Kuyerekeza kwa Mitundu 1 J1772 ndi Mitundu 2 IEC 62196-2 Systems

Buku Lotsogolera la Ukadaulo la Miyezo Yoyatsira Ma EV Padziko Lonse: Kuyerekeza Konse kwa Mitundu 1 J1772 ndi Mitundu 2 IEC 62196-2 Systems, Grid Topology, Ma Protocol Olumikizirana, ndi Smart Infrastructure

1. Chiyambi: Kusintha kwa Padziko Lonse pa Kuyika Magetsi ndi Ntchito Yoyatsira Yokhazikika

Magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi akusintha kwambiri, kuchoka pa injini zoyatsira moto zamkati (ICE) kupita ku mphamvu zamagetsi. Chofunika kwambiri pa kusinthaku ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimathandizira izi: Zida Zoperekera Magalimoto Amagetsi (EVSE), zomwe zimatchedwa ma EV charger. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) kukuchulukirachulukira, kumvetsetsa mfundo zaukadaulo za miyezo yoyatsira moto kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kwa mainjiniya, opanga mfundo, ndi ogula omwe.

Kukula kwa miyezo ya EV charging kwakhala kugawikana m'mbuyomu, kukhudzidwa ndi mapangidwe a gridi yamagetsi yachigawo, malo olamulira, ndi zofuna za opanga magalimoto. Masiku ano, miyezo iwiri yayikulu ikutsogolera msika wa AC (alternating current) charging: Mtundu 1 (SAE J1772) ndi Mtundu 2 (IEC 62196-2). Ngakhale kuti zonsezi zimakwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi - kusamutsa mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku gridi kupita ku charger ya galimoto yomwe ili mkati - njira zawo zaukadaulo, mapangidwe ake, ndi njira zolumikizirana zimasiyana kwambiri.

Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kwaukadaulo kwakuya kwa makina ochapira a Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2. Tidzafufuza kusiyana kwawo kwa kapangidwe kake, kusinthasintha kwawo ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma gridi padziko lonse lapansi, fiziki ya zizindikiro zawo zolumikizirana, ndi njira zotetezera zomwe zimateteza wogwiritsa ntchito komanso galimoto. Kuphatikiza apo, tiwona momwe zoletsa zamagetsi m'nyumba m'maiko osiyanasiyana zimakhudzira liwiro la kuchapira ndi zomwe zikuchitika zomwe zikupanga tsogolo la kulumikizana kokhazikika komanso kwanzeru mu dongosolo la EV.

2. Kapangidwe ka Mtundu 1 (SAE J1772): Mbiri, Kapangidwe ka Pin, ndi Kulamulira kwa North America

Cholumikizira cha Type 1, chomwe chimadziwika kuti SAE J1772 standard, ndiye cholumikizira chachikulu cha AC chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku North America ndi Japan. Chopangidwa ndi Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), chidapangidwa kuti chikwaniritse zosowa za ma gridi amagetsi amtundu umodzi omwe amapezeka m'madera awa.

2.1 Mbiri Yakale ndi Filosofi ya Kapangidwe

Muyezo wa J1772 unaperekedwa koyamba mu 2001 ndipo unasinthidwa kangapo kuti ufike pa mawonekedwe ake apano. Cholinga chachikulu cha kapangidwe kake chinali kupanga mawonekedwe otetezeka, olimba, komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito a Level 1 (120V) ndi Level 2 (240V). Mosiyana ndi zofunikira za ma gridi aku Europe, gridi yogona ya ku North America nthawi zambiri imakhala yogawanika, imapereka miyendo iwiri ya 120V yomwe ingaphatikizidwe kuti igwire ntchito ya 240V. Chifukwa chake, cholumikizira cha Mtundu 1 chinakonzedwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pa single-phase.

2.2 Kapangidwe ka Pin Yathupi

Cholumikizira cha Mtundu 1 chili ndi mawonekedwe a ma pin asanu:

1. L1 (Mzere 1):Choyendetsa magetsi chachikulu.
2. L2/N (Mzere 2 kapena Wosalowerera):Mu chaji ya 120V Level 1, iyi imagwira ntchito ngati Neutral. Mu chaji ya 240V Level 2, iyi imagwira ntchito ngati gawo lachiwiri la 120V (L2).
3. PE (Dziko Loteteza/Nthaka):Kulumikiza malo otetezeka, kuonetsetsa kuti chassis ya galimotoyo ilumikizidwa ku malo a gridi.
4. CP (Kuyendetsa Koyendetsa):Mzere wolumikizirana umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokambirana magawo ochajira pakati pa EVSE ndi galimoto.
5. CS (Kuyang'anira Utsogoleri) / Woyendetsa Pafupi (PP):Chingwe cholumikizira chomwe chimazindikira ngati pulagiyo yayikidwa bwino ndipo chimalola galimotoyo kuletsa kuyenda pamene ikuchaja.

2.3 Makhalidwe ndi Malire a Magetsi

Muyezo wa Type 1 umathandizira kuyitanitsa ma AC mpaka ma Amps 80, omwe pa 240V amatanthauza mphamvu yayikulu ya 19.2 kW. Komabe, ma charger ambiri a Type 1 okhala m'nyumba amagwira ntchito pakati pa 16A (3.8 kW) ndi 48A (11.5 kW), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma charger wamba omwe ali m'galimoto. Kapangidwe kake ka ma pin ndi kolimba, komwe cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa ma cycles masauzande ambiri. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa pulagi ya Type 1 ndi njira yake yolumikizira ndi manja, yomwe imafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akanikizire choyambitsa kuti atulutse pulagi kuchokera ku malo olowera galimoto.

3. Kapangidwe ka Mtundu 2 (IEC 62196-2): Muyezo wa Mennekes, Kapangidwe ka Modular, ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Europe

Pamene msika wa ku Ulaya unkafuna kukhazikitsa njira yofanana yochajira magetsi (EV charging), unakumana ndi vuto lina: kufalikira kwa magetsi a magawo atatu m'nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi. Yankho linali cholumikizira cha Mtundu 2, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa pulagi ya "Mennekes" potengera kampani yaku Germany yomwe idapanga.

3.1 Kupita ku IEC 62196-2

Bungwe la International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) linagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka Mtundu 2 monga gawo la muyezo wa IEC 62196. Mosiyana ndi cholumikizira cha Mtundu 1, chomwe chimagwira ntchito pa gawo limodzi lokha, cholumikizira cha Mtundu 2 chinapangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi kuti chikhale chokhazikika komanso cholimba mtsogolo. Chingathe kuthandizira kupereka mphamvu ya AC ya gawo limodzi, gawo logawanika, komanso magawo atatu.

