Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinhlelo zohlobo 1 J1772 kanye nohlobo 2 IEC 62196-2

Umhlahlandlela Wobuchwepheshe Ocacile Wezindinganiso Zokushaja Ze-EV Zomhlaba Wonke: Ukuqhathaniswa Okuphelele Kwezinhlelo Zohlobo 1 J1772 kanye Nohlobo 2 IEC 62196-2, I-Grid Topology, Izinqubo Zokuxhumana, kanye Nengqalasizinda Ehlakaniphile

1. Isingeniso: Ushintsho Lomhlaba Wonke Ekufakeni Ugesi kanye Nendima Yokushaja Okujwayelekile

Isimo sezimoto emhlabeni wonke sishintsha ngendlela efanayo, sishintsha kusuka ezinjinini zokushisa zangaphakathi (ICE) siye ekuqhutshweni ngogesi. Okubalulekile kulolu shintsho yingqalasizinda esekela lokhu: Imishini Yokuphakelwa Kwezimoto Zikagesi (EVSE), evame ukubizwa ngokuthi amashaja e-EV. Njengoba ukwamukelwa kwezimoto zikagesi (EVs) kushesha, ukuqonda izici zobuchwepheshe zezindinganiso zokushaja kuba yinto ebalulekile konjiniyela, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nabathengi ngokufanayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zokushaja ze-EV kuye kwahlukaniswa ngokomlando, kuthonywe ukwakheka kwegridi kagesi yesifunda, izindawo zomthetho, kanye nezintshisekelo zamasu abakhiqizi bezimoto. Namuhla, izindinganiso ezimbili eziyinhloko zibusa imakethe yokushaja ye-AC (alternating current): Uhlobo 1 (SAE J1772) kanye noHlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2). Nakuba zombili zifeza injongo efanayo eyisisekelo—ukudlulisa amandla kagesi kusuka kugridi kuya kushaja yemoto esemotweni—ukusetshenziswa kwazo kobuchwepheshe, imiklamo ebonakalayo, kanye nezinqubo zokuxhumana kuhluka kakhulu.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe okujulile kwezinhlelo zokushaja zohlobo 1 nohlobo 2. Sizohlola umehluko wazo wokwakha, ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nezinhlobo ezahlukene zegridi yomhlaba wonke, i-physics yezimpawu zazo zokuxhumana, kanye nezindlela zokuphepha ezivikela umsebenzisi kanye nemoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola ukuthi imikhawulo yamandla okuhlala emazweni ahlukene ithinta kanjani isivinini sokushaja kanye nezitayela ezivelayo ezakha ikusasa lokuxhumana okujwayelekile, okuhlakaniphile ohlelweni lwe-EV.

2. Uhlobo 1 (SAE J1772) Ukwakhiwa: Umlando, Ukucushwa Kwephini, kanye Nokubusa KwaseNyakatho Melika

Isixhumi sohlobo 1, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi indinganiso ye-SAE J1772, siyisixhumi esiyinhloko sokushaja i-AC esisetshenziswa eNyakatho Melika naseJapan. Sakhiwe yi-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), saklanywa ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zamagridi kagesi esigaba esisodwa atholakala kulezi zifunda.

2.1 Umongo Womlando kanye Nefilosofi Yokuklama

Izinga le-J1772 lahlongozwa okokuqala ngo-2001 futhi labuyekezwa kaningana ukuze lifinyelele isimo salo samanje. Umgomo oyinhloko wokuklama kwakuwukudala isikhombikubona esiphephile, esiqinile, nesisebenziseka kalula sokushaja kweZinga 1 (120V) kanye neZinga 2 (240V). Ngokungafani nezidingo zezigaba eziningi zamagridi aseYurophu, igridi yokuhlala yaseNyakatho Melika ngokuyinhloko inezigaba ezihlukanisiwe, inikeza imilenze emibili ye-120V engahlanganiswa nensizakalo ye-240V. Ngenxa yalokho, isixhumi sohlobo 1 salungiselelwa ukulethwa kwesigaba esisodwa samandla aphezulu.

2.2 Ukucushwa Kwephini Elingokoqobo

Isixhumi sohlobo 1 sinesakhiwo samaphini amahlanu:

1. L1 (Umugqa 1):Umqhubi wamandla oyinhloko.
2. L2/N (Umugqa 2 noma Ongathathi hlangothi):Ekushajeni kwe-120V Level 1, lokhu kusebenza njenge-Neutral. Ekushajeni kwe-240V Level 2, lokhu kusebenza njengesigaba sesibili se-120V (L2).
3. I-PE (Umhlaba/Umhlabathi Ovikelayo):Ukuxhumeka komhlaba okuphephile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-chassis yemoto ixhunywe emhlabathini wegridi.
4. I-CP (Umshayeli Wokulawula):Ulayini wokuxhumana wawusetshenziselwa ukuxoxisana ngemingcele yokushaja phakathi kwe-EVSE nemoto.
5. I-CS (Ukuphatha Ukulawula) / I-Proximity Pilot (PP):I-feedback loop ethola ukuthi ipulaki ifakwe ngokuphelele yini futhi ivumela imoto ukuthi ivimbele ukunyakaza ngenkathi ishaja.

2.3 Izici Nemikhawulo Kagesi

Izinga lohlobo 1 lisekela ukushaja kwe-AC kufika ku-80 Amps, okuthi ku-240V kuguqule amandla aphezulu angu-19.2 kW. Kodwa-ke, iningi lamashaja ohlobo 1 asekhaya asebenza phakathi kuka-16A (3.8 kW) no-48A (11.5 kW), okuhambisana namakhono amashaja avamile angaphakathi. Umklamo ongokoqobo wamaphini uqinile, uhloselwe ukusingatha imithwalo ephezulu yokushisa phakathi kwezinkulungwane zemijikelezo. Esinye isici esichazayo seplagi yohlobo 1 yindlela yayo yokubambelela ngesandla, edinga umsebenzisi ukuthi acindezele i-trigger ukuze akhulule iplagi endaweni yokungena yemoto.

3. Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2) Ukwakheka: I-Mennekes Standard, i-Modular Design, kanye ne-European Versatility

Njengoba imakethe yaseYurophu yayifuna ukwenza ukushaja kwe-EV kube okujwayelekile, yabhekana nenselele ehlukile: ukwanda kwezinhlelo zikagesi zezigaba ezintathu ezindaweni zokuhlala nezentengiselwano. Isixazululo kwaba isixhumi sohlobo 2, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ipulaki “yeMennekes” elisuselwa enkampanini yaseJalimane eyayiklama.

3.1 Ukuqhubekela Phambili Ku-IEC 62196-2

I-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) yamukele umklamo wohlobo 2 njengengxenye yendinganiso ye-IEC 62196. Ngokungafani nesixhumi sohlobo 1, esinqunyelwe ngokwemvelo ekusebenzeni kwesigaba esisodwa, isixhumi sohlobo 2 saklanywa kusukela ekuqaleni ukuba sibe yi-modular futhi sivikele esikhathini esizayo. Singasekela ukulethwa kwamandla e-AC kwesigaba esisodwa, isigaba esihlukanisiwe, kanye nesigaba sesithathu.

3.2 Ukuhlelwa Nokusebenza Kwezikhonkwane Eziyisikhombisa

Isixhumi sohlobo 2 sisebenzisa ukucushwa kwamaphini ayisikhombisa:

1. L1, L2, L3:Ama-conductor amathathu ahlukene esigaba, avumela ukulethwa kwamandla esigaba sesithathu.
2. N (Ongathathi hlangothi):Umqhubi ongathathi hlangothi ozinikele, obalulekile ezinhlelweni zezigaba ezintathu lapho umthwalo ungase ungalingani khona.
3. I-PE (Umhlaba Ovikelayo):Indawo yokuphepha.
4. I-CP (Umshayeli Wokulawula):Umugqa wokubonisa (ufana nomsebenzi we-J1772).
5. I-PP (Umshayeli Wokusondela):Kusetshenziswa ukuthola ubukhona bepulaki, futhi ngokwezinga lohlobo 2, ukudlulisa amandla okuphatha ugesi wekhebula ngokwalo ngohlelo olunekhodi yokumelana.

3.3 Ukuguquguquka kanye nemikhawulo yamandla

Isixhumi sohlobo 2 sinamandla kakhulu kunesohlobo 1. Ekucushweni kwezigaba ezintathu, singasekela ama-Amps afinyelela ku-63 ngesigaba ngasinye, ngokombono sihlinzeka ngamandla e-AC afinyelela ku-43 kW (yize i-22 kW ingumkhawulo osebenzayo wokufakwa kwezigaba ezintathu zomphakathi nezindawo zokuhlala). Ngisho nakumodi yesigaba esisodwa, singalingana nokusebenza kohlobo 1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena kohlobo 2 emotweni kuklanyelwe ukuhambisana ne-CCS2 (Uhlelo Lokushaja Oluhlanganisiwe) lokushaja i-DC esheshayo, okunezela amaphini amabili amakhulu e-DC ngaphansi kwesixhumi se-AC.

4. Amandla Esigaba Samandla: Ukuqhathanisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kwesigaba Esisodwa kanye Nokulethwa Kwamandla Kwesigaba Esithathu

Umehluko omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezinhlelo zohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 usekutheni zisingatha kanjani izigaba zikagesi. Lokhu akusikho nje ukukhetha isixhumi kodwa kubonakaliswa kwengqalasizinda yegridi engaphansi.

4.1 Imikhawulo Yesigaba Esisodwa Kuhlobo 1

Kuhlelo lwe-Type 1, ishaja engaphakathi (i-OBC) yemoto yenzelwe ukwamukela amandla avela kumthombo owodwa we-AC. Ukuze kwandiswe isivinini sokushaja, okuwukuphela kwezinto ezingalungiswa yi-voltage (120V kuya ku-240V) kanye ne-current (i-Amperage). Ngenxa yokuthi amaphaneli okuhlala e-US ngokuvamile anqunyelwe kusevisi iyonke engu-200A, amasekethe e-EV azinikele angaphezu kuka-50A adinga ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwengqalasizinda. Ukushaja kwesigaba esisodwa samandla aphezulu kubeka umthwalo omkhulu wokushisa kuzintambo kanye namaphini okuxhuma.

4.2 Izinzuzo Zezigaba Ezintathu Ohlotsheni 2

Izinhlelo zohlobo lwesibili zisebenzisa amagridi ezigaba ezintathu avamile eYurophu nasezingxenyeni zase-Asia nase-Oceania. Ngokusabalalisa amandla ezigabeni ezintathu, uhlelo lungaletha amandla aphezulu kakhulu ku-amperage ephansi ngesigaba ngasinye. Isibonelo, ishaja engu-11 kW isebenzisa i-16A ezigabeni ezintathu (3 x 230V x 16A ≈ 11 kW). Ukuze kufezwe amandla afanayo angu-11 kW ohlelweni lohlobo lwesigaba esisodwa, amandla kagesi kuzodingeka abe cishe ngu-46A (240V x 46A ≈ 11 kW).

I-amperage ephansi ngesigaba ngasinye ezinhlelweni zohlobo 2 iholela ku:

• Ukukhiqiza Ukushisa Okuncishisiwe:Ukushisa okunciphisa ukumelana kwezintambo nezixhumi.
• Izingxenye Ezincane Zekhebula:Izintambo ezilula neziguquguqukayo zokukhipha amandla okufanayo.
• Ukuzinza kweGridi:Ukushaja kwezigaba ezintathu kunikeza umthwalo olinganiselayo kugridi, kunciphisa ingozi yokungalingani kwezigaba kanye nezinkinga zamanje ezingathathi hlangothi ku-transformer yokusabalalisa yendawo.

4.3 Ukusebenza Kahle Nokuguqulwa

Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kahle kweshaja engaphakathi nayo iyathinteka. I-AC yesigaba sesithathu ilungiswa ibe yi-DC kahle kakhulu kune-AC yesigaba esisodwa, okudinga ukuhlunga okuncane ukuze kufezwe i-voltage ye-DC ezinzile yebhethri. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu kancane kuma-OBC esigaba sesithathu uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo besigaba esisodwa.

(Ukuphela kweBhloko 1. Qhubeka ebhlokini elilandelayo ukuze ufinyelele ubude nokujula okudingekayo.)

5. Ubuqotho Besignali Nokuxhumana: Ukuhlaziywa Okuningiliziwe Kwemisebenzi Ye-CP (Umshayeli Wokulawula) kanye Ne-PP (Umshayeli Wokusondela)

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-EVSE ne-EV kuphathwa yimigqa emibili yesignali ene-low voltage ezinikele: i-Control Pilot (CP) kanye ne-Proximity Pilot (PP). Nakuba izixhumi ezibonakalayo zihlukile, iphrothokholi yokusayina eyisisekelo yokushaja kwe-AC ijwayelekile ngaphansi kwe-IEC 61851-1 kanye ne-SAE J1772.

5.1 I-Control Pilot (CP) kanye ne-Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Isignali ye-CP iyigagasi lesikwele elingu-±12V 1kHz elikhiqizwa yi-EVSE. Lesi signali sisebenza njengesibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokuxhawulana kanye nesimo. Uchungechunge lokuxhumana luchazwa amazinga athile kagesi kanye nomjikelezo womsebenzi wesignali ye-PWM.

• Isimo A (Okulindile):I-EVSE ikhipha i-+12V DC engaguquki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ishaja inamandla kodwa ayikho imoto exhunyiwe.
• Isifundazwe B (Imoto Exhunyiwe):Uma ipulaki ifakiwe, imoto ixhuma i-resistor kanye ne-diode phakathi kwemigqa ye-CP kanye ne-PE. Lokhu kwehlisa i-voltage kusuka ku-+12V kuya ku-+9V. I-EVSE ithola lokhu kwehla bese iqala ukukhiqiza isignali ye-PWM engu-1kHz.
• Isimo C (Kucelwa Ukushaja):Imoto ikhombisa ukulungela kwayo ukwamukela amandla ngokuvala iswishi ebeka ukumelana okuphansi kusekethe, yehlise i-voltage ye-CP iye ku-+6V. Kuleli qophelo, i-EVSE ivala ama-contactor ayo angaphakathi ukuze inikeze amandla e-AC.
• Isimo D (Kudingeka Umoya):Uma imoto idinga ukuphefumula (okungavamile kuma-EV anamuhla kodwa kuyingxenye yejwayelekile), i-voltage yehla iye ku-+3V.
• Isimo E/F (Amaphutha):Isignali engu-0V noma engu--12V ikhombisa iphutha, njengephutha lomhlabathi noma ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kokuxhumana.

IUmjikelezo WomsebenziIsignali ye-PWM edluliswa yi-EVSE itshela imoto ukuthi ingakanani i-current evunyelwe ukuyidonsa. Isibonelo:

• Umjikelezo Womsebenzi ongu-10% = ama-Amps angu-6
• Umjikelezo Womsebenzi ongu-25% = ama-Amps angu-15
• Umjikelezo Womsebenzi ongu-50% = ama-Amps angu-30
• Umjikelezo Womsebenzi ongu-80% = ama-Amps angu-48

Lokhu kuvumela ukuphathwa komthwalo oguqukayo; uma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwendlu kukhuphuka, i-EVSE inganciphisa umjikelezo womsebenzi ukuze ivimbele ukukhubeka kwe-main breaker.

5.2 I-Proximity Pilot (PP) kanye ne-Mechanical Interlock

Isignali ye-PP iqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ayikwazi ukuhamba ngenkathi ixhunyiwe futhi isiza uhlelo ukunquma umthamo wokuthwala amandla ekhebula.

• Kuhlobo 1 (J1772):Ulayini we-PP (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi iphinikhodi ye-CS) uxhunywe kuswishi esibambweni sepulagi. Uma umsebenzisi ecindezela inkinobho yokukhulula, isekethe iyaphuka. Imoto izwa lokhu ngokushesha bese iyeka ukudonsa ugesi ngaphambi kokuba amaphinikhodi amakhulu kagesi anqanyulwe, okuvimbela ukugoba kukagesi.
• Kuhlobo 2 (IEC 62196):Ulayini we-PP usetshenziselwa ukuhlonza uhlobo lwekhebula. Amakhebula afakwe i-resistor phakathi kwamaphini e-PP ne-PE. Ikhebula elingu-11 kW (16A) lizoba nokumelana okuhlukile kunekhebula elingu-22 kW (32A). I-EVSE kanye nemoto basebenzisa lokhu ukumelana ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abadluli imikhawulo yokushisa yekhebula, noma ngabe imoto inamandla aphezulu.

6. Umklamo Nokuphepha Kwemishini: Izindlela Zokukhiya, Izilinganiso ze-IP, Nokuqina Okubonakalayo

Indawo engokoqobo yokushaja i-EV inzima—ichayeke emvuleni, eqhweni, othulini, kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwemishini kwezixhumi zohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 kuklanywe kahle kakhulu.

6.1 Izindlela Zokukhiya: Ezenziwe Ngesandla vs. Eze-elekthronikhi

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zindinganiso ezimbili ukuthi ipulaki iboshelwe kanjani emotweni.

• Uhlobo 1 I-Latch Yesandla:Ipulaki yohlobo 1 inesivalo somshini esisebenza ngesithupha. Lokhu kulula futhi kuthembekile kodwa akunalo ukuphepha; noma ubani angahamba akhiphe imoto yokushaja ngaphandle kokuthi umsebenzisi engeze ingidi ehlukile esibambweni.
• Uhlobo 2 Lokukhiya Ngogesi:Izinga lohlobo lwesibili lincike ephini lokukhiya elinomshini ngaphakathi kwe-inlet yemoto. Lapho kuqala ukushaja, imoto ivala ngokuzenzakalelayo ipulaki endaweni yayo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukwebiwa kwekhebula (uma kwenzeka kumashaja angaboshiwe avamile eYurophu) futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ipulaki ayikwazi ukususwa ngenkathi ugesi ophilayo ugeleza.

6.2 Ukuvikelwa Kokungena (IP) kanye Nokuvalwa Kwemvelo

Zombili izixhumi zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezilinganiso eziphezulu ze-IP (ngokuvamile i-IP54 noma ngaphezulu uma zihlanganiswa).

• Iziteshi Zokukhipha Amanzi:Izixhumi zohlobo lwesibili zinemigodi yokukhipha amanzi ekhethekile ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angahlangani eduze kwezikhonkwane.
• Isayensi Yezinto Ezibonakalayo:Lezi zindawo zenziwe ngama-polymer aqinile, amelana nokushayisana kwe-UV njenge-PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) ukuze amelane nokuwa kokhonkolo kanye nokuchayeka elangeni elinamandla.
• Ukufakwa Kokuxhumana:Amaphini ngokuvamile ambozwe ngesiliva ukuqinisekisa ukumelana okuncane kokuthintana nokuqina okuphezulu phakathi nezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokuhlangana.

6.3 Ukuphathwa Kokushisa

Amashaja e-AC anamandla aphezulu anamuhla avame ukufaka ama-thermistors (ama-NTC sensors) afakwe ngaphakathi kwepulagi. Lawa ma-sensor aqapha izinga lokushisa lamaphini ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma izinga lokushisa lidlula umkhawulo wokuphepha (isb., ngenxa yokuxhumeka okuxegayo noma udoti endaweni yokungena), i-EVSE izotshela imoto ukuthi yehlise amandla okushaja noma ivale ngokuphelele ukuze kuvinjelwe umlilo.

7. I-Global Grid Topology: Amanethiwekhi e-TN, TT, kanye ne-IT kanye nomthelela wawo ekufakweni kwe-EVSE

Ukwakheka nokufakwa kwe-EVSE kuthonywa kakhulu izinhlelo zokumisa umhlaba ezisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezahlukene. I-EVSE kumele ibone ukuthi kukhona indawo ephephile ngaphambi kokuba ivumele ukushaja kuqale.

7.1 Izinhlelo ze-TN (Ezingachemile)

Uhlelo lwe-TN luvamile eNyakatho Melika (TN-CS) nase-UK. Kulokhu kusethwa, i-neutral kanye nomhlabathi kuhlanganiswe emnyango wesevisi. Nakuba lokhu kunikeza indlela ethembekile yemifudlana yamaphutha, kubeka ingozi uma kwenzeka iphutha le-“Open PEN” (Protective Earth Neutral). Uma intambo engathathi hlangothi evela kugridi iphuka, i-chassis ye-EV ingasebenza ngamandla ku-voltage yomugqa. Lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwamadivayisi akhethekile e-“Open PEN detection” kumashaja e-UK-spec.

7.2 Izinhlelo ze-TT (i-Terra-Terra)

Ivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni zezwekazi laseYurophu (njengeFrance ne-Italy) kanye neJapan, uhlelo lwe-TT lusebenzisa induku yomhlabathi yendawo engaxhunywanga ku-neutral yegridi. I-EVSE efakwe kumanethiwekhi e-TT kumele ibe bucayi kakhulu ekuvinjelweni komhlabathi. Uma induku yomhlabathi ingajulile ngokwanele noma inhlabathi yomile kakhulu, ishaja ingase yenqabe ukuqala ngoba ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa indlela yokumelana ephansi eya emhlabeni.

7.3 Izinhlelo ze-IT (Isolé-Terra)

Njengoba itholakala eNorway nakwezinye izindawo zezimboni, uhlelo lwe-IT alunawo uxhumano oluqondile phakathi kwe-neutral/phases nomhlaba. Lokhu kuletha inselele eyingqayizivele kuma-EV, njengoba amashaja amaningi angaphakathi eklanyelwe ukulindela i-neutral engagxilile. Ama-transformer akhethekile okuzihlukanisa avame ukudingeka ukuze ashaje ama-EV kumanethiwekhi e-IT ngokuphephile.

7.4 Ukwehluka Kwemvamisa Yegridi kanye Ne-Voltage

Nakuba Uhlobo 1 nohlobo 2 zihlukaniswa kakhulu ngokusekelwa kwazo kwesigaba, imvamisa yegridi engaphansi (60Hz e-US/Japan vs. 50Hz ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba) nayo ithinta ukwakheka kwama-inductor nama-capacitor kushaja yemoto esemotweni. Kodwa-ke, ama-OBC amaningi anamuhla abanzi, ayakwazi ukusingatha i-100V-250V kanye ne-50/60Hz.

8. Izithiyo Zamandla Ezindlu: Indlela Imithetho Kazwelonke Yegridi Namaphaneli Okusabalalisa Ekhaya Anciphisa Ngayo Isivinini Sokushaja I-EV

Isivinini sokushaja esisekelwe emcabangweni (njenge-22 kW yohlobo 2 noma i-19.2 kW yohlobo 1) asivamile ukutholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwegridi yendawo kanye nephaneli kagesi yendlu.

8.1 INyakatho Melika: Umkhawulo Wephaneli engu-200A

E-United States, ikhaya lesimanje elijwayelekile linephaneli yesevisi engu-200A. Ishaja yezinga lesi-2 edonsa i-48A idinga i-breaker engu-60A. Ngokusho kwe-National Electrical Code (NEC), umthwalo oqhubekayo (njengokushaja kwe-EV) akufanele udlule u-80% wesilinganiso se-breaker sesekethe. Emakhaya anamaphaneli amadala angu-100A, ukufaka i-EVSE enamandla aphezulu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kwesevisi, okungabiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi. Lokhu kuholele ekuthandweni kwamashaja angu-32A (7.7 kW), alinganisela isivinini sokushaja nomthamo wephaneli.

8.2 I-United Kingdom: Ukubusa Kwesigaba Esisodwa kanye ne-Open PEN

Nakuba igridi yase-UK inezigaba ezintathu ezingeni lokusabalalisa, izindlu eziningi zihlinzekwa ngesigaba esisodwa se-230V, 60A noma 100A. Lokhu kunciphisa ukushaja kwezindlu ku-7.4 kW. Ngenxa yokufakwa komhlaba kwe-TN-CS okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili, imithetho yase-UK idinga ukuthi amashaja abe nokuvikelwa okubizayo emaphutheni avulekile angathathi hlangothi, okwenza i-EVSE ethile yase-UK ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kunezaseYurophu.

8.3 IJalimane neNyakatho Yurophu: Izinga Elijwayelekile le-11 kW

EJalimane, amandla ezigaba ezintathu ajwayelekile cishe kuzo zonke izakhiwo zokuhlala. Lokhu kuvumela ukufakwa kabanzi kwamabhokisi odonga angu-11 kW (3 x 16A). Ngokungafani nase-US, lapho i-11 kW idinga isekethe esindayo sesigaba esisodwa esingu-60A, eJalimane, idinga kuphela isekethe yezigaba ezintathu engu-16A, esebenzisa izintambo ezincane kakhulu futhi etholakala kalula ngamaphaneli okusabalalisa akhona. Izinkampani eziningi zaseJalimane zidinga isaziso noma imvume yamashaja angaphezu kuka-11 kW (njengamayunithi angu-22 kW) ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwegridi yendawo.

8.4 I-Australia ne-New Zealand: I-High Voltage, Isigaba Esisodwa

I-Australia isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-230V/240V olufana nolwe-UK. Iningi lezindawo zokuhlala ezifakiwe ziyi-single-phase 7.4 kW. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamabanga amade kanye nemvelo yasemakhaya yegridi, ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi kuvamile. I-EVSE kulezi zifunda kumele ibe nokuvikelwa okuqinile kwamandla kagesi angaphezu kwamandla kagesi kanye nokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamandla kagesi ukuze ibhekane “nokuqhekeka” noma ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi ngaphandle kokulimaza imoto.

(Ukuphela kweBhloko 2. Qhubeka ebhulokini elilandelayo ukuze ufinyelele ubude nokujula okudingekayo.)

9. Ukuvikelwa Kwesekethe Okuphelele: Ukusebenzisa Ama-RCD Ohlobo lwe-A/B, Ukutholwa Kokuvuza kwe-DC, kanye Nokuvikelwa Kokushaja Okungaphezu Komkhawulo Ekushajeni kwe-AC

Ukuphepha kuyisisekelo somklamo we-EVSE. Ukushaja i-EV kuhilela ukuletha amandla amaningi isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile ezimweni ezimanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, isekethe yokuvikela kumele ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuneyedivayisi yasekhaya ejwayelekile.

9.1 Amadivayisi Amanje Asele (ama-RCD): Uhlobo A vs. Uhlobo B

I-RCD yakhelwe ukuthola ukungalingani phakathi kogesi ogeleza ngomugqa kanye nezintambo ezingathathi hlangothi, okubonisa ukuvuza emhlabathini ("iphutha lomhlaba"). Ekushajeni kwe-EV, kunengozi ethile:I-DC Residual Current.

• Ama-RCD ohlobo A:Lokhu kuvamile kumaphaneli okuhlala futhi kungabona i-AC kanye nemisinga eseleyo ye-DC eshayayo. Kodwa-ke, "kungafiphazwa" ukuvuza kwe-DC okubushelelezi. Uma iphutha kushaja ye-EV engaphakathi libangela ukuthi kuvuza okungaphezu kuka-6mA kwe-DC ebushelelezi ohlangothini lwe-AC, i-internal transformer core ye-Type A RCD ingagcwala, ivimbele ukuthi ikhubeke noma ngabe kuvela iphutha le-AC eliyingozi.
• Ama-RCD ohlobo B:Lezi zenzelwe ukuthola i-AC, i-pulsating DC, kanye nemisinga eseleyo ye-DC ebushelelezi. Nakuba zinikeza isivikelo esingcono kakhulu, zibiza kakhulu.
• I-RDC-DD (Idivayisi Yokuthola Amanje Aqondile Asele):Ukuze kwehliswe izindleko ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuphepha, ama-EVSE amaningi anamuhla afaka imodyuli ye-RDC-DD (ehambisana ne-IEC 62955). Le modyuli ithola ukuvuza kwe-DC okubushelelezi ngaphezu kwe-6mA bese iphazamisa ishaja. Uma kukhona i-RDC-DD, i-RCD ejwayelekile (futhi eshibhile) yohlobo lwe-A ingasetshenziswa kuphaneli yokusabalalisa ephezulu.

9.2 Ukuvikelwa Kokugeleza Okudlulele Nokwesiyingi Esifushane

Yonke isekethe ye-EVSE kumele ivikelwe yi-Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). Ngenxa yokuthi ukushaja kwe-EV kuwumthwalo oqhubekayo, i-MCB kumele incishiswe. E-US (NEC), umthwalo wokushaja we-40A udinga i-breaker ye-50A. EYurophu, ukukhethwa kwe-MCB (ijika lohlobo B, C, noma D) kuncike kumandla okungena alindelekile eshajeni yemoto engaphakathi. I-breaker yejika "C" ngokuvamile ikhethwa ukugwema ukukhubeka ngesikhathi sokuqala kokuxhumana.

9.3 Ukuvikelwa Kokukhuphuka (i-SPD)

Ama-EVSE avame ukufakwa ngaphandle futhi axhunywe entweni enkulu yensimbi (imoto), okwenza abe sengozini yokushaywa umbani ngokungaqondile kanye nokuqhuma kwegridi. Ukufakwa kwe-Type 2 Surge Protective Device (SPD) kunconywa kakhulu (futhi kwezinye izindawo, njengeJalimane, kuyimpoqo) ukuvikela ama-elekthronikhi abucayi kokubili ishaja kanye nemoto.

9.4 Ama-contactor kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic

Inhliziyo yokulethwa kwamandla kwe-EVSE yi-Oxhumana naye. Lena i-relay enzima exhuma noma inqamule izikhonkwane zamandla ze-AC ngokomzimba. Ukuze kuphephe, i-contactor kumele "ivulwe ngokujwayelekile," okusho ukuthi amandla anikezwa kuphela uma isignali ye-CP ibonisa "Isimo C" (Silungele Ukushaja). I-EVSE esezingeni eliphezulu isebenzisa ama-contactor anezinsika ezine ezinhlelweni zezigaba ezintathu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izigaba kanye ne-neutral zihlukanisiwe uma zingasetshenziswa. Amanye amayunithi athuthukile afaka phakathi "Ukutholwa Kokuxhumana Okuhlanganisiwe," okuqapha isimo se-contactor; uma oxhumana nabo behlangana ndawonye (ukuvimbela amandla ukuthi anganqamuki), i-EVSE izoqala i-alamu yehadiwe futhi ihlale esimweni sephutha.

10. Ukushaja Okuhlakaniphile kanye ne-ISO 15118: Ukudlulela Ngale kwe-PWM Kuye Ekuxhumaneni Kwedijithali kanye Nokuxhuma Nokushaja

Nakuba isignali eyisisekelo ye-CP/PP yanele ukushaja i-AC elula, ikusasa le-ecosystem ye-EV lithembele ekushintshanisweni kwedatha okucebile, kwedijithali. Yilapho indinganiso ye-ISO 15118 iqala khona ukusebenza.

10.1 Imikhawulo ye-PWM

Isiginali ye-PWM ejwayelekile iveza kuphela amandla kagesi aphezulu atholakalayo. Ayitsheli i-EVSE isimo sokushaja semoto (i-SoC), umthamo wayo webhethri, noma isihlonzi sayo esiyingqayizivele. Ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi, izici ezifana nokukhokhisa okuzenzakalelayo, ukushaja okuqaphela igridi, kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla okuqondiswa kwezinhlangothi zombili kunzima ukuzisebenzisa.

10.2 Ukuxhumana kwe-HomePlug Green PHY kanye ne-PLC

I-ISO 15118 iyethulaUkuxhumana Ngezintambo Zikagesi (PLC)phezu kwentambo ye-Control Pilot (CP). Ngokumboza isignali yedijithali evame kakhulu (i-HomePlug Green PHY) esignalini ye-CP engu-1kHz, imoto kanye ne-EVSE kungasungula uxhumano lwe-TCP/IP. Lokhu kuvumela:

• Iplagi Nokushaja:Imoto iziveza kushaja ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ishaja ixhumana neseva yangemuva ukuze igunyaze iseshini futhi iphathe inkokhelo ngaphandle kwesidingo sekhadi le-RFID noma uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Smart Grid:I-EV ingakhuluma ngesikhathi sayo sokuhamba esihleliwe kanye nezidingo zamandla. Igridi (noma i-Home Energy Management System - HEMS) ingabe isihlela ukushaja lapho amanani kagesi ephansi kakhulu noma ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuphezulu kakhulu.

10.3 Ikusasa Lokushaja Okuqondiswayo (V2G, V2H, V2X)

Esinye sezici ezijabulisa kakhulu ze-ISO 15118 (ikakhulukazi ukubuyekezwa kwe--20) ukusekelwa kokushaja kwe-AC okuqondiswayo. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) okwamanje kusebenzisa i-DC (nge-CHAdeMO noma i-CCS), ukushaja kwe-AC okuqondiswayo kuvumela imoto ukuthi isebenzise ishaja yayo engaphakathi njenge-inverter ukuze icindezele amandla abuyele ekhaya noma kugridi. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi i-EVSE isebenze njengomlindi wesango ohlakaniphile, iqinisekise ukuthi amandla abuyiselwa kugridi ahambisana nesigaba kanye nemvamisa yegridi kahle.

11. Ukuhlaziywa Kwamazinga Esifunda: GB/T (China) vs. Uhlobo 2

Nakuba Uhlobo 1 noHlobo 2 zimboza ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba, iShayina—imakethe ye-EV enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni—isebenzisa indinganiso yayo:I-GB/T 20234.

11.1 Ukufana Okubonakalayo Nohlobo 2

Ngokwemvelo, isixhumi se-GB/T AC sibukeka sifana kakhulu nesixhumi sohlobo 2. Sinesakhiwo samaphini ayisikhombisa. Kodwa-ke, ubulili buhlukile: ipulaki inamaphini (abesilisa), kanti imoto inamasokhethi (abesifazane), okuphambene nendinganiso yohlobo 2.

11.2 Umehluko Wokuxhumana

Ukusayina ku-GB/T AC nakho kusekelwe esimisweni se-PWM esifanayo nohlobo 1 nohlobo 2. Kodwa-ke, amanani aqondile e-resistor e-PP kanye ne-CP handshakes ahluka kancane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imoto yohlobo 2 yaseYurophu ayikwazi ukusebenzisa ishaja ye-GB/T yaseShayina (noma okuphambene nalokho) ngaphandle kwe-adaptha ekhethekile engashintshi nje kuphela amaphini angokwenyama kodwa futhi equkethe isekethe yokuguqulwa kwesignali.

11.3 Umthelela Wemakethe

Ukwehluka kwendinganiso ye-GB/T kugqamisa izici zezwe nezomnotho ezithinta ukumiswa kwendinganiso kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokudala indinganiso yayo, iShayina yaqinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bayo basekhaya banesistimu evikelwe ngenkathi isebenzisa izifundo zobuchwepheshe ezifundwe ezindinganisweni ze-IEC.

12. Ukuhlolwa, Isitifiketi, kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi: UL, CE, kanye Nangaphandle

Ngaphambi kokuba i-EVSE ithengiswe, kumele ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke ibulale umsebenzisi noma iqale umlilo.

12.1 UL 2594 kanye ne-UL 2231 (eNyakatho Melika)

ENyakatho Melika, i-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) ichaza amazinga e-EVSE. I-UL 2594 ihlanganisa ukwakhiwa okuyisisekelo nokuphepha kwesiteshi sokushaja, kuyilapho i-UL 2231 igxile ezinhlelweni zokuvikela abasebenzi (ukusebenza kwe-RCD/GFCI). Imfuneko ebalulekile yesitifiketi se-UL "Ukumelana Nomthelela" - ishaja kumele ikwazi ukumelana nokushaywa yisisindo esinzima ngaphandle kokuveza izingxenye eziphilayo.

12.2 CE kanye ne-IEC 61851 (iYurophu/uMhlaba)

EYurophu, uphawu lwe-CE lubonisa ukuhambisana ne-Low Voltage Directive kanye ne-EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) Directive. Indinganiso yobuchwepheshe eyinhloko yileI-IEC 61851Ukuhlolwa kuhlanganisa:

• Amandla E-dielectric:Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-insulation ingakwazi ukusingatha ama-spikes aphezulu kagesi.
• Ukuphakama Kwezinga Lokushisa:Ukuqalisa ishaja ngamandla aphezulu amahora amaningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayishisi ngokweqile.
• Ukuqina Kwemvelo:Ukuhlolwa kokufuthwa ngosawoti ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nokuhlolwa kokungena kothuli ezindaweni ezomile.

12.3 Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolwa Kokusebenzisana

Ngaphandle kokuphepha, kunenselele yokuthiUkusebenzisanaAkuzona zonke izimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ngeshaja ngayinye. Amaqembu afana ne-CharIN (i-Charging Interface Initiative) enza “ama-Testivals” lapho abakhiqizi beletha khona izimoto zabo namashaja ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxhawulana kanye nezinqubo zokuxhumana zisebenza kahle kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo.

(Ukuphela kweBhloko 3. Ukuqhubeka nokwandisa imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kuma-smart plug kanye nokulungiswa kwesimo esikhathini esizayo.)

13. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezingxenye Okuthuthukisiwe: Ubunjiniyela Bangaphakathi Bebhokisi Lodonga Lanamuhla

Ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 ezingeni eliyindilinga, umuntu kufanele abheke ngaphakathi “kwebhokisi lodonga” ngokwalo. I-EVSE akuyona nje intambo yokwelula ekhazimulayo; iyikhompyutha yokuphatha amandla eyinkimbinkimbi.

13.1 Umlawuli Oyinhloko (i-MCU)

Ubuchopho be-EVSE buvame ukuba yi-microcontroller engu-32-bit (njenge-ARM Cortex-M series). Le chip iphatha ukukhiqizwa kwesignali ye-1kHz CP, iqapha ukumelana kwe-PP, futhi isebenzisa i-logic yokuphepha. Kumashaja ahlakaniphile, le MCU iphatha ne-Wi-Fi noma i-Ethernet stack futhi ixhumana nohlelo lokusebenza lweselula lomsebenzisi nge-MQTT noma i-HTTP protocols.

13.2 Ukuzwa Kwamanje: Umphumela We-Hall vs. Shunt

Ukuze kuqashwe amandla alethwayo futhi kutholakale izimo zomsinga ongaphezu kwamandla, i-EVSE isebenzisa izinzwa zamanje.

• Izinzwa Zomphumela We-Hall:Lezi zilinganisa insimu yamagnetic ekhiqizwa yi-current. Zihlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic futhi zinhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-high-current.
• Ama-Shunt Resistor:Lezi zilinganisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ku-resistance eyaziwayo. Nakuba zinembile kakhulu, zidinga i-isolation circuitry eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Kumashaja ohlobo lwesibili anezigaba ezintathu, i-MCU kumele iqaphe izindlela zamanje ezintathu ezihlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuqinisekisa ibhalansi yesigaba futhi ibone ukuthi isigaba esisodwa sehlulekile yini.

13.3 Ukunikezwa Kwamandla Okungeziwe

Ama-elekthronikhi angaphakathi (i-MCU, i-Wi-Fi module, isibonisi, nama-contactor coil) adinga ugesi we-DC one-voltage ephansi (ngokuvamile i-12V noma i-5V). Ohlelweni lwe-Type 2 lwezigaba ezintathu, ugesi osizayo uvame ukuklanywa ukuthi usebenze noma ngabe kukhona isigaba esisodwa kuphela, okuvumela ishaja ukuthi ihlale "iku-inthanethi" futhi ibike iphutha lokulahlekelwa yisigaba kumsebenzisi.

14. Ama-Smart Plug kanye Nokuxhumana Okujwayelekile: Ikusasa Lokushaja Okuphathekayo

Nakuba amabhokisi odonga aqinile kuyindinganiso yegolide, abanikazi abaningi be-EV bathembele kumashaja aphathekayo (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi “amakhebula kagogo” noma “i-IC-CPD” – Amadivayisi Okulawula Nokuvikela Angaphakathi Kwekhebula).

14.1 Izingozi Zobuchwepheshe Zama-Plug Asekhaya

Ukushaja i-EV kusuka kusokhethi ejwayelekile yasekhaya (i-NEMA 5-15 e-US noma i-Schuko eYurophu) kuyinselele ngokobuchwepheshe. Lawa masokhethi awazange aklanyelwe ukuletha ama-Amps ayi-10-16 ngokuqhubekayo amahora ayi-12.

• Ukuphuma Kwe-Thermal:Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukucindezeleka kokuxhumana kwensimbi kwesokhethi kungaba buthaka, okuholela ekumelaneni okuphezulu nokushisa okukhulu.
• Ama-Smart Plug Azosiza:Amashaja aphathekayo asezingeni eliphezulu manje anezinzwa zokushisa ezakhelwe ngqo epulakini lodonga lwasekhaya. Uma ipulaki iqala ukushisa ngokweqile, i-IC-CPD izotshela imoto ukuthi inciphise ukudonsa kwamandla kagesi, ivimbele isokhethi ukuthi lincibilike.

14.2 Ishaja Ephathekayo “Ejwayelekile”

Kuhlelo lwe-Type 2, umkhuba omusha ishaja ephathekayo ye-modular (njenge-Juice Booster noma i-Tesla Mobile Connector). Lawa madivayisi asebenzisa uchungechunge lwama-adapter angashintshaniswayo. Idivayisi iyaqaphela ukuthi iyiphi i-adaptha enamathiselwe (kusetshenziswa uhlelo olunekhodi ye-resistor olufana nephinikhodi ye-PP) futhi isetha ngokuzenzakalelayo ugesi wokushaja ophezulu. Lokhu kunikeza isisombululo sokushaja "sendawo yonke" esisebenza emazweni ahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zesokhethi ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuphepha kwebhokisi lodonga eliqinile.

15. Ushintsho LwaseNyakatho Melika: Kusukela Kuhlobo 1 (J1772) kuya ku-NACS (SAE J3400)

Ushintsho olukhulu luyenzeka njengamanje emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika olwenza kube nzima ukuqhathaniswa kohlobo 1 nohlobo 2: ukwamukelwa kwe-North American Charging Standard (NACS), eyasungulwa yiTesla futhi manje esezingeni elifanele njenge-SAE J3400.

15.1 Ukubuka Konke Kobuchwepheshe be-NACS

Ngokungafani nohlobo 1 nohlobo 2, ezinamaphini ahlukene okushaja i-AC ne-DC, isixhumi se-NACS sisebenzisa amaphini amabili ayinhloko afanayo kuzo zombili. Kuyidizayini enhle, enciphile ephatha i-AC yesigaba esisodwa kanye ne-DC yesivinini esikhulu.

15.2 Ukuhlangana Kwezinqubo Zokusebenza

Okubaluleke kakhulu, yize isixhumi se-NACS esingokoqobo sihlukile, sisebenzisaizinqubo zokuxhumana ezifanayonjengezindinganiso esixoxe ngazo. Ngokushaja i-AC, isebenzisa isignali ye-J1772 PWM. Ngokushaja i-DC, isebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-ISO 15118 PLC. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nge-adaptha elula engasebenzi, imoto yohlobo 1 ingashaja esiteshini se-NACS AC, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kuguquka kugqamisa ukuqhubekela phambili ekuqineni ngokomzimba ngaphandle kokulahla umqondo ojwayelekile wokubonisana oqinisekisa ukusebenzisana komhlaba wonke.

16. Umthelela We-Onboard Charger (OBC) Topology Ekusebenzeni Kokushaja Kwe-AC

Isixhumi kanye nebhokisi lodonga kuyingxenye nje yendaba. I-Onboard Charger (OBC) yemoto ekugcineni inquma isivinini sokushaja.

16.1 I-OBC Yesigaba Esisodwa vs. I-OBC Yesigaba Esithathu

Ama-EV amaningi asezingeni lokuqala (kanye nama-plug-in hybrids) ane-OBC yesigaba esisodwa kuphela, ngisho nasezimakethe zohlobo lwesibili. Uma uxhuma imoto ene-OBC yesigaba esisodwa engu-7 kW kushaja yohlobo lwesibili yesigaba sesithathu engu-22 kW, izodonsa kuphela u-7 kW kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu ezitholakalayo. Leli iphuzu elivamile lokudideka kubathengi.

16.2 Imiklamo ye-Modular OBC

Abanye abakhiqizi (njengeTesla neRenault) basebenzisa ama-modular OBC. Emakethe yohlobo lwesibili, imoto ingaba namamojula amathathu afanayo okushaja angu-3.7 kW. Uma ixhunywe emandleni ezigaba ezintathu, imojula ngayinye iphatha isigaba esisodwa, esiphelele esingu-11 kW. Uma ixhunywe kwishaja yohlobo lwesigaba esisodwa (e-US), imoto ingahambisana nalawa mamojula ukuze idonse kufika ku-11 kW kusuka esigabeni esisodwa esine-amperage ephezulu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuyindlela yobuciko yobunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi yamandla, okuvumela ipulatifomu efanayo yemoto ukuthi ithengiswe emhlabeni wonke ngezinguquko ezincane ekwakhiweni kwayo kwe-high-voltage.

17. Indima Yesofthiwe: I-OCPP kanye Nokuphathwa Komthwalo Osekelwe Emafwini

Njengoba sisondela ezinkulungwaneni zamashaja axhunywe kugridi efanayo, isofthiwe iba yinto ebaluleke njengethusi ne-silicon.

17.1 Iphrothokholi Yezindawo Zokushaja Ezivulekile (i-OCPP)

I-OCPP ulimi olujwayelekile embonini olusetshenziswa phakathi kwe-EVSE kanye nohlelo lokuphatha oluphakathi (i-CMS). Ivumela lokhu:

• Ukuxilongwa Okukude:Uchwepheshe angaqala kabusha ishaja noma avuselele i-firmware yayo ekude ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
• Ukulinganisa Umthwalo Oguquguqukayo:Esakhiweni samafulethi esinamashaja angu-20 kodwa esinomthamo we-100A kuphela, i-CMS ingasebenzisa i-OCPP ukutshela ishaja ngayinye ukuthi inganikeza ugesi ongakanani ngesikhathi sangempela, iqinisekise ukuthi i-breaker eyinhloko yesakhiwo ayikhubeki ngenkathi ikhulisa amandla aphelele alethwa kuzo zonke izimoto.

17.2 Ulwazi Lomsebenzisi (UX) kanye “noMnotho Wezinhlelo Zokusebenza”

Kumthengi, umehluko phakathi kohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 uvame ukunyamalala ngemuva kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-smartphone. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumeka—ukuthi i-CP handshake iqeda ngokushesha kangakanani, ukuthi i-Wi-Fi ixhuma kabusha ngokwethembeka kangakanani ngemva kokuphela kukagesi—kusalokhu kuyisisekelo sesipiliyoni esihle somsebenzisi.

18. Isiphetho: Ukuzulazula Ezinkingeni Zomhlaba Wokushaja Okuhlanganisiwe

Umehluko phakathi kwamashaja e-EV ohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 ungaphezu nje kwenani lamaphini noma ukuma kwepulasitiki. Kuwukubonakaliswa kwefilosofi ezimbili ezahlukene zengqalasizinda kagesi.

• Uhlobo 1 (J1772)iyisisombululo esinamandla, esinamandla amakhulu esilungiselelwe igridi yesigaba esisodwa ye-120V/240V ehlukanisayo ebusa iNyakatho Melika neJapane. Umklamo wayo onamaphini amahlanu—amandla amabili, umhlabathi owodwa, isignali emibili—ulula ngamabomu, uletha ukushaja okuthembekile kweLevel 2 kufika ku-80A (19.2kW) kusekethe ye-240V. Yaklanywa umhlaba lapho ukushaja okuningi kwenzeka ekhaya noma emsebenzini, amahora amaningi, futhi lapho ubulula nezindleko kubusa khona ubunjiniyela.
• Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2)iyipulatifomu enamaphini ayisikhombisa eyakhelwe igridi ye-400V yezigaba ezintathu eYurophu nase-Asia enkulu. Iphethe amaphini amabili afanayo esignali kodwa ingeza amaphini kagesi ezigaba ezintathu, okuvumela ukushaja kwe-AC kufikela ku-43kW (noma ama-22kW ezifakelweni eziningi zangempela) futhi isekela ubuningi bamandla aphezulu obudingwa yingqalasizinda yokuhlala neyezentengiselwano yaseYurophu. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kudlulela naku-DC: umndeni wesixhumi sohlobo lwe-2 usekela i-CCS2 combo inlet, kuyilapho umklamo we-Type 1′s J1772 uveza i-CCS1.
• Iphuzu Eliyinhloko:Akukho okujwayelekile "okungcono" ngomqondo ophelele—ngalinye liyimpendulo yobunjiniyela ethembekile kugridi yalo yasekhaya. Uhlobo 1 luyisinqumo esingabizi futhi esiqinile sezifunda zesigaba esisodwa; Uhlobo 2 luyipulatifomu enamandla aphezulu, eguquguqukayo yesikhathi esizayo yezifunda zesigaba ezintathu. Indawo yokwehluleka akuyona isixhumi kodwa ihadiwe enqaba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: amashaja nama-EV asekela indinganiso eyodwa kuphela avala abanikazi bawo ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi ekhulayo yokuzulazula yomhlaba wonke.

Indlela Eya Phambili

Kubakhiqizi kanye nabaqhubi, impendulo ewusizo ihadiwe esezingeni eliphezulu. Amashaja e-DC ajwayelekile amabili (CCS1 + CCS2, CCS + CHAdeMO, kanye ne-NACS eyanda) avumela umkhiqizo owodwa ukuthi ukhonze zonke izifunda, kuyilapho izimiso zemvelo ze-adaptha zandisa izimoto ezindala. Kubathengi, isifundo silula: khetha izimoto namashaja asekela amazinga amanethiwekhi ozowasebenzisa ngempela—futhi ulindele ukuhlangana kwemboni ku-NACS eNyakatho Melika kanye ne-CCS2 eYurophu ukuze kwenze ukuhambisana kungabi yindaba ebuhlungu njalo ngonyaka odlulayo.

Inothi Ngesitifiketi Sokuphepha

Ngemuva kwesimo sepulagi kulele ungqimba lobunjiniyela abathengi abangakaze babubone kodwa wonke umuntu ofakayo kumele ahloniphe: isitifiketi. Ihadiwe yohlobo 1 ine-UL 2594 / UL 2594-1 kanye nohlu lwe-CSA eNyakatho Melika, kuyilapho ihadiwe yohlobo 2 kumele ihlangabezane ne-IEC 61851-1 futhi, ekufakweni kwezentengiselwano, isitifiketi sezingxenye ze-IEC 62196-2 eYurophu. Ukumakwa kwe-CE, i-UKCA, kanye nokuhambisana nekhodi yegridi yendawo (isb., i-VDE-AR-N 4100 eJalimane) kunquma ukuthi ishaja ingaxhunywa ngokusemthethweni yini kunethiwekhi. Abaqhubi abathenga ihadiwe yezifunda eziningi kufanele bafune izitifiketi ezihambisana nendawo ngayinye yokufaka—imfuneko ethanda kakhulu abakhiqizi abahlola futhi baqinisekise uhlobo ngalunye lwesifunda kunokufaka kabusha umklamo owodwa.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Uhlobo 1 (J1772) lubonisa ingqalasizinda yaseNyakatho Melika yesigaba esisodwa; Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2) lubonisa ingqalasizinda yaseYurophu yesigaba ezintathu.
• Imiklamo yohlobo 1 enamaphini amahlanu kanye nemiklamo yohlobo 2 enamaphini ayisikhombisa incike ku-logic efanayo yesignali ye-CP/PP, ngakho-ke "ulimi" lukagesi luyabiwa ngisho noma i-geometry ihlukile.
• Amandla esigaba sesithathu sohlobo lwesibili anika amandla e-AC aphezulu kakhulu, kanti ubulula bohlobo lwe-1 bugcina izindleko nobunzima buphansi.
• Ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi okusekelwe ku-OCPP kanye nehadiwe esezingeni eliningi kwenza umhlaba wokushaja we-hybrid ulawuleke kubaqhubi futhi ungenamthungo kubashayeli.

I-Contact MIDA Power ikhiqiza amashaja omhlaba oxubile: izinhlelo ze-AC ne-DC, izinketho zokuxhuma ze-CCS1/CCS2/CHAdeMO/NACS, kanye nesofthiwe yenethiwekhi ehambisana ne-OCPP ephatha noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwezindinganiso kusuka kudeshibhodi eyodwa. Xhumana nethimba lethu ukuze uthole isiqondiso sokuhambisana, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, kanye nesilinganiso esilungiselelwe ingqalasizinda yesifunda sakho.