Kuenzanisa kweType 1 J1772 neType 2 IEC 62196-2 Systems

Gwaro Rehunyanzvi Rechokwadi reGlobal EV Charging Standards: Kuenzanisa Kwakazara kweType 1 J1772 neType 2 IEC 62196-2 Systems, Grid Topology, Communication Protocols, uye Smart Infrastructure

1. Nhanganyaya: Kuchinja Kwepasi Pose Kuenda Kumagetsi uye Basa Rekuchaja Zvakajairwa

Mamiriro emotokari pasi rose ari kuchinja kubva pakuchinja kwemainjini ekupisa mukati (ICE) kuenda kumagetsi. Chinhu chikuru pakuchinja uku izvivakwa zvinoitsigira: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), inowanzonzi maEV chargers. Sezvo kushandiswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) kuchikurumidza, kunzwisisa hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwemitemo yekuchaja kunova chinhu chakakosha kune mainjiniya, vagadziri vemitemo, nevatengi zvakafanana.

Kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yekuchaja yeEV kwagara kuchipatsanurwa, kuchikanganiswa nehurongwa hwemagetsi emunharaunda, nharaunda dzinodzora, uye zvido zvevagadziri vemotokari. Nhasi, mitemo miviri mikuru ndiyo inonyanya kutonga mumusika wekuchaja weAC (alternating current): Type 1 (SAE J1772) uye Type 2 (IEC 62196-2). Kunyange zvazvo ese ari maviri achishandira chinangwa chimwe chete - kutamisa simba remagetsi kubva pagrid kuenda kucharger yemotokari iri mubhawa - mashandisirwo avo ehunyanzvi, magadzirirwo emuviri, uye maprotocol ekutaurirana akasiyana zvakanyanya.

Chinyorwa chino chinopa ongororo yakadzama yehunyanzvi hweType 1 neType 2 charging systems. Tichaongorora kusiyana kwadzo muzvivakwa, kugona kwadzo kuchinjika kune akasiyana global grid topology, fizikisi yemasaini adzo ekutaurirana, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzinodzivirira mushandisi nemotokari. Uyezve, tichaongorora kuti zvipingamupinyi zvemagetsi ekugara munyika dzakasiyana zvinokanganisa sei kumhanya kwekuchaja uye mafambiro ari kubuda ari kuumba remangwana rekubatana kwakarongeka uye kwakangwara muEV ecosystem.

2. Rudzi 1 (SAE J1772) Magadzirirwo: Nhoroondo, Kugadzika kwePin, uye Kutonga kweNorth America

Chinobatanidza cheType 1, chaizivikanwa kare seSAE J1772 standard, ndicho chinoshandisirwa kubhadharisa AC muNorth America neJapan. Yakagadzirwa neSociety of Automotive Engineers (SAE), yakagadzirirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvemagetsi emagetsi echikamu chimwe chete anowanikwa munzvimbo idzi.

2.1 Mafungiro Enhoroondo Nemagadzirirwo Epfungwa

Muyero weJ1772 wakatanga kurongwa muna 2001 uye wakagadziriswa kakawanda kuti usvike pauri pari zvino. Chinangwa chikuru chekugadzira kwaive kugadzira interface yakachengeteka, yakasimba, uye iri nyore kushandisa yeLevel 1 (120V) neLevel 2 (240V). Kusiyana nezvinodiwa zvemagrid eEuropean, grid yekugara yeNorth America inonyanya kupatsanurwa, ichipa makumbo maviri e120V anogona kusanganiswa kuti ashandiswe 240V. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Type 1 connector yakagadziriswa kuti ikwanise kutumirwa kwemagetsi e ...

2.2 Kugadziriswa kwePin Yemuviri

Chinongedzo cheType 1 chine dhizaini yemapini mashanu:

1. L1 (Mutsetse 1):Mutyairi wemagetsi mukuru.
2. L2/N (Mutsetse wechipiri kana kuti Kwakasiyana):Mukuchaja kwe120V Level 1, izvi zvinoshanda seNeutral. Mukuchaja kwe240V Level 2, izvi zvinoshanda sechikamu chechipiri che120V (L2).
3. PE (Nyika/Pasi Rinodzivirira):Kubatana kwepasi kwakachengeteka, zvichiita kuti chassis yemotokari ibatane nepasi pegrid.
4. CP (Kudzora Mutyairi):Nhare yekutaurirana yaishandiswa kutaurirana maparamita ekuchaja pakati peEVSE nemotokari.
5. CS (Kudzora Kutarisira) / Proximity Pilot (PP):Chinotenderera chinoona kana chivharo chakazara uye chinobvumira mota kudzivirira kufamba kwayo ichichaja.

2.3 Hunhu hweMagetsi uye Miganhu

Chiyero cheType 1 chinotsigira AC charging inosvika 80 Amps, iyo pa240V inoshandura simba guru re19.2 kW. Zvisinei, machaja mazhinji eType 1 anogara mudzimba anoshanda pakati pe16A (3.8 kW) ne48A (11.5 kW), zvichienderana nekugona kwemachaja akajairika ari mubhodhi. Dhizaini chaiyo yemapini yakasimba, yakagadzirirwa kubata mafuta akawanda anorema mukati mezviuru zvemacycles. Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza plug yeType 1 inzira yayo yekubata nemaoko, iyo inoda kuti mushandisi adzvanye trigger kuti abudise plug kubva mukupinda kwemotokari.

3. Rudzi rwechipiri (IEC 62196-2) Magadzirirwo: The Mennekes Standard, Modular Design, uye European Versatility

Musika wekuEurope pawaitsvaga kugadzirisa kuchaja kwemagetsi, wakatarisana nedambudziko rakasiyana: kuwanda kwemasisitimu emagetsi ane zvikamu zvitatu munzvimbo dzekugara nedzekutengeserana. Mhinduro yaive chinobatanidza cheType 2, chinowanzonzi "Mennekes" plug zvichibva pakambani yekuGermany yakaigadzira.

3.1 Kufambira Mberi Kuenda kuIEC 62196-2

Sangano reInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) rakatora dhizaini yeType 2 sechikamu cheIEC 62196 standard. Kusiyana neType 1 connector, iyo inongogumira pakushanda kwechikamu chimwe chete, Type 2 connector yakagadzirwa kubva pakutanga kuti ive modular uye isingazopararire mune ramangwana. Inogona kutsigira single-phase, split-phase, uye three-phase AC power delivery.

3.2 Kurongeka uye Mashandiro eMapini Manomwe

Chinobatanidza cheType 2 chinoshandisa configuration ye seven-pin:

1. L1, L2, L3:Madhairekita matatu akasiyana echikamu, zvichibvumira kuendeswa kwemagetsi muchikamu chechitatu.
2. N (Kwete):Kondakita yakatsaurirwa isina kwayakarerekera, yakakosha kune masisitimu ezvikamu zvitatu uko mutoro ungasave wakaenzana.
3. PE (Nyika Inodzivirira):Nzvimbo yekuchengetedza.
4. CP (Kudzora Mutyairi):Mutsetse wechiratidzo (wakafanana nebasa reJ1772).
5. PP (Kufambira Mberi):Inoshandiswa kuona kuvapo kwepuragi uye, mumhando yeType 2, kutaurirana kugona kwemuchina wekufambisa magetsi wetambo pachayo kuburikidza nesystem ine resistance-coded.

3.3 Kushanduka-shanduka uye Miganhu yeSimba

Chinobatanidza cheType 2 chine simba guru kupfuura cheType 1. Mugadziriro yezvikamu zvitatu, chinogona kutsigira maAmps anosvika 63 pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, zvichipa simba reAC rinosvika 43 kW (kunyange zvazvo 22 kW iri muganho unoshanda kune akawanda masystem everuzhinji nevekugara ane zvikamu zvitatu). Kunyangwe mumodhi yechikamu chimwe chete, chinogona kuenderana nekushanda kweType 1. Uyezve, Type 2 inlet iri mumota yakagadzirirwa kuti ienderane neCCS2 (Combined Charging System) yekuchaja DC nekukurumidza, ichiwedzera mapini maviri makuru eDC pasi peAC interface.

4. Simba reMadanho Esimba: Kuenzanisa Kushanda Kwechikamu Chimwe Chete uye Kuendeswa Kwesimba Kwechikamu Chitatu

Musiyano mukuru wehunyanzvi pakati peType 1 neType 2 systems uri pakuti dzinobata sei magetsi. Izvi hazvisi kungosarudza connector chete asi kuratidzwa kwe grid infrastructure iri pasi payo.

4.1 Kuganhurirwa kweChikamu Chimwe Chete muRudzi 1

MuType 1 system, charger (OBC) yemota yakagadzirirwa kugamuchira simba kubva kune imwe AC source. Kuti kuwedzere kumhanya kwekuchaja, zvinhu chete zvinogona kugadziriswa ivoltage (120V kusvika 240V) uye current (Amperage). Nekuti ma residential panels muUS anowanzo ganhurira ku200A total service, ma EV circuits akatsaurirwa pamusoro pe50A anoda kuvandudzwa kwakakosha kwezvivakwa. High-current single-phase charging inoisawo mutoro wakakura wekupisa pawaya nema connector pins.

4.2 Mabhenefiti eChikamu Chitatu muRudzi rwechipiri

Masisitimu erudzi rwechipiri anoshandisa magrid matatu anowanikwa muEurope nenzvimbo dzeAsia neOceania. Nekuparadzira simba muzvikamu zvitatu, sisitimu iyi inogona kupa simba rakawanda kwazvo paamperage dzakaderera pachikamu chimwe nechimwe. Semuenzaniso, charger ye11 kW inoshandisa 16A muzvikamu zvitatu (3 x 230V x 16A ≈ 11 kW). Kuti iwane 11 kW yakafanana pasisitimu yerudzi rwekutanga, simba remagetsi rinofanira kunge riri pa46A (240V x 46A ≈ 11 kW).

Amperage yakaderera pachikamu chimwe nechimwe mumasisitimu eType 2 inotungamira ku:

• Kudzikiswa Kwekupisa:Kupisa kushoma mutambo nezvinongedzo.
• Zvikamu Zvidiki zveCable Cross-Sections:Tambo dzakareruka uye dzinochinjika kuti dzikwanise kuburitsa simba rakafanana.
• Kugadzikana kweGridhi:Kuchaja kwezvikamu zvitatu kunoita kuti mutoro wegrid uve wakaenzana, zvichideredza njodzi yekusawirirana kwezvikamu uye matambudziko emagetsi asina kwaakarerekera mutransformer yekugovera yemuno.

4.3 Kushanda Nesimba Uye Kuchinja

Kubva pamaonero ehunyanzvi, kushanda zvakanaka kwechaja iri mubhatiri kunokanganiswawo. Three-phase AC inogadziriswa kuita DC zviri nyore kupfuura single-phase AC, zvichida capacitive filtering shoma kuti pave neDC voltage yakagadzikana yebhatiri. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira mukushanda kwakanyanya kwekushandura muthree-phase OBCs zvichienzaniswa ne single-phase counterparts dzavo.

(Kuguma kweBlock 1. Kuenderera mberi mublock rinotevera kuti usvike pakureba nekudzika kunodiwa.)

5. Kuvimbika kweChiratidzo uye Kutaurirana: Kuongorora Kwakadzama kweMabasa eCP (Control Pilot) uye PP (Proximity Pilot)

Kutaurirana pakati peEVSE neEV kunobatwa nemitsetse miviri yesignali ine voltage shoma: Control Pilot (CP) neProximity Pilot (PP). Kunyange zvazvo zvinobatanidza zvemuviri zvichisiyana, nzira yesignali yekuchaja yeAC yakajairika pasi peIEC 61851-1 neSAE J1772.

5.1 Kudzora Pilot (CP) uye Kuchinja Kwehupamhi hwePulse (PWM)

Chiratidzo cheCP iwaya re ±12V 1kHz square wave rinogadzirwa neEVSE. Chiratidzo ichi chinoshanda sechiratidzo chekutanga chekubata maoko uye chimiro. Kutevedzana kwekutaurirana kunotsanangurwa nemazinga chaiwo emagetsi uye kutenderera kwebasa rechiratidzo chePWM.

• Mamiriro A (Yakamirira):EVSE inoburitsa simba rakasimba re +12V DC. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti charger iri kushanda asi hapana mota yakabatana.
• State B (Motokari Yakabatana):Kana plug yaiswa, mota inobatanidza resistor ne diode pakati pemitsara yeCP nePE. Izvi zvinoderedza voltage kubva pa +12V kusvika pa +9V. EVSE inoona kudonha uku uye inotanga kugadzira chiratidzo chePWM che1kHz.
• Mamiriro C (Kuchaja Kwakumbirwa):Mota iyi inoratidza kuti yagadzirira kugamuchira simba nekuvhara switch inoisa resistance yakaderera mucircuit, zvichideredza CP voltage kusvika +6V. Panguva iyi, EVSE inovhara contactors dzayo dzemukati kuti ipe simba reAC.
• Nyika D (Kufefetera Kunodiwa):Kana mota ichida mhepo inofefetera (zvisingawanzoitiki mumaEV emazuva ano asi chikamu chezvinodiwa), voltage inodzikira kusvika ku +3V.
• Mamiriro E/F (Zvikanganiso):Chiratidzo che 0V kana -12V chinoratidza kukanganisa, senge kukanganisa kwepasi kana kurasikirwa zvachose kwekutaurirana.

IyoKutenderera Kwebasayechiratidzo chePWM chinotumirwa neEVSE chinoudza mota simba remagetsi rainobvumirwa kudhonza. Semuenzaniso:

• 10% Duty Cycle = 6 Amps
• 25% Duty Cycle = 15 Amps
• 50% Duty Cycle = 30 Amps
• 80% Duty Cycle = 48 Amps

Izvi zvinobvumira kutonga mutoro nenzira inochinja-chinja; kana kushandiswa kwesimba mumba kukawedzera, EVSE inogona kuderedza duty cycle kudzivirira kugumburwa ne main breaker.

5.2 Proximity Pilot (PP) uye Mechanical Interlock

Chiratidzo chePP chinoita kuti mota isakwanise kufamba kana yakabatana uye chinobatsira sisitimu kuona kugona kwemagetsi etambo.

• Mumhando 1 (J1772):Tambo yePP (inowanzonzi CS pin) yakabatana neswitch iri mubato replug. Kana mushandisi akadzvanya bhatani rekuburitsa, circuit inotyoka. Mota inonzwa izvi ipapo ipapo uye inomira kudhonza magetsi main power pins asati abviswa, zvichidzivirira tambo dzemagetsi.
• Mumhando yechipiri (IEC 62196):Tambo yePP inoshandiswa kuona rudzi rwetambo. Tambo dzakaiswa resistor pakati pePP nePE pins. Tambo ye11 kW (16A) ichave ne resistance yakasiyana netambo ye22 kW (32A). EVSE nemotokari vanoshandisa resistance iyi kuona kuti hadzipfuure miganhu yekupisa yetambo, kunyangwe mota ichikwanisa kushandisa simba rakawanda.

6. Kugadzira nekuchengetedza michina: Maitiro ekukiya, IP Ratings, uye Kusimba kwemuviri

Nzvimbo chaiyo yekuchaja magetsi emagetsi (EV charging) yakaoma—inonaya, sinou, guruva, uye tembiricha yakanyanya. Saka, dhizaini yekubatanidza magetsi emhando yekutanga neyechipiri yakagadzirwa zvakanaka.

6.1 Nzira dzekuvhara: Manual vs. Electronics

Musiyano mukuru pakati pemitemo miviri iyi ndewekuti chivhariso chinosungirirwa sei kumotokari.

• Rudzi 1 Chibato Chekushandisa Nemaoko:Puragi yerudzi rwekutanga ine chibatiso chemuchina chinoshandiswa nechigunwe. Izvi zviri nyore uye zvakavimbika asi hazvina kuchengetedzeka; chero munhu anogona kufamba obvisa plug yemota inochaja kunze kwekunge mushandisi awedzera kiyi yakasiyana pamubato.
• Rudzi rwechipiri rweKiyi yeMagetsi:Mhando yechipiri yemotokari inoshandisa pini inokiya injini iri mukati memuchina wekupinda mumotokari. Kana mota yatanga kuchaja, inovhara chivharo chega panzvimbo yacho. Izvi zvinodzivirira kubiwa kwetambo (kana paine machaja asina kusungwa anowanikwa muEurope) uye zvinoita kuti chivharo chisabviswe magetsi ari kushanda.

6.2 Kudzivirirwa Kwekupinda Mukati (IP) uye Kuvharwa Kwezvakatipoteredza

Ma connector ese ari maviri akagadzirwa kuti asvike pamazinga epamusoro eIP (kazhinji IP54 kana kupfuura kana akabatana).

• Nzira Dzekudhonza Mvura:Zvinobatanidza zverudzi rwechipiri zvine maburi emvura akagadzirirwa kudzivirira mvura kuti isaungane yakatenderedza mapini.
• Sainzi Yezvinhu:Dzimba dzacho dzakagadzirwa nemapolymers akasimba eUV, anodzivirira kukuvadzwa nemhepo akaita sePBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) kuti agone kumira madonhwe pakongiri uye kupiswa nezuva zvakanyanya.
• Kubata nejira:Mapini acho anowanzo vharwa nesirivha kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti haagoni kubatwa zvakanaka uye kuti anogara kwenguva refu kwezviuru zvenguva yekusangana.

6.3 Kutarisira Kupisa

Macharger eAC ane simba guru emazuva ano anowanzo sanganisira ma thermistors (NTC sensors) akaiswa mukati me plug. Ma sensors aya anotarisa tembiricha yemapini panguva chaiyo. Kana tembiricha ikadarika chiyero chekuchengetedza (semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekubatana kwakasununguka kana marara ari mu inlet), EVSE icharatidza mota kuti ideredze simba rekuchaja kana kudzima zvachose kudzivirira moto.

7. Magadzirirwo eGridhi repasi rose: TN, TT, uye IT Networks uye Mhedzisiro Yadzo paKuiswa kweEVSE

Kugadzirwa nekuiswa kweEVSE kunonyanya kukanganiswa nemasisitimu egrounding (earthing) anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana. EVSE inofanira kuona kuti pane nzvimbo yakachengeteka isati yatanga kuchaja.

7.1 Masisitimu eTN (Terra-Neutral)

Sisitimu yeTN inowanikwa muNorth America (TN-CS) neUK. Mugadziriro iyi, neutral neground zvinobatanidzwa pamusuwo webasa. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichipa nzira yakavimbika yemagetsi ekutadza, zvinoisa njodzi kana paine "Open PEN" (Protective Earth Neutral) fault. Kana waya neutral kubva pagrid ikatyoka, EV chassis inogona kushanda nesimba pamagetsi emagetsi. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwemidziyo ye "Open PEN detection" mumacharger eUK-spec.

7.2 Masisitimu eTT (Terra-Terra)

Inowanikwa munzvimbo dzeContinental Europe (senge France neItaly) neJapan, sisitimu yeTT inoshandisa rodhi yemuno isina kubatana negrid's neutral. EVSE yakaiswa paTT networks inofanira kunge iine allergy yakanyanya kukanganiswa neground impedance. Kana rodhi yemuvhu isina kudzika zvakakwana kana ivhu rakaoma zvakanyanya, charger inogona kuramba kutanga nekuti haigone kusimbisa nzira inoenda pasi isingapindi simba zvakanyanya.

7.3 Masisitimu eIT (Isolé-Terra)

Inowanikwa muNorway nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, sisitimu yeIT haina hukama hwakananga pakati penzvimbo dzisina kusimba/maphase nenyika. Izvi zvinopa dambudziko rakasiyana kune maEV, sezvo akawanda macharger ari mundege akagadzirirwa kutarisira nzvimbo isina kusimba. Matransformer e isolation anowanzo dikanwa kuti achajise maEV pamanetiweki eIT zvakachengeteka.

7.4 Kuchinja kweGrid Frequency uye Voltage

Kunyange zvazvo Type 1 neType 2 zvichinyanya kuzivikanwa nekutsigira kwadzo kwechikamu, frequency yegrid iri pasi (60Hz muUS/Japan vs. 50Hz munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi rose) inokanganisawo dhizaini yeinductors nemacapacitor ari mucharger yemotokari. Zvisinei, maOBC mazhinji emazuva ano akasiyana-siyana, anokwanisa kubata 100V-250V uye 50/60Hz.

8. Zvipingamupinyi zveMagetsi eMumba: Maitiro Emitemo yeGrid reNyika neMapaneru Ekuparadzira Dzimba Anoderedza Kumhanya Kwekuchaja kweEV

Kumhanya kwekuchaja kwedzidziso (senge 22 kW yerudzi rwechipiri kana 19.2 kW yerudzi rwekutanga) hakuwanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzekugara nekuda kwekusakwana kwegrid yemuno uye panel yemagetsi yemba.

8.1 North America: Muganhu wePanel ye200A

MuUnited States, imba yemazuva ano ine panel yekushandira ye200A. Charger yeLevel 2 inodhirowa 48A inoda 60A breaker. Sekureva kweNational Electrical Code (NEC), mutoro unoenderera mberi (sekuchaja kweEV) haufanirwe kudarika 80% ye breaker rating yecircuit. Kudzimba dzine mapaneru ekare e100A, kuisa EVSE ine simba guru hazvigoneke pasina kuvandudzwa kwebasa, izvo zvinogona kudhura zviuru zvemadhora. Izvi zvakaita kuti 32A (7.7 kW) chargers dzifarirwe, dzinoenzanisa kumhanya kwekuchaja nekukwanisa kwepaneru.

8.2 United Kingdom: Kutonga Kwechikamu Chimwe Chete uye Kuvhura PEN

Kunyangwe grid yeUK iri muzvikamu zvitatu padanho rekugovera, dzimba zhinji dzinopihwa nechikamu chimwe chete che230V, 60A kana 100A. Izvi zvinoderedza kuchaja kwedzimba kusvika pa7.4 kW. Nekuda kweTN-CS earthing yambotaurwa, mitemo yeUK inoda kuti machaja ave nedziviriro inodhura kubva kuzvikanganiso zvakavhurika, zvichiita kuti EVSE chaiyo yeUK ive yakaoma kupfuura dzimwe dzeEurope.

8.3 Germany neNorthern Europe: 11 kW Standard

MuGermany, simba remagetsi rine zvikamu zvitatu ndiro rakajairika muzvivakwa zvese zvekugara. Izvi zvinobvumira kuiswa kwakapararira kwe11 kW (3 x 16A). Kusiyana neUS, uko 11 kW inoda circuit inorema ye60A single-phase, muGermany, inongoda circuit ine zvikamu zvitatu ye16A, inoshandisa waya dzakatetepa uye inogadziriswa zviri nyore nemapaneru ekuparadzira aripo. Makambani mazhinji emagetsi ekuGermany anoda kuziviswa kana kubvumidzwa kwemacharger anopfuura 11 kW (akadai se22 kW units) kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti grid iri munzvimbo yacho yakagadzikana.

8.4 Australia neNew Zealand: High Voltage, Single Phase

Australia inoshandisa sisitimu ye230V/240V yakafanana neUK. Nzvimbo zhinji dzekugara dzinoisa magetsi dzine 7.4 kW imwe chete. Zvisinei, nekuda kwedaro refu uye hunhu hwegrid yekumaruwa, kuchinja-chinja kwemagetsi kwakajairika. EVSE munzvimbo idzi inofanira kunge iine dziviriro yakasimba ye over-voltage uye under-voltage kuti ikwanise kubata "brownouts" kana surges pasina kukuvadza mota.

(Kuguma kweBlock 2. Kuenderera mberi mublock rinotevera kuti usvike pakureba nekudzika kunodiwa.)

9. Kudzivirirwa Kwakazara Kwedunhu: Kuisa Mhando yeA/B RCDs, Kuonekwa Kwekudonha Kwemvura muDC, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwemagetsi Akawandisa Mukuchaja kweAC

Kuchengetedzeka ndiyo musimboti wekugadzirwa kweEVSE. Kuchaja EV kunosanganisira kupa simba rakawanda kwenguva yakareba, kazhinji mumamiriro emvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzira dzekudzivirira dzinofanira kunge dzakanyanya kunaka kupfuura dzemuchina wepamba.