3.2 Kapangidwe ka Ma Pin Asanu ndi Awiri ndi Kugwira Ntchito

Cholumikizira cha Mtundu Wachiwiri chimagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a ma pin asanu ndi awiri:

1. L1, L2, L3:Ma conductor atatu osiyana a magawo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magetsi aziperekedwa m'magawo atatu.
2. N (Yopanda Mbali):Kondakitala wodzipereka wosalowerera mbali iliyonse, wofunikira kwambiri pamakina a magawo atatu pomwe katundu sangayende bwino.
3. PE (Dziko Loteteza):Malo otetezeka.
4. CP (Kuyendetsa Koyendetsa):Mzere wolumikizira (wofanana ndi J1772).
5. PP (Proximity Pilot):Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kupezeka kwa pulagi ndipo, mu muyezo wa Mtundu 2, amalankhula za mphamvu yonyamulira magetsi ya chingwecho kudzera mu dongosolo lokhala ndi resistance-coded.

3.3 Kusinthasintha ndi Malire a Mphamvu

Cholumikizira cha Type 2 chili ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuposa cha Type 1. Mu kasinthidwe ka magawo atatu, chimatha kuthandizira ma Amps 63 pa gawo lililonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya AC ikhale mpaka 43 kW (ngakhale kuti 22 kW ndiye malire oyenera pamakina ambiri apagulu komanso okhala m'nyumba omwe ali ndi magawo atatu). Ngakhale mu mawonekedwe a gawo limodzi, imatha kufanana ndi magwiridwe antchito a Type 1. Kuphatikiza apo, cholowera cha Type 2 m'galimotocho chapangidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi CCS2 (Combined Charging System) kuti chizichajidwa mwachangu kwambiri ndi DC, ndikuwonjezera ma pin awiri akuluakulu a DC pansi pa mawonekedwe a AC.

4. Mphamvu ya Gawo Lalikulu: Kuyerekeza Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera kwa Gawo Limodzi ndi Kupereka Mphamvu kwa Gawo Litatu

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwaukadaulo pakati pa makina a Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 kuli m'mene amagwirira ntchito magawo amagetsi. Izi sizikutanthauza kusankha cholumikizira koma zimasonyeza zomangamanga za gridi.

4.1 Zoletsa za Gawo Limodzi mu Mtundu 1

Mu dongosolo la Mtundu 1, choyatsira cha galimoto (OBC) cha galimotoyo chimapangidwa kuti chilandire mphamvu kuchokera ku gwero limodzi la AC. Kuti muwonjezere liwiro la kuchaja, zinthu zokha zomwe zingasinthidwe ndi magetsi (120V mpaka 240V) ndi magetsi (Amperage). Popeza ma panel okhala ku US nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ntchito yonse ya 200A, ma electrode apadera opitilira 50A amafunika kukonzedwanso kwakukulu. Kuchaja kwamagetsi a ...

4.2 Ubwino wa Magawo Atatu mu Mtundu Wachiwiri

Makina a Type 2 amagwiritsa ntchito ma gridi atatu omwe amapezeka ku Europe ndi madera ena a Asia ndi Oceania. Pogawa mphamvu m'magawo atatu, makinawa amatha kupereka mphamvu zambiri pa ma amperage otsika pagawo lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, chojambulira cha 11 kW chimagwiritsa ntchito 16A m'magawo atatu (3 x 230V x 16A ≈ 11 kW). Kuti akwaniritse 11 kW yomweyo pamakina a Type 1 amodzi, mphamvu yamagetsi iyenera kukhala pafupifupi 46A (240V x 46A ≈ 11 kW).

Kuchepa kwa amperage pa gawo lililonse mu machitidwe a Mtundu 2 kumabweretsa:

• Kupanga Kutentha Kochepa:Kutentha kochepa mu zingwe ndi zolumikizira.
• Zingwe Zochepa Zopingasa:Zingwe zopepuka komanso zosinthasintha kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mofanana ndi mphamvu zomwezo.
• Kukhazikika kwa Gridi:Kuchaja kwa magawo atatu kumapereka katundu wolinganizika bwino pa gridi, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusalingana kwa magawo ndi mavuto amagetsi osalowerera mu transformer yogawa yapafupi.

4.3 Kuchita Bwino ndi Kusintha

Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chojambulira chomwe chili mkati mwake kumakhudzidwanso. AC ya magawo atatu imakonzedwa kukhala DC bwino kwambiri kuposa AC ya gawo limodzi, zomwe zimafuna kusefa kochepa kuti pakhale magetsi okhazikika a DC a batri. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti ma OBC a magawo atatu akhale amphamvu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma single-phase.

(Kutha kwa Block 1. Pitirizani mu block yotsatira kuti mufike kutalika ndi kuzama komwe kukufunika.)

5. Kukhulupirika kwa Chizindikiro ndi Kulankhulana: Kusanthula Kwatsatanetsatane kwa Ntchito za CP (Control Pilot) ndi PP (Proximity Pilot)

Kulumikizana pakati pa EVSE ndi EV kumayendetsedwa ndi mizere iwiri ya chizindikiro cha low-voltage: Control Pilot (CP) ndi Proximity Pilot (PP). Ngakhale kuti zolumikizira zakuthupi zimasiyana, njira yolumikizirana yoyambira ya AC charging imayendetsedwa motsatira IEC 61851-1 ndi SAE J1772.

5.1 Kuwongolera (CP) ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Kuzungulira kwa Ma Pulse (PWM)

Chizindikiro cha CP ndi mafunde a sikweya a ±12V 1kHz opangidwa ndi EVSE. Chizindikiro ichi chimagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chachikulu cha kugwirana chanza ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Kulumikizana kumatanthauzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito ka chizindikiro cha PWM.

• Boma A (Yoyimirira):EVSE imatulutsa mphamvu yokhazikika ya +12V DC. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chojambuliracho chili ndi magetsi koma palibe galimoto yolumikizidwa.
• Boma B (Galimoto Yolumikizidwa):Pulagi ikayikidwa, galimotoyo imalumikiza resistor ndi diode pakati pa mizere ya CP ndi PE. Izi zimatsitsa magetsi kuchokera pa +12V mpaka +9V. EVSE imazindikira kuchepa uku ndikuyamba kupanga chizindikiro cha 1kHz PWM.
• Boma C (Kulipiritsa Kupemphedwa):Galimotoyo imasonyeza kuti yakonzeka kulandira mphamvu mwa kutseka switch yomwe imaika kukana kochepa mu dera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti voltage ya CP ipitirire kufika pa +6V. Pa nthawiyi, EVSE imatseka ma contactor ake amkati kuti ipereke mphamvu ya AC.
• Boma D (Kupuma Koyenera):Ngati galimoto ikufunika mpweya wokwanira (wosowa kwambiri m'ma EV amakono koma mbali ya muyezo), mphamvu yamagetsi imatsika kufika pa +3V.
• Boma E/F (Zolakwika):Chizindikiro cha 0V kapena -12V chimasonyeza vuto, monga vuto la pansi kapena kutayika kwathunthu kwa kulumikizana.

TheNdondomeko Yogwira NtchitoChizindikiro cha PWM chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi EVSE chimauza galimotoyo mphamvu yayikulu yomwe iloledwa kukoka. Mwachitsanzo:

• 10% Ntchito Yoyendetsa = 6 Amps
• 25% Ntchito Yoyendetsa = 15 Amps
• 50% Ntchito Yoyendetsa = 30 Amps
• 80% Ntchito Yoyendetsa = 48 Amps

Izi zimathandiza kuti katundu azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthasintha; ngati mphamvu zomwe nyumba imagwiritsa ntchito zikuwonjezeka, EVSE ikhoza kuchepetsa nthawi yogwirira ntchito kuti isagwere chopunthira chachikulu.

5.2 Proximity Pilot (PP) ndi Mechanical Interlock

Chizindikiro cha PP chimaonetsetsa kuti galimotoyo singathe kuyendetsa galimotoyo ikalumikizidwa ndipo chimathandiza makinawo kudziwa mphamvu ya chingwecho.

• Mu Mtundu 1 (J1772):Mzere wa PP (womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa CS pin) umalumikizidwa ndi switch yomwe ili mu chogwirira cha pulagi. Wogwiritsa ntchito akadina batani lotulutsa, dera limasweka. Galimoto imamva izi nthawi yomweyo ndipo imasiya kukoka mphamvu yamagetsi isanadulidwe ma power pin akuluakulu, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuti magetsi azitha kugwedezeka.
• Mu Mtundu Wachiwiri (IEC 62196):Mzere wa PP umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mtundu wa chingwe. Ma chingwe amayikidwa ndi resistor pakati pa ma PP ndi ma PE pin. Chingwe cha 11 kW (16A) chidzakhala ndi resistance yosiyana ndi chingwe cha 22 kW (32A). EVSE ndi galimotoyo amagwiritsa ntchito resistance iyi kuti atsimikizire kuti sapitirira malire a kutentha kwa chingwecho, ngakhale galimotoyo itakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

6. Kapangidwe ka Makina ndi Chitetezo: Njira Zotsekera, Ma IP Ratings, ndi Kulimba Kwathupi

Malo enieni ochajira magetsi a EV ndi ovuta—amakhala ndi mvula, chipale chofewa, fumbi, ndi kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka makina a zolumikizira za Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 ndi kabwino kwambiri.

6.1 Njira Zotsekera: Manja vs. Zamagetsi

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa miyezo iwiriyi ndi momwe pulagi imagwiritsidwira ntchito ku galimoto.

• Mtundu 1 wa Latch ya Manual:Pulagi ya Type 1 ili ndi chotchingira chamakina choyendetsedwa ndi chala chachikulu. Izi ndizosavuta komanso zodalirika koma sizili ndi chitetezo; aliyense akhoza kupita ndikutsegula galimoto yochaja pokhapokha ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo awonjezera loko yapadera pa chogwirira.
• Chotsekera Chamagetsi cha Mtundu Wachiwiri:Muyezo wa Mtundu Wachiwiri umadalira pini yotsekera ya injini mkati mwa malo olowera galimoto. Pamene kuyatsa kumayamba, galimotoyo imatseka pulagi yokha pamalo ake. Izi zimaletsa kuba kwa chingwe (ngati pali ma charger osalumikizidwa omwe amapezeka ku Europe) ndipo zimaonetsetsa kuti pulagiyo singachotsedwe pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ikuyenda.

6.2 Chitetezo cha Kulowa (IP) ndi Kutseka Zachilengedwe

Zolumikizira zonse ziwiri zimapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse ma IP apamwamba (nthawi zambiri IP54 kapena kupitirira apo zikagwirizana).

• Ma ngalande Otulutsira Madzi:Zolumikizira za mtundu wachiwiri zimakhala ndi mabowo apadera otulutsira madzi kuti madzi asagwirizane mozungulira mapini.
• Sayansi Yazinthu:Zipindazo zimapangidwa ndi ma polima okhazikika pa UV komanso osagwedezeka monga PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) kuti athe kupirira kugwa pa konkire komanso kukhudzidwa ndi dzuwa.
• Kulumikizana ndi Plating:Mapini nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi siliva kuti atsimikizire kuti sakumana bwino komanso kuti ndi olimba kwambiri pakapita nthawi yokwanira yogonana.

6.3 Kusamalira Kutentha

Ma AC charger amakono amphamvu kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma thermistors (ma NTC sensors) omwe ali mkati mwa pulagi. Masensawa amawunika kutentha kwa ma pin nthawi yeniyeni. Ngati kutentha kwapitirira malire a chitetezo (monga, chifukwa cha kulumikizana kosakhazikika kapena zinyalala zomwe zili mu inlet), EVSE idzawonetsa galimotoyo kuti ichepetse mphamvu yochajira kapena kuzimitsa kwathunthu kuti isapse moto.

7. Ma Global Grid Topology: TN, TT, ndi IT Networks ndi Zotsatira Zake pa Kukhazikitsa kwa EVSE

Kapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa EVSE kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makina okhazikika (earthing) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana. EVSE iyenera kuzindikira kuti pali malo otetezeka isanayambe kuyatsa.

7.1 Machitidwe a TN (Osalowerera Padziko Lonse)

Dongosolo la TN ndi lofala ku North America (TN-CS) ndi ku UK. Mu dongosololi, neutral ndi ground zimalumikizidwa pakhomo lolowera. Ngakhale izi zimapereka njira yodalirika ya ma current a fault, zimakhala zoopsa ngati vuto la "Open PEN" (Protective Earth Neutral) litachitika. Ngati waya wa neutral wochokera ku grid wasweka, chassis ya EV ikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu pamagetsi a line. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zapadera za "Open PEN detection" mu ma charger a UK-spec.

7.2 TT Systems (Terra-Terra)

Dongosolo la TT, lomwe limapezeka kwambiri m'madera ena a ku Continental Europe (monga France ndi Italy) ndi Japan, limagwiritsa ntchito ndodo yapansi yapafupi yomwe siilumikizidwa ku neutral ya grid. EVSE yoyikidwa pa ma network a TT iyenera kukhala yotetezeka kwambiri ku impedance ya pansi. Ngati ndodo yapansi siili yozama mokwanira kapena nthaka ndi youma kwambiri, chojambulira chingakane kuyatsa chifukwa sichingathe kutsimikizira njira yolowera pansi yomwe siigwira bwino ntchito.

7.3 Machitidwe a IT (Isolé-Terra)

Yopezeka ku Norway ndi m'malo ena a mafakitale, makina a IT alibe mgwirizano wapachindunji pakati pa magawo osalowererapo ndi dziko lapansi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lapadera kwa ma EV, chifukwa ma charger ambiri omwe ali mkati mwake amapangidwa kuti aziyembekezera kuti magetsi azitha kugwira ntchito bwino. Ma transformer apadera nthawi zambiri amafunika kuti azitha kuyitanitsa ma EV pamaneti a IT mosamala.

7.4 Kusintha kwa Ma Grid Frequency ndi Voltage

Ngakhale kuti Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 zimasiyanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chithandizo chawo cha gawo, ma grid frequency oyambira (60Hz ku US/Japan vs. 50Hz m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi) amakhudzanso kapangidwe ka ma inductor ndi ma capacitor mu charger ya galimotoyo. Komabe, ma OBC ambiri amakono ndi osiyanasiyana, amatha kugwira ntchito ndi 100V-250V ndi 50/60Hz.

8. Zoletsa Zamagetsi Panyumba: Momwe Malamulo a Dziko Lonse a Grid ndi Mapanelo Ogawa Nyumba Amachepetsera Kuthamanga Kwa Kuchaja kwa Ma EV

Liwiro la kuyitanitsa (monga 22 kW ya Mtundu 2 kapena 19.2 kW ya Mtundu 1) silimapezeka kawirikawiri m'nyumba chifukwa cha zofooka za gridi yapafupi ndi gulu lamagetsi la nyumbayo.

8.1 Kumpoto kwa Amerika: Malire a Ma Panel a 200A

Ku United States, nyumba yamasiku ano imakhala ndi gulu la ntchito la 200A. Chojambulira cha Level 2 chojambulira cha 48A chimafuna chojambulira cha 60A. Malinga ndi National Electrical Code (NEC), katundu wopitilira (monga EV charging) sayenera kupitirira 80% ya chiŵerengero cha chojambulira cha dera. Kwa nyumba zomwe zili ndi mapanelo akale a 100A, kukhazikitsa EVSE yamphamvu kwambiri sikungatheke popanda kukweza ntchito, zomwe zingawononge ndalama zambiri. Izi zapangitsa kuti ma charger a 32A (7.7 kW) adziwike kwambiri, omwe amalinganiza liwiro la kuchaja ndi mphamvu ya panelo.

8.2 United Kingdom: Kulamulira kwa Gawo Limodzi ndi Kutsegula PEN

Ngakhale kuti gridi ya UK ndi ya magawo atatu pamlingo wogawa, nyumba zambiri zimaperekedwa ndi gawo limodzi la 230V, 60A kapena 100A. Izi zimachepetsa kuyitanitsa kwa nyumba kukhala 7.4 kW. Chifukwa cha kuyika kwa TN-CS komwe kwatchulidwa kale, malamulo aku UK amafuna kuti ma charger akhale ndi chitetezo chokwera mtengo ku zolakwika zotseguka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti EVSE ya UK ikhale yovuta kwambiri kuposa ya ku Europe.

8.3 Germany ndi Northern Europe: Muyezo wa 11 kW

Ku Germany, mphamvu yamagetsi ya magawo atatu ndi yokhazikika pafupifupi m'nyumba iliyonse yokhalamo. Izi zimathandiza kuti mabokosi a pakhoma a 11 kW (3 x 16A) akhazikitsidwe kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi ku US, komwe 11 kW imafuna dera lolemera la 60A limodzi, ku Germany, imangofunika dera la magawo atatu la 16A, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mawaya ochepa kwambiri ndipo limakhala losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mapanelo omwe alipo kale. Makampani ambiri othandizira ku Germany amafuna chidziwitso kapena kuvomereza ma charger opitilira 11 kW (monga mayunitsi a 22 kW) kuti atsimikizire kuti gridi yapafupi ndi yokhazikika.

8.4 Australia ndi New Zealand: Voltage Yaikulu, Gawo Limodzi

Australia imagwiritsa ntchito makina a 230V/240V ofanana ndi a ku UK. Makina ambiri okhala m'nyumba amakhala ndi gawo limodzi la 7.4 kW. Komabe, chifukwa cha mtunda wautali komanso kumidzi kwa gridi, kusinthasintha kwa magetsi kumakhala kofala. EVSE m'madera awa iyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha over-voltage ndi under-voltage kuti igwire ntchito "yopanda mphamvu" kapena kukwera popanda kuwononga galimotoyo.

(Kutha kwa Block 2. Pitirizani mu block yotsatira kuti mufike kutalika ndi kuzama komwe kukufunika.)

9. Chitetezo Chokwanira cha Dera: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma RCD a Mtundu wa A/B, Kuzindikira Kutuluka kwa Kutaya kwa DC, ndi Chitetezo Chopitirira Muyeso mu Kuchaja kwa AC

Chitetezo ndiye maziko a kapangidwe ka EVSE. Kuchaja EV kumaphatikizapo kupereka mphamvu zambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri m'malo onyowa. Chifukwa chake, chitetezo chiyenera kukhala chapamwamba kwambiri kuposa cha chipangizo wamba chapakhomo.

9.1 Zipangizo Zotsalira Zamakono (RCDs): Mtundu A vs. Mtundu B

RCD idapangidwa kuti izindikire kusalingana pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu chingwe ndi mawaya osalowerera, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kutayikira kwa nthaka ("vuto la nthaka"). Pakuchaja kwa EV, pali chiopsezo china:DC Yotsalira Yamakono.

• Ma RCD a Mtundu A:Izi zimapezeka kwambiri m'mapanelo okhalamo ndipo zimatha kuzindikira ma AC ndi ma DC otsala omwe akuyenda. Komabe, zimatha "kubisika" ndi kutuluka kwa DC kosalala. Ngati cholakwika mu charger ya EV yomwe ili mkati mwake chimapangitsa kuti DC yosalala yoposa 6mA ituluke mbali ya AC, transformer yamkati ya Type A RCD imatha kudzaza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isagwe ngakhale vuto la AC litachitika.
• Ma RCD a Mtundu B:Izi zimapangidwa kuti zizindikire AC, kugunda kwa DC, ndi mafunde otsala a DC osalala. Ngakhale kuti amapereka chitetezo chapamwamba, ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
• RDC-DD (Chida Chodziwira Mphamvu Yotsalira Mwachindunji):Kuti muchepetse ndalama posunga chitetezo, ma EVSE ambiri amakono amagwiritsa ntchito module ya RDC-DD (yogwirizana ndi IEC 62955). Module iyi imazindikira kutuluka kwa DC kosalala pamwamba pa 6mA ndikugwetsa chojambulira. Ngati pali RDC-DD, RCD yokhazikika (komanso yotsika mtengo) ya Mtundu A ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu gulu logawa lakumtunda.

9.2 Chitetezo cha Mpweya Wopitirira Muyeso ndi Waufupi

Dera lililonse la EVSE liyenera kutetezedwa ndi Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). Popeza kuti EV charging ndi katundu wopitirira, MCB iyenera kuchepetsedwa. Ku US (NEC), 40A charging load imafuna 50A breaker. Ku Europe, kusankha MCB (Mtundu B, C, kapena D curve) kumadalira mphamvu yolowera ya charger ya galimotoyo. "C" curve breaker nthawi zambiri imakondedwa kuti isasokonezeke panthawi yolumikizira koyamba.

9.3 Chitetezo cha Kuthamanga Kwambiri (SPD)

Ma EVSE nthawi zambiri amaikidwa panja ndipo amalumikizidwa ku chinthu chachikulu chachitsulo (galimoto), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwidwa ndi mphezi zosalunjika komanso kugwedezeka kwa gridi. Kukhazikitsa Chipangizo Choteteza Mtundu wa 2 Surge (SPD) ndikofunikira kwambiri (ndipo m'madera ena, monga Germany, ndikofunikira) kuti muteteze zamagetsi zomwe zimayatsidwa ndi chojambulira komanso galimoto.

9.4 Zolumikizira ndi Galvanic Isolation

Cholinga chachikulu cha kupereka mphamvu kwa EVSE ndiWothandizira. Iyi ndi relay yolemera yomwe imalumikiza kapena kuchotsa ma AC power pins. Kuti ikhale yotetezeka, contactor iyenera kukhala "yotseguka nthawi zambiri," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu imaperekedwa pokhapokha chizindikiro cha CP chikusonyeza "State C" (Yokonzeka Kuchajidwa). EVSE yapamwamba imagwiritsa ntchito ma contactor a pole anayi pamakina atatu kuti atsimikizire kuti magawo onse ndi neutral zalekanitsidwa pamene sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mayunitsi ena apamwamba amakhalanso ndi "Welded Contact Detection," yomwe imayang'anira momwe contactor alili; ngati ma contactor agwirizana (kuletsa magetsi kuti asadulidwe), EVSE idzayambitsa alamu ya hardware ndikukhalabe mu mkhalidwe wolakwika.

10. Kuchaja Mwanzeru ndi ISO 15118: Kupita Patsogolo pa PWM kupita ku Kulankhulana Kwa digito ndi Kuyika & Kuchaja

Ngakhale kuti chizindikiro choyambira cha CP/PP n'chokwanira kuti pakhale kuyitanitsa kosavuta kwa AC, tsogolo la chilengedwe cha EV limadalira kusinthana kwa data ya digito. Apa ndi pomwe muyezo wa ISO 15118 umagwira ntchito.

10.1 Zofooka za PWM

Chizindikiro cha PWM chokhazikika chimangowonetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ilipo. Sichiuza EVSE momwe galimotoyo ilili (SoC), mphamvu ya batri yake, kapena chizindikiritso chake chapadera. Popanda chidziwitsochi, zinthu monga kuyitanitsa yokha, kuyatsa kwa gridi, ndi kusamutsa mphamvu mbali zonse ziwiri n'kovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

10.2 Kulankhulana kwa HomePlug Green PHY ndi PLC

ISO 15118 yakhazikitsaKulankhulana kwa Mawaya a Mphamvu (PLC)kudzera pa waya wa Control Pilot (CP). Mwa kuphimba chizindikiro cha digito chapamwamba (HomePlug Green PHY) pa chizindikiro cha 1kHz CP, galimoto ndi EVSE zimatha kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa TCP/IP. Izi zimalola:

• Pulagi ndi Kuchaja:Galimotoyo imadzizindikiritsa yokha kwa chojambulira. Chojambuliracho chimalumikizana ndi seva yakumbuyo kuti ivomereze gawolo ndikugwira ntchito yolipira popanda kufunikira khadi la RFID kapena pulogalamu yam'manja.
• Kuphatikiza kwa Smart Grid:EV imatha kufotokoza nthawi yake yochoka komanso zosowa zake zamagetsi. Gridi (kapena Home Energy Management System - HEMS) imatha kukonza nthawi yolipirira pamene mitengo yamagetsi ili yotsika kwambiri kapena kupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso kuli kokwera kwambiri.

10.3 Tsogolo la Kuchaja Magawo Awiri (V2G, V2H, V2X)

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za ISO 15118 (makamaka kusinthidwa kwa -20) ndikuthandizira kuyatsa magetsi a AC motsatira njira ziwiri. Ngakhale kuti njira zambiri zoyendetsera magalimoto kupita ku Grid (V2G) zimagwiritsa ntchito DC (kudzera pa CHAdeMO kapena CCS), kuyatsa magetsi a AC motsatira njira ziwiri kumalola galimoto kugwiritsa ntchito choyatsira chake ngati chosinthira magetsi kuti ikankhire magetsi m'nyumba kapena pa grid. Izi zimafuna kuti EVSE ikhale ngati mlonda waluso, kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvu zomwe zikubwezeretsedwa mu grid zikugwirizana ndi gawo la grid ndi ma frequency ake bwino.

