayo Kwezingqimba ze-ISO 15118 vs. Amafreyimu e-CAN e-CHAdeMO

Ukuze sibonise kabanzi ukujula kwalezi zobuchwepheshe, ake sihlole izendlalelo ezithile ze-OSI ezihilelekile.

Isitaki Sokuxhumana se-CHAdeMO:

• Isendlalelo Esibonakalayo:I-CAN 2.0B (500 kbps), amasignali ahlukile angu-12V.
• Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha:Ozimele be-CAN abajwayelekile abanama-ID athile (isb., 0×100 ngesimo se-EVSE, 0×101 ngesimo se-EV).
• Isendlalelo Sohlelo Lokusebenza:Imiyalezo ye-CHAdeMO eyimfihlo isethiwe, ilandelana ngokuqinile.

I-CCS (ISO 15118) I-Stack Yokuxhumana:

• Isendlalelo Esibonakalayo:I-IEEE 1901 (i-HomePlug Green PHY) phezu kwe-Control Pilot.
• Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha:I-Ethernet (ungqimba lwe-MAC).
• Isendlalelo Senethiwekhi/Ezokuthutha:I-IPv6, i-TCP, ne-UDP.
• Iseshini/Isendlalelo Sesethulo:I-V2GTP (Iphrothokholi Yokudlulisa Imoto Kuya Kugridi), i-XML/EXI (I-Exefficient XML Interchange).
• Isendlalelo Sohlelo Lokusebenza:Imiyalezo esebenzayo ye-ISO 15118-2/20 (isb., i-ChargeParameterDiscovery, i-PowerDelivery).

Ubunzima besitaki se-CCS buphakeme kakhulu kune-CHAdeMO. Ukuqaliswa kwe-ISO 15118 kudinga uhlelo oluphelele lokusebenza (ngokuvamile oluyi-Linux noma i-RTOS eyinkimbinkimbi) ukuze kuphathwe isitaki senethiwekhi, kanti i-CHAdeMO ingasetshenziswa ku-microcontroller elula ye-8-bit noma ye-16-bit. Lo mehluko uchaza ukuthi kungani amashaja e-CCS okuqala ayebhekene nezinkinga "zesofthiwe" eziningi kanye nezinkinga zokusebenzisana kuneshaja ze-CHAdeMO, kodwa futhi uchaza ukuthi kungani i-CCS ifaneleka kangcono kakhulu ezinseleleni zokuphepha kwe-cyber zesikhathi esizayo.

Isifinyezo Sokugcina Somehluko Obalulekile Wezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba umhlaba wezimoto uhambela ekusaseni elingenayo igesi ekhishwayo, ukuhlangana kwalezi zindinganiso ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-ChaoJi kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-ISO 15118 logic yokuxhumana kuphawula ukuqala kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni jikelele. "Impi yama-plug" ekugcineni inika indawo "yokuvumelana kwama-plug." Ukuhlangana okumelelwe yi-ChaoJi, i-DNA ehlanganyelwe ye-ISO 15118 logic yokuxhumana, kanye nokwanda kwezinhlelo ze-megawatt-class (MCS) kusho ukuthi amashaja akusasa azokhuluma ulimi olufanayo ngisho noma egqoke ubuso obuhlukile bomzimba.

Lokho Okushiwo “Ukuvumelana” Empeleni Ekwenzeni

Kwabasebenza kunethiwekhi, ikusasa elihlangene lihunyushwa libe yiziqiniseko ezintathu ezisebenzayo:

• Ukuhlanganiswa Kwephrothokholi:I-ISO 15118-20 izosekela i-V2G, i-Plug & Charge, kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile kuzo zonke izixhumi ezijwayelekile. Ishaja esebenzisa i-ISO 15118 namuhla izohlala ihambisana nesofthiwe iminyaka eyishumi, ngisho noma izixhumi zishintsha.
• Ukusebenzisana Okungokomzimba:Ama-dispenser axhumanisayo amabili (ama-CCS + NACS, noma ama-adapter e-CCS + ChaoJi) kanye namamojula okuxhuma angashintshaniswa ensimini asho ukuthi ihadiwe akusadingeki "ukubheja" kuzinga elilodwa.
• Ukuqondaniswa kweShayina neJapan:Ukubambisana kweChaoJi phakathi kwezinhlangano zaseShayina nezaseJapane zokulinganisa kuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi ngisho nezindinganiso eziphikisanayo ngokomlando zingahlangana—iChaoJi yakhelwe ukuba ibe isikhombimsebenzisi sokushaja okusheshayo se-DC emhlabeni wonke esihambisana nezinhlelo zemvelo ze-GB/T, CHAdeMO, kanye ne-CCS ngama-adapter.