9.1 Zvishandiso Zvasara Zvemazuva Ano (RCDs): Type A vs. Type B

RCD yakagadzirirwa kuona kusawirirana pakati pemagetsi ari kuyerera nemumutsetse newaya dzisina kusimba, izvo zvinoratidza kuti mvura iri kudonha pasi ("ground fault"). Mukuchaja kwemagetsi emagetsi, pane njodzi chaiyo:DC Zvasara Zvazvino.

• MaRCD erudzi rweA:Izvi zvinowanikwa mumapaneru ekugara uye zvinogona kuona AC uye ma DC residual currents ari kutenderera. Zvisinei, zvinogona "kupofumadzwa" nekubuda kweDC kwakanaka. Kana kukanganisa kuri mucharger yeEV kuri mubhawa kuchikonzera kuti DC inoyerera kupfuura 6mA ipinde muAC, mukati me transformer yeType A RCD inogona kuzara, zvichiita kuti isagumburwe kunyangwe paine AC ine njodzi.
• MaRCD erudzi rweB:Izvi zvakagadzirirwa kuona AC, pulsating DC, uye DC residual currents dzakapfava. Kunyange zvazvo dzichipa dziviriro yakanaka, dzinodhura zvakanyanya.
• RDC-DD (Mudziyo Unoongorora Zvasara Zvakananga):Kuti vaderedze mitengo vachichengetedza kuchengetedzeka, maEVSE mazhinji emazuva ano anoshandisa RDC-DD module (inoenderana neIEC 62955). Iyi module inoona kubuda kweDC kwakapfava pamusoro pe6mA uye inokanganisa charger. Kana RDC-DD iripo, mhando yeRCD yerudzi rweA (uye yakachipa) inogona kushandiswa muchikamu chekugovera chiri kumusoro.

9.2 Dziviriro yeMagetsi Akawandisa uye Mapfupi

Dunhu rega rega reEVSE rinofanira kuchengetedzwa neMinitary Circuit Breaker (MCB). Nekuti kuchaja kweEV kuri mutoro unoramba uchienderera mberi, MCB inofanira kudziviswa. MuUS (NEC), mutoro wekuchaja we40A unoda 50A breaker. MuEurope, kusarudzwa kweMCB (Type B, C, kana D curve) kunoenderana nemagetsi anotarisirwa emuchaja wemotokari. "C" curve breaker inowanzo shandiswa kudzivirira matambudziko panguva yekutanga kwekubatanidza.

9.3 Dziviriro yeKukwira kweMagedhi (SPD)

EVSE inowanzoiswa panze uye yakabatana nechinhu chikuru chesimbi (mota), zvichiita kuti ive panjodzi yekurwiswa nemheni isina kunanga uye grid surges. Kuiswa kweType 2 Surge Protective Device (SPD) kunokurudzirwa zvikuru (uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, seGermany, zvinosungirwa) kuchengetedza magetsi anonzwa emuchaja nemota.

9.4 MaContactors uye Galvanic Isolation

Chinangwa chikuru cheEVSE ndechekupa simbaMubati wemashoko. Iyi irelay inorema inobatanidza kana kubvisa mapini emagetsi eAC. Kuti zvive zvakachengeteka, contactor inofanira kunge "yakavhurika kazhinji," zvichireva kuti simba rinongopihwa chete kana chiratidzo cheCP chichiratidza "State C" (Yagadzirira Kuchaja). EVSE yepamusoro inoshandisa macontactor ane pole mana kune masisitimu echikamu chetatu kuona kuti maphases ese ne neutral zvakaparadzaniswa kana zvisiri kushandiswa. Mamwe mayuniti epamusoro anosanganisirawo "Welded Contact Detection," iyo inotarisisa mamiriro econtactor; kana macontacts akabatana pamwe chete (kudzivirira kuti simba risadzimwe), EVSE ichatanga alarm yehardware uye icharamba iri mumamiriro ekutadza.

10. Kuchaja Kwakangwara uye ISO 15118: Kufambira Mberi kwePWM kuenda kuDigital Communication uye Plug & Charge

Kunyange hazvo CP/PP signaling yekutanga yakakwana pakuchaja AC zviri nyore, remangwana reEV ecosystem rinoenderana nekuchinjana data redhijitari. Apa ndipo panoshanda ISO 15118 standard.

10.1 Miganhu yePWM

Chiratidzo chePWM chinongoratidza chete simba remagetsi riripo. Hachitauriri EVSE mamiriro emota (SoC), kugona kwayo bhatiri, kana chiratidzo chayo chega. Pasina ruzivo urwu, zvinhu zvakaita se automated billing, grid-aware charging, uye bidirectional power transfer zvakaoma kuita.

10.2 Kutaurirana kweHomePlug Green PHY nePLC

ISO 15118 inozivisaKutaurirana kwetambo dzemagetsi (PLC)pamusoro pewaya yeControl Pilot (CP). Nekuisa chiratidzo chedhijitari chine frequency yepamusoro (HomePlug Green PHY) pachiratidzo che1kHz CP, mota neEVSE zvinogona kugadzira kubatana kweTCP/IP. Izvi zvinobvumira:

• Puragi & Chaja:Mota inozviratidza yega kune charger. Charger iyi inotaurirana ne back-end server kuti ibvumidze session uye igadzirise kubhadhara pasina chikonzero cheRFID card kana mobile app.
• Kubatanidzwa kweGridhi Rakangwara:EV inogona kuzivisa nguva yayo yekubuda yakarongwa uye zvinodiwa nesimba. Grid (kana Home Energy Management System - HEMS) inogona kuronga kuchaja kana mitengo yemagetsi yakaderera kana kugadzirwa kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa kwakakwira.

10.3 Remangwana reKuchaja Madivi maviri (V2G, V2H, V2X)

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zveISO 15118 (kunyanya kugadziriswa kwe -20) rutsigiro rwekuchaja kweAC munzira mbiri. Kunyange hazvo mashandisirwo mazhinji eVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) achishandisa DC (kuburikidza neCHAdeMO kana CCS), kuchaja kweAC munzira mbiri kunobvumira mota kushandisa charger yayo iri mubhodhi se inverter yekudzosera simba mumba kana mugrid. Izvi zvinoda kuti EVSE ishande semuchengeti wegedhi ane hunyanzvi, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti simba riri kudzoserwa mugrid rinoenderana nechikamu chegrid uye frequency zvakakwana.

11. Kuongorora Kwemazinga Edunhu: GB/T (China) vs. Type 2

Kunyange zvazvo Type 1 neType 2 zvichifukidza chikamu chikuru chepasi rose, China—musika mukuru wemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose—inoshandisa mwero wayo wega:GB/T 20234.

11.1 Kufanana kwemuviri nerudzi rwechipiri

Panyama, chinobatanidza cheGB/T AC chakafanana zvikuru nechinobatanidza cheType 2. Chine magadzirirwo emapini manomwe. Zvisinei, varume kana vakadzi vakasiyana: chinobatanidza chine mapini (echirume), uye mota ine masoketi (echikadzi), izvo zvinopesana nerudzi rwechipiri.

11.2 Kusiyana Kwekutaurirana

Kuratidza masaini muGB/T AC kwakavakirwawo paPWM yakafanana neType 1 neType 2. Zvisinei, ma resistor values ​​chaiwo ePP neCP handshakes akasiyana zvishoma. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mota yeEuropean Type 2 haigone kushandisa Chinese GB/T charger (kana kuti zvinopesana) isina specialized adapter iyo isingangochinji ma physical pins chete asiwo ine signal-conversion circuit.

11.3 Kukanganisa Musika

Kusiyana kweGB/T standard kunoratidza zvinhu zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi zvinopesvedzera hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa. Nekugadzira mwero wayo, China yakava nechokwadi chekuti vagadziri vayo vemuno vane ecosystem yakachengetedzwa uku ichiri kushandisa zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi zvakadzidzwa kubva kuIEC standards.

12. Kuyedzwa, Kupihwa Chitupa, uye Kuvimbiswa Kwemhando: UL, CE, uye Kupfuura

EVSE isati yatengeswa, inofanira kuongororwa zvakasimba kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti haizobati mushandisi nemagetsi kana kutanga moto.

12.1 UL 2594 uye UL 2231 (North America)

MuNorth America, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) inotsanangura mwero weEVSE. UL 2594 inovhara kuvakwa kwekutanga uye kuchengetedzeka kwenzvimbo yekuchaja, ukuwo UL 2231 ichitarisa pane masisitimu ekudzivirira vashandi (kushanda kweRCD/GFCI). Chinodiwa chikuru cheUL certification "Impact Resistance" - charger inofanira kukwanisa kutsungirira kurohwa nehuremu hunorema pasina kuisa zvikamu zvipenyu pachena.

12.2 CE uye IEC 61851 (Europe/Pasirose)

MuEurope, chiratidzo cheCE chinoratidza kutevedzera Low Voltage Directive neEMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) Directive. Chiyero chikuru chehunyanzvi ndeichiIEC 61851Kuedzwa kunosanganisira:

• Simba reDielectric:Kuva nechokwadi chekuti insulation inogona kubata ma "high voltage spikes".
• Kukwira kweTembiricha:Kuchaja pamagetsi emagetsi akawanda kwemaawa akawanda kuti isapise zvakanyanya.
• Kutsungirira Kwezvakatipoteredza:Kuyedzwa kwekupfapfaidza munyu munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe uye kuyedzwa kwekukwira kweguruva munzvimbo dzakaoma.

12.3 Kukosha kweKuedza Kushanda Pamwe Chete

Kunze kwekuchengetedzeka, kune dambudziko reKushanda pamwe cheteHaasi mota dzese dzinoshanda zvakanaka nechaja yega yega. Mapoka akaita seCharIN (Charging Interface Initiative) anoita "Testivals" apo vagadziri vanounza mota dzavo nemachaja kuti vaone kuti kubatana maoko uye nzira dzekutaurirana dzinoshanda zvakanaka mumabhurandi akasiyana.

(Kuguma kweBlock 3. Kuenderera mberi nekuwedzera ruzivo rwehunyanzvi pama smart plugs uye kurongeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu mune ramangwana.)

13. Kupatsanurwa Kwezvikamu Zvakanyanya: Unyanzvi Hwemukati hweBhokisi Remadziro Remazuva Ano

Kuti unzwisise musiyano uripo pakati peType 1 neType 2 systems padanho regranular, munhu anofanira kutarisa mukati me "wallbox" pachayo. EVSE haisi tambo yekuwedzeredza inorumbidzwa chete; ikombiyuta ine hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa simba.

13.1 Mutongi Mukuru (MCU)

Uropi hweEVSE hunowanzova 32-bit microcontroller (yakadai seARM Cortex-M series). Chip iyi inobata 1kHz CP signal generation, inotarisa PP resistance, uye inoshandisa safety logic. Muma smart chargers, iyi MCU inotarisirawo Wi-Fi kana Ethernet stack uye inotaurirana ne mobile app yemushandisi kuburikidza neMQTT kana HTTP protocols.

13.2 Kunzwa Kwazvino: Mugumisiro weHall vs. Shunt

Kuti iongorore simba rinopihwa uye kuona mamiriro ekunze akawandisa, EVSE inoshandisa masensa emagetsi aripo.

• MaSensor eHoro:Izvi zvinoyera simba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemagetsi. Zvinopa galvanic isolation uye zvakanaka kwazvo pakushandisa magetsi ane simba guru.
• Zvinodzivirira Shunt:Izvi zvinoyera kudonha kwemagetsi pane imwe resistance inozivikanwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvakarurama kwazvo, zvinoda macircuitry akaomarara ekuparadzanisa.

Mumabhaja emhando yechipiri ane zvikamu zvitatu, MCU inofanira kutarisa nzira nhatu dzakasiyana dzemagetsi panguva imwe chete kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chikamu chimwe chete chave chakaenzana uye kuona kana chikamu chimwe chete chakundikana.

13.3 Simba Rekubatsira

Ma electronics emukati (MCU, Wi-Fi module, display, uye contactor coils) anoda magetsi eDC ane voltage shoma (kazhinji 12V kana 5V). MuType 2 three-phase system, magetsi ekuwedzera anowanzo gadzirwa kuti ashande kunyangwe paine phase imwe chete, zvichibvumira charger kuti igare "online" uye iudze mushandisi nezve phase-loss error.

14. Mapuragi Akangwara uye Kubatana Kwakajairwa: Remangwana Rekuchaja Kunotakurika

Kunyange zvazvo mabhokisi emadziro akasimba ari iwo anonyanya kushandiswa, varidzi vemagetsi vazhinji vanovimba nemachaja anotakurika (anowanzonzi "granny cables" kana kuti "IC-CPD" - In-Cable Control and Protection Devices).

14.1 Njodzi dzehunyanzvi dzemapulagi emumba

Kuchaja EV kubva pa soketi yemumba yakajairwa (NEMA 5-15 muUS kana Schuko muEurope) kunonetsa zvikuru. Masoketi aya haana kugadzirwa kuti ape maAmps 10-16 nguva dzose kwemaawa gumi nemaviri.

• Kupisa Kunobuda:Nekufamba kwenguva, kushushikana kuri musokisi yesimbi kunogona kupera simba, zvichikonzera kuramba kwakasimba uye kupisa kwakanyanya.
• Mapulagi Akangwara Ekununura:Machaja anotakurika emhando yepamusoro iye zvino ane masensa ekupisa akavakirwa zvakananga mupuragi yemadziro epamba. Kana puragi ikatanga kupisa zvakanyanya, IC-CPD icharatidza mota kuti ideredze kudhonza kwemagetsi, ichidzivirira soketi kuti isanyungudike.

14.2 Chaja Inotakurika ye "Universal"

MuType 2 ecosystem, imwe nzira itsva ndeye modular portable charger (senge Juice Booster kana Tesla Mobile Connector). Midziyo iyi inoshandisa maadapter akasiyana-siyana. Mudziyo uyu unoona kuti ndeipi adapta yakabatanidzwa (uchishandisa resistor-coded system yakafanana nePP pin) uye unoisa otomatiki max charging current. Izvi zvinopa "universal" charging solution inoshanda munyika dzakasiyana siyana uye socket types uku uchichengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwewallbox yakagadzika.

15. Kuchinja kweNorth America: Kubva kuType 1 (J1772) kuenda kuNACS (SAE J3400)

Pane shanduko huru iri kuitika pari zvino mumusika wekuNorth America iyo inoomesa kuenzanisa kweType 1 vs. Type 2: kugamuchirwa kweNorth American Charging Standard (NACS), yakatanga kushandiswa neTesla uye ikozvino yave SAE J3400.

15.1 Pfupiso yeUnyanzvi hweNACS

Kusiyana neType 1 neType 2, dzine mapini akasiyana ekuchaja AC neDC, NACS connector inoshandisa mapini maviri makuru akafanana kune ese ari maviri. Idhizaini yakanaka, diki inobata mapini ese ari maviri eAC neDC anomhanya nekukurumidza.

15.2 Kubatana kweMitemo

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, kunyange zvazvo chinobatanidza cheNACS chaicho chakasiyana, chinoshandisamapuroteni ekutaurirana akafananasezvinodiwa zvatakurukura. Pakuchaja kweAC, inoshandisa signaling yeJ1772 PWM. Pakuchaja kweDC, inoshandisa kutaurirana kweISO 15118 PLC. Izvi zvinoreva kuti neadapta iri nyore, mota yeType 1 inogona kuchaja pachiteshi cheNACS AC, uye zvinopesana. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kufambira mberi kwekuita kuti zvinhu zvive nyore pasina kukanganisa masaini akajairwa anoita kuti pave nekubatana kwenyika.

16. Mhedzisiro yeOnboard Charger (OBC) Topology pakushanda kwekuchaja kweAC

Chinobatanidza nebhokisi remadziro zvinongova hafu yenyaya yacho. Onboard Charger (OBC) yemotokari ndiyo inotonga kumhanya kwekuchaja.

16.1 OBC yeChikamu Chimwe chete vs. OBC yeChikamu Chetatu

MaEV mazhinji ekutanga (uye mahybrids eplug-in) ane OBC imwe chete, kunyangwe mumisika yeType 2. Kana ukabatanidza mota ine 7 kW single-phase OBC mucharger ye22 kW three-phase Type 2, inongodhonza 7 kW kubva pane imwe yematanho matatu aripo. Iyi inyaya inowanzo vhiringidza vatengi.

16.2 Magadzirirwo eOBC eModular

Vamwe vagadziri (vakaita seTesla neRenault) vanoshandisa modular OBCs. Mumusika weType 2, mota inogona kunge iine matatu akafanana 3.7 kW charging modules. Kana yakabatana nesimba rematatu-phase, module yega yega inobata phase imwe, inosvika 11 kW. Kana yakabatana ne single-phase Type 1 charger (muUS), mota inogona kuenderana nemamodule aya kuti ikwanise kukweva kusvika 11 kW kubva pa single-high-amperage phase. Iyi modularity inyanzvi yekugadzira magetsi emagetsi, zvichibvumira kuti mota imwe chete itengeswe pasi rese pasina shanduko diki kumaitiro ayo e high-voltage.

17. Basa reSoftware: OCPP uye Kutarisira Mutoro weCloud-Based

Sezvatinofambira mberi kuzviuru zvemachaja akabatana negridi imwe chete, software inova yakakosha semhangura nesilicon.

17.1 Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)

OCPP ndiwo mutauro weindasitiri unoshandiswa pakati peEVSE nehurongwa hwekutonga hwepakati (CMS). Unobvumira:

• Kuongorora Kure:Nyanzvi inogona kutangazve charger kana kugadzirisa firmware yayo iri kure nezviuru zvemakiromita.
• Kuenzanisa Mutoro Une Simba:Muchivako chemafurati chine machaja makumi maviri asi chine simba re100A chete, CMS inogona kushandisa OCPP kuudza charger yega yega kuti inogona kupa magetsi akawanda sei panguva chaiyo, zvichiita kuti breaker huru yechivako isambodonha ukuwo ichipa simba rakawanda rinoendeswa kumota dzese.

17.2 Ruzivo rweMushandisi (UX) uye "App Economy"

Kune mutengi, musiyano uripo pakati peType 1 neType 2 unowanzo nyangarika mushure meapp yefoni. Zvisinei, kusimba kwekubatana—kuti CP handshake inoguma nekukurumidza sei, kuti Wi-Fi inobatanazve sei mushure mekudzima kwemagetsi—ndizvo zvinoramba zviri hwaro hweruzivo rwakanaka rwemushandisi.

18. Mhedziso: Kufamba-famba muMatambudziko eNyika Inochaja Zvakasanganiswa

Musiyano uripo pakati pemachaja emagetsi erudzi rwekutanga nerudzi rwechipiri hausi kungori huwandu hwemapini kana chimiro chepurasitiki chete. Izvi zvinoratidza mafungiro maviri akasiyana ezvivakwa zvemagetsi.

• Rudzi 1 (J1772)imhinduro yakasimba, ine simba remagetsi rakawanda yakagadzirirwa grid rechikamu chimwe chete re120V/240V rinogara richishandiswa zvakanyanya kuNorth America neJapan. Dhizaini yayo ine mapini mashanu—simba remagetsi maviri, pasi rimwe chete, chiratidzo chemagetsi maviri—iri nyore nemaune, ichipa kuchaja kweLevel 2 kwakavimbika kusvika ku80A (19.2kW) padunhu re240V. Yakagadzirirwa nyika iyo kuchaja kwakawanda kunoitika kumba kana kubasa, kwemaawa akawanda, uye uko nyore uye mutengo zvinotonga ruzivo rweinjiniya.
• Rudzi rwechipiri (IEC 62196-2)ipuratifomu ine mapini manomwe yakavakirwa grid yemagetsi e400V matatu eEurope nenzvimbo zhinji dzeAsia. Iine mapini maviri akafanana asi inowedzera mapini emagetsi ematanho matatu, zvichiita kuti AC ichajike kusvika ku43kW (kana 22kW muzvinhu zvakawanda zviripo) uye inotsigira simba rakawanda rinodiwa nezvivakwa zvekugara nekutengeserana muEurope. Kugona kwayo kushanda kwakasiyana-siyana kunosvikawo kuDC: mhuri yekubatanidza yeType 2 inotsigira CCS2 combo inlet, ukuwo dhizaini yeType 1′s J1772 yakabereka CCS1.
• Pfungwa Yechokwadi:Hapana kana imwe yemhando "iri nani" zvachose—imwe neimwe imhinduro yeinjiniya yakatendeka kune grid yayo yekumba. Rudzi rwekutanga ndiyo sarudzo inodhura uye yakasimba yenzvimbo dzine chikamu chimwe chete; Rudzi rwechipiri ndiyo puratifomu ine simba guru, inogona kushanduka-shanduka mune ramangwana yenzvimbo dzine chikamu chetatu. Nzvimbo yekukundikana haisi iyo connector asi hardware inoramba kugadziriswa: macharger nemaEV anotsigira chiyero chimwe chete anovhara varidzi vawo kubva kune network iri kukura yepasi rose.

Nzira Yekumberi

Kune vagadziri nevashandisi, mhinduro inoshanda ndeye hardware ine mwero wakawanda. Macharger eDC ane mwero wakawanda (CCS1 + CCS2, CCS + CHAdeMO, uye NACS) anoita kuti chigadzirwa chimwe chete chishande munzvimbo dzese, nepo adapter ecosystems ichiwedzera mota dzekare. Kune vatengi, chidzidzo chiri nyore: sarudza mota nemacharger anotsigira mwero wemanetwork auchashandisa chaizvo—uye tarisira kuti kusangana kweindasitiri paNACS muNorth America neCCS2 muEurope kuchaita kuti kuwirirana kusanyanya kuoma gore rega rega.

Chiziviso chekuchengetedza

Seri kwechimiro chepuragi pane jira reinjiniya risingaonekwe nevatengi asi munhu wese anoisa anofanira kuremekedza: chitupa. Hardware yerudzi rwekutanga ine UL 2594 / UL 2594-1 uye CSA listings muNorth America, nepo Hardware yerudzi rwechipiri inofanira kusangana neIEC 61851-1 uye, pakuiswa kwekutengeserana, chitupa cheIEC 62196-2 component muEurope. CE marking, UKCA, uye kuwedzera kutevedzera grid-code yemuno (semuenzaniso, VDE-AR-N 4100 muGermany) zvinoona kana charger inogona kubatana zviri pamutemo nenetwork. Vashandisi vanotsvaga hardware yenzvimbo dzakasiyana vanofanirwa kuda zvitupa zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yega yega yekuisa - chinodiwa chinotsigira zvakanyanya vagadziri vanoedza uye vanosimbisa imwe neimwe yenzvimbo pane kugadzirisa dhizaini imwe chete.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• Rudzi 1 (J1772) runoratidza zvivakwa zveNorth America zvine chikamu chimwe chete; Rudzi 2 (IEC 62196-2) runoratidza zvivakwa zveEurope zvine chikamu chimwe chete.
• Magadzirirwo emhando yeFive-pin Type 1 neNomwe-pin Type 2 ese anotsigira CP/PP signaling logic imwechete, saka "mutauro" wemagetsi unogovaniswa kunyangwe geometry yakasiyana.
• Kugona kweType 2's three-phase kunoita kuti pave nesimba reAC rakawanda, nepo Type 1's iri nyore ichichengetedza mutengo nekuomarara kwakaderera.
• Kutarisirwa kwenetwork kwakavakirwa paOCPP uye zvishandiso zvemhando dzakasiyana zvinoita kuti nyika yekuchaja yehybrid ive nyore kune vanoishandisa uye isina matambudziko kune vatyairi.

Bata MIDA Power inogadzira machaja emhando dzakasiyana siyana: masisitimu eAC neDC, sarudzo dzekubatanidza dzeCCS1/CCS2/CHAdeMO/NACS, uye software yenetwork inoenderana neOCPP inotarisira musanganiswa wemitemo kubva padashboard imwe chete. Bata timu yedu kuti uwane gwara rekuenderana, hunyanzvi, uye mutengo wakagadzirirwa zvivakwa zvedunhu rako.