11. Kusanthula Miyezo Yachigawo: GB/T (China) motsutsana ndi Mtundu Wachiwiri

Ngakhale kuti Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 zimakhudza mbali zambiri za dziko lapansi, China—msika waukulu kwambiri wa magalimoto amagetsi padziko lonse—imagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wake:GB/T 20234.

11.1 Kufanana Kwathupi ndi Mtundu Wachiwiri

Mwakuthupi, cholumikizira cha GB/T AC chimawoneka chofanana kwambiri ndi cholumikizira cha Mtundu 2. Chili ndi mawonekedwe a ma pin asanu ndi awiri. Komabe, amuna ndi akazi ndi osiyana: pulagi ili ndi ma pin (achimuna), ndipo galimoto ili ndi ma socket (achikazi), zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi muyezo wa Mtundu 2.

11.2 Kusiyana kwa Kulankhulana

Kupereka chizindikiro mu GB/T AC kumadaliranso mfundo yofanana ya PWM monga Type 1 ndi Type 2. Komabe, ma resistor enieni a PP ndi CP handshakes amasiyana pang'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti galimoto ya ku Europe Type 2 singagwiritse ntchito Chinese GB/T charger (kapena mosemphanitsa) popanda adaputala yapadera yomwe siingosintha ma physical pins komanso ili ndi signal-conversion circuit.

11.3 Zotsatira za Msika

Kusiyana kwa muyezo wa GB/T kukuwonetsa zinthu zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwaukadaulo. Mwa kupanga muyezo wake, China idatsimikiza kuti opanga ake akunyumba ali ndi chilengedwe chotetezedwa pomwe ikugwiritsabe ntchito maphunziro aukadaulo omwe aphunziridwa kuchokera ku miyezo ya IEC.

12. Kuyesa, Chitsimikizo, ndi Chitsimikizo Cha Ubwino: UL, CE, ndi Kupitirira apo

EVSE isanagulitsidwe, iyenera kuyesedwa mwamphamvu kuti iwonetsetse kuti sidzapha wogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kapena kuyambitsa moto.

12.1 UL 2594 ndi UL 2231 (Kumpoto kwa America)

Ku North America, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) imalongosola miyezo ya EVSE. UL 2594 imakhudza kapangidwe koyambira ndi chitetezo cha malo ochapira, pomwe UL 2231 imayang'ana kwambiri machitidwe oteteza antchito (ntchito ya RCD/GFCI). Chofunikira chachikulu pa satifiketi ya UL ndi "Kukana Kukhudzidwa" - chochapiracho chiyenera kukhala chokhoza kupirira kumenyedwa ndi katundu wolemera popanda kuwonetsa ziwalo zamoyo.

12.2 CE ndi IEC 61851 (Europe/Global)

Ku Europe, chizindikiro cha CE chimasonyeza kutsatira Low Voltage Directive ndi EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) Directive. Muyezo waukulu waukadaulo ndiIEC 61851Kuyesa kumaphatikizapo:

• Mphamvu ya Dielectric:Kuonetsetsa kuti chotenthetseracho chikugwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi ma spikes amphamvu kwambiri.
• Kukwera kwa Kutentha:Kuyendetsa chojambulira pa mphamvu yayikulu kwa maola ambiri kuti chisatenthe kwambiri.
• Kulimba Mtima kwa Zachilengedwe:Mayeso opopera mchere m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mayeso olowera fumbi m'madera ouma.

12.3 Kufunika kwa Kuyesa Kugwirizana

Kupatula chitetezo, palinso vuto laKugwirizanaSi magalimoto onse omwe amagwira ntchito bwino ndi chojambulira chilichonse. Magulu monga CharIN (Charging Interface Initiative) amachita "Testivals" pomwe opanga amabweretsa magalimoto awo ndi zojambulira kuti atsimikizire kuti kugwirana chanza ndi njira zolumikizirana zimagwira ntchito bwino m'makampani osiyanasiyana.

(Kutha kwa Block 3. Kupitiliza kukulitsa tsatanetsatane waukadaulo pa ma smart plugs ndi kukhazikika kwamtsogolo.)

13. Kusanthula kwa Zigawo Zapamwamba: Uinjiniya Wamkati wa Khoma Lamakono

Kuti mumvetse kusiyana pakati pa makina a Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 pamlingo wozungulira, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana mkati mwa "khoma" lokha. EVSE si chingwe chowonjezera chodziwika bwino; ndi kompyuta yotsogola yowongolera mphamvu.

13.1 Wolamulira Wamkulu (MCU)

Ubongo wa EVSE nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi microcontroller ya 32-bit (monga mndandanda wa ARM Cortex-M). Chip iyi imagwira ntchito yopanga chizindikiro cha 1kHz CP, imayang'anira kukana kwa PP, ndikuyendetsa njira yotetezera. Mu ma charger anzeru, MCU iyi imayang'aniranso Wi-Fi kapena Ethernet stack ndipo imalumikizana ndi pulogalamu yam'manja ya wogwiritsa ntchito kudzera mu MQTT kapena HTTP protocols.

13.2 Kuzindikira Kwamakono: Hall Effect vs. Shunt

Kuti ayang'anire mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikuwona momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito, EVSE imagwiritsa ntchito masensa amakono.

• Masensa a Hall Effect:Izi zimayesa mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Zimapereka galvanic isolation ndipo ndi zabwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu.
• Zotsutsa za Shunt:Izi zimayesa kutsika kwa magetsi pamlingo wodziwika bwino. Ngakhale zili zolondola kwambiri, zimafuna ma circuitry ovuta kwambiri odzipatula.

Mu ma charger a Type 2 a magawo atatu, MCU iyenera kuyang'anira njira zitatu zosiyana zamagetsi nthawi imodzi kuti iwonetsetse kuti gawo limodzi lalephera.

13.3 Mphamvu Yothandizira

Zipangizo zamagetsi zamkati (MCU, Wi-Fi module, display, ndi contactor coils) zimafuna magetsi otsika a DC (nthawi zambiri 12V kapena 5V). Mu dongosolo la magawo atatu la Mtundu 2, magetsi othandizira nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito ngakhale pali gawo limodzi lokha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chojambulira chikhale "pa intaneti" ndikufotokozera wogwiritsa ntchito cholakwika cha kutayika kwa gawo.

14. Mapulagi Anzeru ndi Kulumikizana Kokhazikika: Tsogolo la Kuchaja Konyamulika

Ngakhale kuti mabokosi okhazikika pakhoma ndiye muyezo wabwino kwambiri, eni magalimoto ambiri amagetsi amadalira ma charger onyamulika (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "granny cables" kapena "IC-CPD" - In-Cable Control and Protection Devices).

14.1 Zoopsa Zaukadaulo za Mapulagi Amkati

Kuchaja EV kuchokera ku soketi yokhazikika yapakhomo (NEMA 5-15 ku US kapena Schuko ku Europe) n'kovuta kwambiri. Soketi izi sizinapangidwe kuti zipereke ma Amps 10-16 mosalekeza kwa maola 12.

• Kuthamanga kwa Kutentha:Pakapita nthawi, mphamvu ya soketi ya zitsulo imatha kufooka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukana kwakukulu komanso kutentha kwambiri.
• Mapulagi Anzeru Othandiza:Ma charger apamwamba kwambiri onyamulika tsopano ali ndi masensa otenthetsera omwe amamangidwa mwachindunji mu pulagi yapakhoma yakunyumba. Ngati pulagiyo iyamba kutentha kwambiri, IC-CPD idzawonetsa galimotoyo kuti ichepetse mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimaletsa soketi kusungunuka.

14.2 Chojambulira Chonyamulika cha “Universal”

Mu mtundu wachiwiri wa ecosystem, njira yatsopano ndi chojambulira chonyamulika (monga Juice Booster kapena Tesla Mobile Connector). Zipangizozi zimagwiritsa ntchito ma adaputala angapo osinthika. Chipangizochi chimazindikira adaputala yomwe yalumikizidwa (pogwiritsa ntchito makina oletsa kukana ofanana ndi PP pin) ndipo chimakhazikitsa yokha mphamvu yayikulu yochapira. Izi zimapereka yankho la "universal" lochapira lomwe limagwira ntchito m'maiko osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya socket pamene likusunga chitetezo cha bokosi lokhazikika la khoma.

15. Kusintha kwa North America: Kuchokera ku Mtundu 1 (J1772) kupita ku NACS (SAE J3400)

Kusintha kwakukulu kukuchitika pamsika wa North America komwe kukupangitsa kuti kufananiza kwa Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 kukhale kovuta: kuvomereza North American Charging Standard (NACS), yomwe idapangidwa ndi Tesla ndipo tsopano yasinthidwa kukhala SAE J3400.

15.1 Chidule cha Ukadaulo wa NACS

Mosiyana ndi Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2, zomwe zili ndi mapini osiyana a AC ndi DC charging, cholumikizira cha NACS chimagwiritsa ntchito mapini awiri oyambira omwewo pa onse awiri. Ndi kapangidwe kokongola komanso kakang'ono komwe kamatha kugwira ntchito ndi AC ya gawo limodzi komanso DC yothamanga kwambiri.

15.2 Kugwirizana kwa Ma Protocol

Chofunika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti cholumikizira cha NACS chakuthupi chili chosiyana, chimagwiritsa ntchitonjira zolumikizirana zomwezomonga momwe tafotokozera. Pochaja AC, imagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha J1772 PWM. Pochaja DC, imagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa ISO 15118 PLC. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi adaputala yosavuta yosagwira ntchito, galimoto ya Mtundu 1 imatha kuchaja pa siteshoni ya NACS AC, ndipo mosemphanitsa. Kusinthaku kukuwonetsa kusuntha kupita ku kupangika kwakuthupi popanda kuwononga malingaliro okhazikika a chizindikiro omwe amatsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi umagwira ntchito.

16. Zotsatira za Topology ya Onboard Charger (OBC) pa Kugwira Ntchito kwa AC Charging

Cholumikizira ndi bokosi la pakhoma ndi theka chabe la nkhani. Chojambulira cha Onboard (OBC) cha galimotoyo chimalamulira liwiro la kuchaja.

16.1 OBC ya Gawo Limodzi motsutsana ndi OBC ya Gawo Litatu

Ma EV ambiri oyambira (ndi ma plug-in hybrids) ali ndi OBC imodzi yokha, ngakhale m'misika ya Type 2. Ngati mulumikiza galimoto yokhala ndi OBC imodzi ya 7 kW mu charger ya 22 kW ya magawo atatu ya Type 2, imakoka 7 kW kuchokera ku imodzi mwa magawo atatu omwe alipo. Iyi ndi mfundo yosokoneza yomwe imafala kwambiri kwa ogula.

16.2 Mapangidwe a OBC Opangidwa Modular

Opanga ena (monga Tesla ndi Renault) amagwiritsa ntchito ma module OBC. Mu msika wa Type 2, galimotoyo ikhoza kukhala ndi ma module atatu ofanana a 3.7 kW. Ikalumikizidwa ku mphamvu ya magawo atatu, module iliyonse imagwira gawo limodzi, yonse ndi 11 kW. Ikalumikizidwa ku chojambulira cha Type 1 cha gawo limodzi (ku US), galimotoyo imatha kufananiza ma module awa kuti itenge mpaka 11 kW kuchokera ku gawo limodzi la high-amperage. Modularity iyi ndi luso lapamwamba la uinjiniya wamagetsi amphamvu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nsanja yomweyo yamagalimoto igulitsidwe padziko lonse lapansi popanda kusintha kwakukulu pamapangidwe ake a high-voltage.

17. Udindo wa Mapulogalamu: OCPP ndi Kuyang'anira Katundu Wochokera ku Mitambo

Pamene tikupita ku ma charger ambirimbiri olumikizidwa ku gridi imodzi, mapulogalamu amakhala ofunikira ngati mkuwa ndi silicon.

17.1 Ndondomeko Yotsegulira Malo Otsegulira (OCPP)

OCPP ndi chilankhulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa EVSE ndi dongosolo loyang'anira pakati (CMS). Chimalola:

• Kuzindikira Matenda Patali:Katswiri akhoza kuyambitsanso chojambulira kapena kusintha firmware yake kuchokera kutali kwambiri.
• Kulinganiza Katundu Wamphamvu:Mu nyumba yokhala ndi ma charger 20 koma yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 100A yokha, CMS ingagwiritse ntchito OCPP kuuza charger iliyonse kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe ingapereke panthawi yeniyeni, kuonetsetsa kuti breaker yaikulu ya nyumbayo siigwa pomwe ikuwonjezera mphamvu yonse yoperekedwa kumagalimoto onse.

17.2 Zomwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Akumana Nazo (UX) ndi "Chitukuko cha Mapulogalamu"

Kwa ogula, kusiyana pakati pa Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 nthawi zambiri kumasowa pambuyo pa pulogalamu ya foni yam'manja. Komabe, kulimba kwaukadaulo kwa kulumikizana—momwe CP imagwirira ntchito mwachangu, momwe Wi-Fi imalumikizirananso bwino magetsi akazima—ndizo maziko a chidziwitso chabwino cha ogwiritsa ntchito.

18. Kutsiliza: Kuyenda M'mavuto a Dziko Lophatikizana Lolipiritsa

Kusiyana pakati pa ma charger a EV a Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 sikuti ndi kuchuluka kwa ma pin kapena mawonekedwe a pulasitiki. Ndi chiwonetsero cha malingaliro awiri osiyana a zomangamanga zamagetsi.

• Mtundu 1 (J1772)ndi yankho lolimba, lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe lakonzedwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito pa gridi ya 120V/240V yogawanika yokhala ndi gawo limodzi lomwe limayang'anira North America ndi Japan. Kapangidwe kake ka ma pin asanu—mphamvu ziwiri, nthaka imodzi, chizindikiro ziwiri—ndi kosavuta, kupereka chaji yodalirika ya Level 2 mpaka 80A (19.2kW) pa circuit ya 240V. Linapangidwira dziko lomwe chaji yambiri imachitikira kunyumba kapena kuntchito, kwa maola ambiri, komanso komwe kusavuta ndi mtengo zimalamulira ntchito yaukadaulo.
• Mtundu 2 (IEC 62196-2)Ndi nsanja ya ma pin asanu ndi awiri yomangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa gridi ya 400V ya magawo atatu ku Europe ndi madera ambiri a Asia. Ili ndi ma pin awiri ofanana koma imawonjezera ma power pins a magawo atatu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti AC iyambe kugwira ntchito mpaka 43kW (kapena 22kW m'malo ambiri enieni) komanso kuthandizira mphamvu zambiri zomwe nyumba ndi mabizinesi aku Europe zimafuna. Kusinthasintha kwake kumafikiranso ku DC: banja la cholumikizira cha Type 2 limayang'anira CCS2 combo inlet, pomwe kapangidwe ka Type 1′s J1772 kamabereka CCS1.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri:Palibe muyezo uliwonse umene uli “wabwino” kwenikweni—iliyonse ndi yankho lodalirika laukadaulo ku gridi yake yakunyumba. Mtundu 1 ndi chisankho chotsika mtengo komanso cholimba cha madera omwe ali ndi gawo limodzi; Mtundu 2 ndi nsanja yamphamvu kwambiri, yosinthika mtsogolo ya madera omwe ali ndi magawo atatu. Malo olephera si cholumikizira koma zida zomwe zimakana kusintha: ma charger ndi ma EV omwe amathandizira muyezo umodzi wokha amatseka eni ake kuti asalowe mu netiweki yoyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi yomwe ikukula.

Njira Yopita Patsogolo

Kwa opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, yankho lothandiza ndi zida zamagetsi zokhazikika. Ma charger a DC okhala ndi miyezo iwiri (CCS1 + CCS2, CCS + CHAdeMO, ndi NACS) amalola chinthu chimodzi kutumikira dera lililonse, pomwe ma adapter ecosystem amakulitsa magalimoto akale. Kwa ogula, phunziroli ndi losavuta: sankhani magalimoto ndi ma charger omwe amathandizira miyezo ya ma network omwe mugwiritsa ntchito—ndipo yembekezerani kuti makampaniwa agwirizane ndi NACS ku North America ndi CCS2 ku Europe kuti achepetse kuyanjana kwa zinthu chaka chilichonse.

Chidziwitso pa Chitsimikizo cha Chitetezo

Kumbuyo kwa mawonekedwe a pulagi kuli uinjiniya womwe ogula sauona koma wokhazikitsa aliyense ayenera kulemekeza: satifiketi. Zida zamtundu 1 zili ndi mndandanda wa UL 2594 / UL 2594-1 ndi CSA ku North America, pomwe zida zamtundu 2 ziyenera kukwaniritsa IEC 61851-1 ndipo, pakukhazikitsa zamalonda, satifiketi ya IEC 62196-2 ku Europe. Kulemba CE, UKCA, ndi kutsatira malamulo a gridi yapafupi (monga VDE-AR-N 4100 ku Germany) zimatsimikiza ngati chojambulira chingalumikizidwe mwalamulo ku netiweki. Ogwira ntchito omwe akugula zida za madera angapo ayenera kufunsa satifiketi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malo aliwonse okhazikitsa - chofunikira chomwe chimakomera opanga omwe amayesa ndikutsimikizira mtundu uliwonse wa chigawo m'malo molembanso kapangidwe kamodzi.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Mtundu 1 (J1772) ukuwonetsa zomangamanga za North America za gawo limodzi; Mtundu 2 (IEC 62196-2) ukuwonetsa zomangamanga za ku Europe za magawo atatu.
• Mapangidwe a Mtundu 1 wa mapini asanu ndi awiri ndi Mapini asanu ndi awiri a Mtundu 2 onse amadalira njira yofanana ya CP/PP, kotero "chilankhulo" chamagetsi chimagawidwa ngakhale geometry ikasiyana.
• Mphamvu ya gawo lachitatu la mtundu wa 2 imalola mphamvu ya AC yambiri, pomwe kuphweka kwa mtundu wa 1 kumachepetsa mtengo ndi zovuta.
• Kuyang'anira ma netiweki pogwiritsa ntchito OCPP komanso zida zamakono zimapangitsa kuti dziko lonse la kuchaja kosakanikirana likhale losavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito komanso losavuta kwa oyendetsa.

Lumikizanani ndi MIDA Power imapanga ma charger a dziko losakanikirana: makina a AC ndi DC, njira zolumikizira za CCS1/CCS2/CHAdeMO/NACS, ndi pulogalamu ya netiweki yogwirizana ndi OCPP yomwe imayang'anira miyezo yosiyanasiyana kuchokera pa dashboard imodzi. Lumikizanani ndi gulu lathu kuti mupeze malangizo ogwirizana, zidziwitso zaukadaulo, ndi mtengo wogwirizana ndi zomangamanga za dera lanu.