Indlela Yokuthatha Amasu

"Impi yama-plug" idle amandla amakhulu obunjiniyela nokumaketha, kodwa abawinile babezohlala beyizimoto kanye namanethiwekhi ahlala eguquguquka. Izindinganiso ziyahlangana ngoba i-physics iyabiwa: indinganiso ngayinye ekugcineni iletha amandla e-DC kusuka ku-converter exhunywe kugridi ibe yibhethri, futhi izendlalelo zokuxhumana ziyahlangana eduze kwe-ISO 15118. Umehluko awuseyona ishaja egqoka isixhumi, kodwa ukuthi ishaja kahle kangakanani—ukungaguquguquki kokulethwa kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber.

Inzuzo ye-V2G

Lokhu kuhlangana akugcini nje ngokuba yinto yobuhle—kuvula umfudlana omkhulu kakhulu wenani ongakasetshenziswa embonini: imoto-kuya-kugridi. I-ISO 15118-20 iyindinganiso yokuqala yomhlaba wonke yokuchaza ukudluliselwa kwamandla okuqondiswa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili, amanani e-V2G, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Plug & Charge okuvikelekile kuhlaka olulodwa oluhambisanayo. Lapho ishaja ye-CCS2 kanye neshaja ye-NACS zikhuluma ulimi olufanayo lwe-ISO 15118, imoto yaseYurophu kanye neyaseNyakatho Melika zingahlanganyela ezinhlelweni ezifanayo zokuphendula isidingo, izimakethe zokulawula imvamisa, kanye nezinhlelo zamandla eziphuthumayo. I-CHAdeMO yasungula i-V2G, kodwa inqubo yayo esekelwe ku-CAN ayizange iklanyelwe ukuxoxisana ngokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile okunikezwa yi-ISO 15118. Yingakho indinganiso "elahlekelwe" impi yokuxhumanisa iwina impi yamandla—futhi kungani wonke umqhubi wenethiwekhi ozimisele manje ecacisa ikhono le-ISO 15118-20 kuhadiwe entsha.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Ukwakhiwa kwe-ISO 15118 okusekelwe ku-PLC kwe-CCS kunqobe impi yokuxhumana ngoba kufinyelela ku-V2G, i-Plug & Charge, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-megawatt zesikhathi esizayo, kuyilapho ibhasi le-CAN le-CHAdeMO lihlala liyinsika yefa.
• I-ChaoJi ikhombisa ukuthi iShayina, iJapan, kanye ne-CCS ecosystem zingahlangana esibonakalayo se-DC esinamandla amakhulu esihlanganisiwe.
• Kwabasebenzisi, ingozi yezindinganiso ingalawuleka: khetha ihadiwe enamandla e-ISO 15118 enezixhumi ezishintshashintshayo futhi umbozwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi ipulaki ewinayo esifundeni.
• Inkundla yokulwa elandelayo yokuncintisana akuyona isixhumi—isivinini sokushaja, ukuthembeka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwegridi.

Xhumana ne-MIDA Power ikhiqiza amashaja asheshayo e-DC alungele ikusasa elihlanganisiwe: Usekelo lwe-ISO 15118 Plug & Charge, ukuhambisana ne-OCPP, kanye nezixhumi ezingalungiselelwa ensimini okuhlanganisa i-CCS1, CCS2, CHAdeMO, NACS, kanye ne-GB-T. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wakhela imakethe yaseShayina, yaseYurophu, noma yaseNyakatho Melika, ihadiwe yethu yenzelwe ukuhlala ifanele njengoba amazinga ehlangana. Xhumana nathi ukuze uthole imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso.