Uthelekiso lweeNkqubo zoHlobo 1 J1772 kunye noHlobo 2 lwe-IEC 62196-2

Isikhokelo soBugcisa esiQinisekileyo kwiMigangatho yokuTshaja ye-EV yeHlabathi: Uthelekiso olupheleleyo lweeNkqubo zoHlobo 1 J1772 kunye noHlobo 2 IEC 62196-2, iGrid Topology, iiProtokholi zoNxibelelwano, kunye neService Infrastructure ekrelekrele

1. Intshayelelo: Utshintsho lweHlabathi ukuya kuFakelo loMbane kunye neNdima yokuTshaja okuFanelekileyo

Imeko yeemoto zehlabathi itshintsha indlela ezisebenza ngayo, ukusuka kwiinjini zokutshisa zangaphakathi (ICE) ukuya kwi-electric propulsion. Eyona nto iphambili kolu tshintsho ziziseko eziluxhasayo: Izixhobo zoMbane zoKubonelela ngeZithuthi zoMbane (EVSE), ezibizwa ngokuba ziitshaja ze-EV. Njengoko ukwamkelwa kwezithuthi zombane (EVs) kukhawulezisa, ukuqonda imiba yobugcisa yemigangatho yokutshaja kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwiinjineli, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabathengi ngokufanayo.

Uphuhliso lwemigangatho yokutshaja ye-EV ibisoloko iqhekekile, ichaphazeleka ziindlela zokwakha igridi yombane yengingqi, iimeko zomthetho, kunye nomdla weqhinga labavelisi beemoto. Namhlanje, imigangatho emibini ephambili ilawula imarike yokutshaja ye-AC (alternating current): Uhlobo 1 (SAE J1772) kunye noHlelo 2 (IEC 62196-2). Nangona zombini zisebenza injongo efanayo esisiseko—ukudlulisela amandla ombane ukusuka kwigridi ukuya kwitshaja yesithuthi—ukusetyenziswa kwazo kobugcisa, uyilo olubonakalayo, kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano zahlukile kakhulu.

Eli nqaku libonelela ngohlalutyo lobuchwephesha olunzulu lweenkqubo zokutshaja zohlobo loku-1 nohlobo lwesibini. Siza kuhlola umahluko wazo kwizakhiwo, ukulungelelana kwazo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zegridi yehlabathi, ifiziksi yemiqondiso yazo yonxibelelwano, kunye neendlela zokhuseleko ezikhusela umsebenzisi kunye nesithuthi. Ngaphezu koko, siza kuhlola indlela imida yamandla okuhlala kumazwe ahlukeneyo echaphazela ngayo isantya sokutshaja kunye neendlela ezintsha ezibumba ikamva lokunxibelelana okusemgangathweni, okukrelekrele kwi-ecosystem ye-EV.

2. Uhlobo 1 (SAE J1772) Uyilo: Imbali, Uqwalaselo lwePin, kunye noLawulo lwaseMntla Melika

Isixhumi sohlobo 1, esaziwa ngokuba ngumgangatho we-SAE J1772, sisixhobo esiphambili sokutshaja i-AC esisetyenziswa eMntla Melika naseJapan. Saphuhliswa yiSociety of Automotive Engineers (SAE), senzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zegridi zombane zesigaba esinye ezifumaneka kwezi ndawo.

2.1 Ifilosofi yoMxholo weMbali kunye noYilo

Umgangatho we-J1772 wacetywa okokuqala ngo-2001 waza wahlengahlengiswa kaninzi ukuze ufikelele kwimo yawo yangoku. Injongo ephambili yoyilo yayikukudala ujongano olukhuselekileyo, oluqinileyo, nolusebenziseka lula kwiNqanaba loku-1 (120V) kunye neNqanaba lesi-2 (240V). Ngokungafaniyo neemfuno zezigaba ezininzi zeegridi zaseYurophu, igridi yokuhlala yaseMntla Melika ikakhulu inezigaba ezahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo, inika imilenze emibini ye-120V enokuhlanganiswa kwinkonzo ye-240V. Ngenxa yoko, isixhumi sohlobo loku-1 senzelwe ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba esinye esinombane ophezulu.

2.2 Uqwalaselo lwePin ebonakalayo

Isixhumi sohlobo 1 sinesakhiwo seephini ezintlanu:

1. L1 (Umgca 1):Umqhubi wamandla oyintloko.
2. L2/N (Umgca 2 okanye ongathathi cala):Kwi-120V Level 1 charging, oku kusebenza njenge-Neutral. Kwi-240V Level 2 charging, oku kusebenza njengesigaba sesibini se-120V (L2).
3. I-PE (Umhlaba/Umhlaba oKhuselayo):Uqhagamshelo lokhuseleko lomhlaba, oluqinisekisa ukuba itshasi yesithuthi ibotshelelwe kumhlaba wegridi.
4. I-CP (Ulawulo Lovavanyo):Umgca wonxibelelwano osetyenziselwa ukuxoxisana ngemida yokutshaja phakathi kwe-EVSE kunye nesithuthi.
5. I-CS (Ulawulo loLawulo) / Uvavanyo loBucala (PP):I-feedback loop ebona ukuba iplagi ifakiwe ngokupheleleyo na kwaye ivumela imoto ukuba ithintele intshukumo ngelixa itshaja.

2.3 Iimpawu kunye nemida yoMbane

Umgangatho wohlobo 1 uxhasa ukutshaja kwe-AC ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80 Amps, ethi kwi-240V iguqulele kumandla aphezulu e-19.2 kW. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweetshaja zohlobo 1 zokuhlala zisebenza phakathi kwe-16A (3.8 kW) kunye ne-48A (11.5 kW), zilingana nobuchule beetshaja eziqhelekileyo ezikwibhodi. Uyilo olubonakalayo lweepini luqinile, lwenzelwe ukusingatha imithwalo ephezulu yobushushu kwiibhayisekile ezingamawaka. Olunye uphawu olucacileyo lweplagi yohlobo 1 yindlela yayo yokubambelela ngesandla, efuna umsebenzisi ukuba acinezele i-trigger ukuze akhulule iplagi kwindawo yokungena yesithuthi.

3. Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2) Uyilo: Umgangatho weMennekes, uYilo lweModular, kunye nokuguquguquka kweYurophu

Njengoko imakethi yaseYurophu yayifuna ukwenza ukutshaja kwe-EV kube semgangathweni, yajongana nomngeni owahlukileyo: ukuxhaphaka kweenkqubo zombane zamanqanaba amathathu kwiindawo zokuhlala nezorhwebo. Isisombululo yayisisixhumi sohlobo lwesibini, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiplagi ethi “Mennekes” ethatyathwe yinkampani yaseJamani eyayiyila.

3.1 Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-IEC 62196-2

IKhomishini ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) yamkele uyilo lwe-Type 2 njengenxalenye yomgangatho we-IEC 62196. Ngokungafaniyo nesixhumi se-Type 1, esinomda wokusebenza kwesigaba esinye, isixhumi se-Type 2 sayilwa kwasekuqaleni ukuba sibe se-modular kwaye singamelani nekamva. Singaxhasa ukuhanjiswa kombane we-AC wesigaba esinye, wesigaba esahlulweyo, kunye nowesigaba sesithathu.

3.2 Uyilo kunye nokusebenza kweePin ezisiXhenxe

Isixhumi sohlobo lwesibini sisebenzisa uqwalaselo lweephini ezisixhenxe:

1. L1, L2, L3:Ii-conductors ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, ezivumela ukuhanjiswa kombane ngezigaba ezintathu.
2. N (engathathi cala):Umqhubi ongathathi cala ozinikeleyo, obalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zezigaba ezintathu apho umthwalo usenokungalingani.
3. I-PE (Umhlaba oKhuselayo):Indawo yokhuseleko.
4. I-CP (Ulawulo Lovavanyo):Umgca wokubonisa (ufana nomsebenzi we-J1772).
5. I-PP (Uvavanyo lokusondela):Isetyenziselwa ukubona ubukho beplagi, kwaye, kumgangatho we-Type 2, idlulise amandla okuthwala umbane wentambo ngokwayo ngenkqubo enekhowudi yokumelana.

3.3 Ukuguquguquka kunye nemida yamandla

Isixhumi sohlobo lwesibini sinamandla kakhulu kunesohlobo lwe-1. Kwisimo sesigaba sesithathu, sinokuxhasa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-63 Amps ngesigaba ngasinye, ngokwethiyori sibonelela ngamandla e-AC ukuya kuthi ga kwi-43 kW (nangona i-22 kW ngumda osebenzayo kwiindawo ezininzi zokufakelwa kwesigaba sesithathu zikawonke-wonke nezokuhlala). Nokuba kwimo yesigaba esinye, sinokulingana nokusebenza kohlobo lwe-1. Ngaphezu koko, i-inlet yohlobo lwe-2 kwisithuthi yenzelwe ukuba ihambelane ne-CCS2 (iNkqubo yokuTshaja eDibeneyo) yokutshaja ngesantya esiphezulu se-DC, yongeza iiphini ezimbini ezinkulu ze-DC ngaphantsi kwe-AC interface.

4. Amandla eSigaba soMbane: Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweSigaba esinye kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla kweSigaba eSithathu

Umahluko omkhulu wobuchwephesha phakathi kweenkqubo zohlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2 uxhomekeke kwindlela ezisingatha ngayo izigaba zombane. Oku akusiyo nje indlela yokukhetha isixhumi kodwa kukubonakalisa isiseko segridi esingaphantsi.

4.1 Imida yeSigaba esinye kuhlobo 1

Kwinkqubo yohlobo 1, itshaja ekwinqwelo (i-OBC) yesithuthi yenzelwe ukufumana amandla avela kumthombo omnye we-AC. Ukwandisa isantya sokutshaja, izinto eziguquguqukayo kuphela ezinokulungiswa yi-voltage (120V ukuya kwi-240V) kunye ne-current (i-Amperage). Ngenxa yokuba iiphaneli zokuhlala e-US zihlala zikhawulelwe kwinkonzo iyonke ye-200A, iisekethe ze-EV ezizinikeleyo ezingaphezulu kwe-50A zifuna ukuphuculwa okukhulu kweziseko zophuhliso. Ukutshaja kwe-single-phase ephezulu kukwabeka umthwalo omkhulu wobushushu kwiintambo kunye neepini zokudibanisa.

4.2 Iingenelo zeSigaba eSithathu kuhlobo lwesi-2

Iinkqubo zohlobo lwesibini zisebenzisa iigridi zezigaba ezintathu eziqhelekileyo eYurophu nakwiindawo zaseAsia naseOceania. Ngokusasaza amandla kwiizigaba ezintathu, inkqubo inokubonelela nge-wattage ephezulu kakhulu kwi-amperage ezisezantsi kwisigaba ngasinye. Umzekelo, itshaja ye-11 kW isebenzisa i-16A kwiizigaba ezintathu (3 x 230V x 16A ≈ 11 kW). Ukuze kufezekiswe i-11 kW efanayo kwinkqubo yohlobo lwesigaba esinye, umbane kuya kufuneka ube malunga ne-46A (240V x 46A ≈ 11 kW).

I-amperage esezantsi ngesigaba ngasinye kwiinkqubo zohlobo lwesibini ikhokelela koku:

• Ukuveliswa kobushushu okuncitshisiweyo:Ukufudumeza okunciphisayo kwiintambo kunye nezihlanganisi.
• IiCable Cross-Sections ezincinci:Iintambo ezikhaphukhaphu neziguquguqukayo zombane ofanayo.
• Uzinzo lweGridi:Ukutshaja ngezigaba ezintathu kubonelela ngomthwalo olungeleleneyo kwigridi, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungalingani kwezigaba kunye neengxaki zamandla angathathi cala kwi-transformer yosasazo lwendawo.

4.3 Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuguqulwa

Ngokwembono yobuchwephesha, ukusebenza kakuhle kwetshaja ekwibhodi nako kuyachaphazeleka. I-AC yesigaba sesithathu ilungiswa ibe yi-DC ngokutyibilikayo ngakumbi kune-AC yesigaba esinye, nto leyo efuna ukuhluzwa okuncinci ukuze kufumaneke i-DC voltage ezinzileyo yebhetri. Oku kunokukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu kancinci kwii-OBC zesigaba sesithathu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye zesigaba esinye.

(Isiphelo seBloko 1. Qhubeka kwibhloko elandelayo ukuze ufikelele kubude nobunzulu obufunekayo.)

5. Ukunyaniseka kweSignali kunye noNxibelelwano: Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lweMisebenzi yeCP (uLawulo loMqhubi) kunye nePP (uLuhlu loMqhubi olusondeleyo)

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-EVSE kunye ne-EV luphathwa ziimigca ezimbini zesignali eziphantsi kwe-voltage: i-Control Pilot (CP) kunye ne-Proximity Pilot (PP). Nangona izihlanganisi zomzimba zahlukile, i-protocol yesignali esisiseko yokutshaja kwe-AC imiselwe ngokwe-IEC 61851-1 kunye ne-SAE J1772.

5.1 Ulawulo lwePilot (CP) kunye nePulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Isignali ye-CP yi-±12V 1kHz square wave eyenziwe yi-EVSE. Le signali isebenza njenge-handbag ephambili kunye ne-status indicator. Ulandelelwano lonxibelelwano luchazwa ngamanqanaba athile e-voltage kunye nomjikelo womsebenzi wesignali ye-PWM.

• Imeko A (Ixesha elibekiweyo):I-EVSE ikhupha i-+12V DC engaguqukiyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba itshaja iyasebenza kodwa akukho sithuthi siqhagamshelweyo.
• Iphondo B (Isithuthi esiqhagamshelweyo):Xa iplagi ifakiwe, isithuthi sidibanisa i-resistor kunye ne-diode phakathi kwemigca ye-CP kunye ne-PE. Oku kunciphisa i-voltage ukusuka kwi-+12V ukuya kwi-+9V. I-EVSE iyayibona le drop kwaye iqalise ukuvelisa isignali ye-PWM ye-1kHz.
• Imeko C (Kucelwe ukuhlawuliswa):Isithuthi sibonisa ukulungela kwaso ukwamkela umbane ngokuvala iswitshi ebeka ukumelana okuphantsi kwisekethe, nto leyo ehlisa i-voltage ye-CP ukuya kwi-+6V. Kule ndawo, i-EVSE ivala ii-contactors zayo zangaphakathi ukuze inike umbane we-AC.
• Iphondo D (Kufuneka umoya):Ukuba imoto ifuna umoya (oku kunqabile kwii-EV zanamhlanje kodwa kuyinxalenye yomgangatho), i-voltage yehla iye kwi-+3V.
• Imeko ye-E/F (Iimpazamo):Isignali ye-0V okanye ye--12V ibonisa impazamo, njengempazamo yomhlaba okanye ukulahleka ngokupheleleyo konxibelelwano.

IIsekile yomsebenziyesignali ye-PWM edluliselwa yi-EVSE ixelela imoto ukuba ngowona mbane uphezulu ivumelekileyo ukuwutsala. Umzekelo:

• Umjikelo woMsebenzi we-10% = ii-Amps ezi-6
• Umjikelo woMsebenzi we-25% = ii-Amps ezili-15
• Umjikelo woMsebenzi we-50% = ii-Amps ezingama-30
• Umjikelo woMsebenzi we-80% = ii-Amps ezingama-48

Oku kuvumela ulawulo lomthwalo olutshintshatshintshayo; ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla endlwini kuyanda, i-EVSE inokunciphisa umjikelo womsebenzi ukuthintela ukukhubeka kwe-main breaker.

5.2 I-Proximity Pilot (PP) kunye ne-Mechanical Interlock

Isignali yePP iqinisekisa ukuba imoto ayinakukwazi ukuhamba ngelixa ixhunyiwe kwaye inceda inkqubo ukuba ibone ubungakanani bomthwalo wentambo.

• Kwi-Type 1 (J1772):Umgca we-PP (odla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-CS pin) uqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi ekwisiphatho seplagi. Xa umsebenzisi ecinezela iqhosha lokukhulula, isekethe iyaphuka. Isithuthi siyakuva oku ngoko nangoko size siyeke ukutsala umbane ngaphambi kokuba ii-power pin eziphambili ziqhawulwe, nto leyo ethintela ukuxinana kombane.
• Kwi-Type 2 (IEC 62196):Umgca wePP usetyenziselwa ukuchonga uhlobo lwentambo. Iintambo zifakelwe i-resistor phakathi kweephini zePP kunye nePE. Intambo ye-11 kW (16A) iya kuba ne-resistance eyahlukileyo kunentambo ye-22 kW (32A). I-EVSE kunye nesithuthi zisebenzisa olu xhathiso ukuqinisekisa ukuba azidluli kwimida yobushushu yentambo, nokuba imoto inamandla aphezulu.

6. Uyilo lweMishini kunye noKhuseleko: Iindlela zokuTshixa, iiRatings ze-IP, kunye nokuqina okubonakalayo

Indawo yokutshaja kwe-EV inzima—ichatshazelwa yimvula, ikhephu, uthuli, kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo. Ke ngoko, uyilo loomatshini lwezihlanganisi zohlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2 luyilwe kakuhle.

6.1 Iindlela zokutshixa: Ngesandla vs. Nge-elektroniki

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi migangatho mibini yindlela iplagi ebotshelelwe ngayo kwisithuthi.

• Uhlobo 1 lweLatch ngesandla:Iplagi yohlobo loku-1 inesigqubuthelo somatshini esisebenza ngobhontsi. Oku kulula kwaye kuthembekile kodwa akunazo ukhuseleko; nabani na angangena aze akhulule imoto yokutshaja ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzisi wongeze i-padlock eyahlukileyo kwisibambo.
• Uhlobo lwe-2 lwe-Electronic Lock:Umgangatho we-Type 2 uxhomekeke kwiphini yokutshixa enenjini ngaphakathi kwendawo yokungena yesithuthi. Xa itshaja iqala, imoto iyazitshixa ngokuzenzekelayo iplagi endaweni yayo. Oku kuthintela ukubiwa kwentambo (kwimeko yeetshaja ezingabotshelelwanga ezixhaphakileyo eYurophu) kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iplagi ayinakususwa ngelixa umsinga ophilayo uqhubeka.

6.2 Ukhuseleko Lokungena (IP) kunye Nokutywinwa Kokusingqongileyo

Zombini izihlanganisi zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezilinganiso eziphezulu ze-IP (ngesiqhelo i-IP54 okanye ngaphezulu xa zidibene).

• Iitshaneli zokukhupha amanzi:Izihlanganisi zohlobo lwesibini zinemingxuma ekhethekileyo yokukhupha amanzi ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba amanzi angadibani ajikeleze iiphini.
• Isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo:Ezi zindlu zenziwe ngeepolymers ezizinzileyo ze-UV, ezimelana nokuchaphazeleka njenge-PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuwa kwikhonkrithi kunye nokukhanya kwelanga okunamandla.
• Ukudibanisa uQhagamshelwano:Izikhonkwane zihlala zigqunywe ngesilivere ukuqinisekisa ukuba azikwazi ukumelana nokudibana kwaye zihlala ixesha elide kumawakawaka eemijikelo zokudibana.

6.3 Ulawulo lobushushu

Iitshaja ze-AC ezinamandla aphezulu zanamhlanje zihlala ziquka ii-thermistors (ii-NTC sensors) ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwiplagi. Ezi sensors zijonga ubushushu beepini ngexesha langempela. Ukuba ubushushu budlula umda wokhuseleko (umz., ngenxa yoqhagamshelo olukhululekileyo okanye inkunkuma kwindawo yokungena), i-EVSE iya kunika isithuthi umqondiso wokunciphisa umbane wokutshaja okanye ukuvala ngokupheleleyo ukuthintela umlilo.

7. IiTopoloji zeGridi yeHlabathi: iiTN, iiTT, kunye neeNethiwekhi ze-IT kunye neMpembelelo yazo ekuFakelweni kwe-EVSE

Uyilo kunye nokufakelwa kwe-EVSE kuchaphazeleka kakhulu ziinkqubo zokumisa umhlaba ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. I-EVSE kufuneka ibone ukuba kukho umhlaba okhuselekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ivumele ukutshaja kuqale.

7.1 Iinkqubo ze-TN (ezingakhethi cala)

Inkqubo ye-TN ixhaphakile eMntla Melika (TN-CS) nase-UK. Kule nkqubo, i-neutral kunye nomhlaba zibotshelelwe emnyango wenkonzo. Nangona oku kubonelela ngendlela ethembekileyo ye-fault currents, kubeka umngcipheko xa kukho i-"Open PEN" (Protective Earth Neutral). Ukuba intambo engathathi hlangothi evela kwigridi iyaphuka, i-chassis ye-EV inokunikwa amandla kwi-line voltage. Oku kukhokelele ekuphuhlisweni kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ze-"Open PEN detection" kwiitshaja ze-UK-spec.

7.2 Iinkqubo zeTT (iTerra-Terra)

Ixhaphake kwiindawo ezithile zelizwekazi laseYurophu (njengeFransi ne-Itali) naseJapan, inkqubo ye-TT isebenzisa intonga yomhlaba yasekuhlaleni engadibaniyo ne-neutral yegridi. I-EVSE efakwe kwiinethiwekhi ze-TT kufuneka ibe novakalelo olukhulu kwi-ground impedance. Ukuba intonga yomhlaba ayinzulu ngokwaneleyo okanye umhlaba womile kakhulu, itshaja inokwala ukuqala kuba ayinakuqinisekisa indlela eya emhlabeni engenamandla kangako.

7.3 Iinkqubo ze-IT (Isolé-Terra)

Ifumaneka eNorway nakwezinye iindawo zoshishino, inkqubo ye-IT ayinanxibelelwano ngqo phakathi kwe-neutral/phases kunye nomhlaba. Oku kunika umngeni owahlukileyo kwii-EV, njengoko iitshaja ezininzi ezikwibhodi zenzelwe ukulindela i-neutral engashukumiyo. Ii-transformers ezizodwa zihlala zifuneka ukutshaja ii-EV kwiinethiwekhi ze-IT ngokukhuselekileyo.

7.4 Utshintsho lweGrid Frequency kunye neVoltage

Nangona uhlobo 1 nohlobo 2 zahlukile kakhulu ngenkxaso yazo yesigaba, i-grid frequency engaphantsi (60Hz e-US/Japan vs. 50Hz kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi) ikwachaphazela uyilo lwee-inductors kunye nee-capacitors kwitshaja yesithuthi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwee-OBC zanamhlanje zibanzi, ziyakwazi ukuphatha i-100V-250V kunye ne-50/60Hz.

8. Imiqobo yoMbane kwiindawo zokuhlala: Indlela iMimiselo yeGridi yeSizwe kunye neePaneli zoSasazo lweKhaya ezithintela ngayo isantya sokutshaja kwe-EV

Izantya zokutshaja zethiyori (ezifana ne-22 kW yohlobo 2 okanye i-19.2 kW yohlobo 1) azifumaneki rhoqo kwiindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokunqongophala kwegridi yendawo kunye nephaneli yombane yekhaya.

8.1 UMntla Melika: Umda wePaneli ye-200A

E-United States, ikhaya eliqhelekileyo lanamhlanje linephaneli yenkonzo ye-200A. Itshaja yeNqanaba lesi-2 edweba i-48A ifuna i-breaker ye-60A. Ngokwe-National Electrical Code (NEC), umthwalo oqhubekayo (njengokutshaja kwe-EV) akufuneki udlule kwi-80% yomlinganiselo we-breaker wesekethe. Kumakhaya aneephaneli ezindala ze-100A, ukufaka i-EVSE enamandla aphezulu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphuculwa kwenkonzo, okunokubiza amawaka eedola. Oku kukhokelele ekuthandweni kweetshaja ze-32A (7.7 kW), ezilinganisela isantya sokutshaja kunye nomthamo wephaneli.

8.2 I-United Kingdom: Ulawulo lweSigaba esinye kunye ne-PEN evulekileyo

Nangona igridi yase-UK inezigaba ezintathu kwinqanaba lokusasazwa, uninzi lwamakhaya lubonelelwa ngesigaba esinye se-230V, 60A okanye 100A. Oku kunciphisa ukutshaja kwezindlu ukuya kwi-7.4 kW. Ngenxa yokufakelwa komhlaba kwe-TN-CS okukhankanyiweyo ngaphambili, imithetho yase-UK ifuna ukuba iitshaja zibe nokhuseleko olubizayo kwiimpazamo ezivulekileyo nezingathathi cala, nto leyo eyenza i-EVSE ethile yase-UK ibe nzima ngakumbi kunezinye zaseYurophu.

8.3 IJamani kunye noMntla Yurophu: Umgangatho we-11 kW

EJamani, amandla ezigaba ezintathu aqhelekile phantse kuzo zonke izakhiwo zokuhlala. Oku kuvumela ukufakwa ngokubanzi kweebhokisi zodonga ze-11 kW (3 x 16A). Ngokungafaniyo nase-US, apho i-11 kW ifuna isekethe enzima ye-60A enye yesigaba, eJamani, ifuna kuphela isekethe yezigaba ezintathu ye-16A, esebenzisa iingcingo ezincinci kakhulu kwaye ifumaneka lula kwiiphaneli zokusasaza ezikhoyo. Iinkampani ezininzi zaseJamani zifuna isaziso okanye imvume yeetshaja ezingaphezulu kwe-11 kW (ezifana neeyunithi ze-22 kW) ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwegridi yendawo.

8.4 iOstreliya neNew Zealand: I-High Voltage, iSigaba esinye

I-Australia isebenzisa inkqubo ye-230V/240V efana neyase-UK. Uninzi lwezinto ezifakelwayo kwiindawo zokuhlala ziyi-single-phase 7.4 kW. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemigama emide kunye nendalo yasemakhaya yegridi, ukuguquguquka kwe-voltage kuqhelekile. I-EVSE kwezi ndawo kufuneka ibe nokhuselo oluqinileyo lwe-over-voltage kunye ne-under-voltage ukuze ikwazi ukujongana "nokukhanya okumnyama" okanye ukunyuka ngaphandle kokonakalisa imoto.

(Isiphelo seBloko 2. Qhubeka kwibhloko elandelayo ukuze ufikelele kubude nobunzulu obufunekayo.)

9. Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lweSekethe: Ukusebenzisa ii-RCD zohlobo lwe-A/B, ukuFunyaniswa kokuVula kwe-DC, kunye noKhuselo oluQhelekileyo kwi-AC Charging

Ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu kuyilo lwe-EVSE. Ukutshaja i-EV kubandakanya ukuhambisa amandla amaninzi kwixesha elide, rhoqo kwiimeko ezimanzi. Ngenxa yoko, isekethe yokhuseleko kufuneka ibe nobuchule ngakumbi kuneyesixhobo esiqhelekileyo sasekhaya.

9.1 Izixhobo zangoku ezisele (ii-RCD): Uhlobo A vs. Uhlobo B

I-RCD yenzelwe ukubona ukungalingani phakathi kombane ohamba ngentambo kunye neengcingo ezingathathi cala, nto leyo ebonisa ukuvuza emhlabeni ("impazamo yomhlaba"). Ekutshajeni kwe-EV, kukho umngcipheko othile:Intsalela yangoku yeDC.

• Ii-RCD zohlobo A:Ezi zixhaphakile kwiiphaneli zokuhlala kwaye zinokubona i-AC kunye ne-pulsating DC residual currents. Nangona kunjalo, zinokucinywa kukuvuza okuthambileyo kwe-DC. Ukuba impazamo kwitshaja ye-EV ekwibhodi ibangela ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-6mA ye-DC ethambileyo ivuze kwicala le-AC, i-internal transformer core ye-Type A RCD ingagcwala, ithintele ukuba ingakhubeki nokuba kukho impazamo ye-AC eyingozi.
• Ii-RCD zohlobo B:Ezi zenzelwe ukubona i-AC, i-pulsating DC, kunye nemisinga eseleyo ye-DC egudileyo. Nangona zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu, zibiza kakhulu.
• I-RDC-DD (Isixhobo Sokufumanisa Umbane Oseleyo):Ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko ngelixa kugcinwa ukhuseleko, uninzi lwee-EVSE zanamhlanje zifaka imodyuli ye-RDC-DD (ehambelana ne-IEC 62955). Le modyuli ibona ukuvuza kwe-DC okugudileyo ngaphezulu kwe-6mA kwaye iphazamise itshaja. Xa kukho i-RDC-DD, i-RCD yohlobo lwe-A esemgangathweni (nexabiso eliphantsi) ingasetyenziswa kwiphaneli yokusasaza ephezulu.

9.2 Ukhuseleko lwe-Overcurrent kunye ne-Short-Circuit

Yonke isekethe ye-EVSE kufuneka ikhuselwe yiMiniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). Ngenxa yokuba ukutshaja kwe-EV kungumthwalo oqhubekayo, i-MCB kufuneka isuswe. E-US (NEC), umthwalo wokutshaja we-40A ufuna i-50A breaker. EYurophu, ukukhethwa kwe-MCB (Uhlobo B, C, okanye i-D curve) kuxhomekeke kumbane olindelekileyo wetshaja yesithuthi esikwinqwelo. I-"C" curve breaker idla ngokukhethwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhubeka ngexesha loqhagamshelo lokuqala.

9.3 Ukhuseleko Lokugqabhuka (i-SPD)

Ii-EVSE zihlala zifakelwa ngaphandle kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kwinto enkulu yesinyithi (imoto), nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe sesichengeni sokubetha kombane ngokungangqalanga kunye nokugruzuka kwegridi. Ukufakelwa kwesixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 2 Surge Protective Device (SPD) kuyacetyiswa kakhulu (kwaye kwezinye iindawo, njengeJamani, kuyimfuneko) ukukhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezibuthathaka zetshaja kunye nesithuthi.

9.4 IiContactors kunye neGalvanic Isolation

Eyona nto iphambili ekunikezelweni kwamandla yi-EVSEUmnxibelelanisi. Le yireyila enzima edibanisa okanye iqhawule iiphini zamandla ze-AC ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngenxa yokhuseleko, i-contactor kufuneka "ivuleke rhoqo," oko kuthetha ukuba umbane unikezelwa kuphela xa isignali ye-CP ibonisa "iState C" (Ikulungele ukutshaja). I-EVSE esemgangathweni ophezulu isebenzisa ii-contactors ezineepali kwiinkqubo zezigaba ezintathu ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izigaba kunye ne-neutral zahlulwe xa zingasetyenziswa. Ezinye iiyunithi eziphambili ziquka "i-Welded Contact Detection," ejonga imeko ye-contactor; ukuba ii-contacts ziyadibana (ukuthintela umbane ukuba ungacinywa), i-EVSE iya kuvula i-alamu yehardware kwaye ihlale kwimeko yempazamo.

10. Ukutshaja ngobuchule kunye ne-ISO 15118: Ukudlulela ngaphaya kwe-PWM ukuya kuNxibelelwano lweDijithali kunye nePlug & Charge

Nangona isignali ye-CP/PP esisiseko yanele ukutshaja i-AC elula, ikamva le-ecosystem ye-EV lixhomekeke kutshintshiselwano lwedatha olutyebileyo nolwedijithali. Kulapho umgangatho we-ISO 15118 usebenza khona.

10.1 Imida ye-PWM

I-PWM signaling eqhelekileyo idlulisela kuphela umbane ophezulu okhoyo. Ayixeleli i-EVSE imeko yokutshaja kwesithuthi (i-SoC), umthamo webhetri yaso, okanye isichazi saso esahlukileyo. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi, iimpawu ezinje ngokuhlawulisa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukutshaja okuqaphela igridi, kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kwicala ngalinye kunzima ukuzisebenzisa.

10.2 Unxibelelwano lwe-HomePlug Green PHY kunye ne-PLC

I-ISO 15118 yazisaUnxibelelwano lweentambo zombane (PLC)ngaphezulu kwentambo yeControl Pilot (CP). Ngokugquma isignali yedijithali ephindaphindayo (i-HomePlug Green PHY) kwisignali ye-CP ye-1kHz, imoto kunye ne-EVSE zinokuseka uqhagamshelo lwe-TCP/IP. Oku kuvumela oku kulandelayo:

• Iplagi kunye nokutshaja:Isithuthi sizibona ngokuzenzekelayo kwitshaja. Itshaja inxibelelana neseva yangasemva ukuze ivumele iseshoni kwaye iphathe intlawulo ngaphandle kwesidingo sekhadi le-RFID okanye i-app yeselula.
• Ukudibanisa iGridi ekrelekrele:I-EV inokwazisa ixesha layo lokuhamba elicwangcisiweyo kunye neemfuno zamandla. Igridi (okanye iNkqubo yoLawulo lwaMandla aseKhaya - i-HEMS) ingacwangcisa ukutshaja xa amaxabiso ombane ephantsi okanye imveliso yamandla avuselelekayo iphezulu.

10.3 Ikamva Lokutshaja Kweendlela Ezimbini (V2G, V2H, V2X)

Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kwi-ISO 15118 (ingakumbi uhlaziyo lwe--20) kukuxhaswa kokutshaja kwe-AC okuya kwicala elinye. Nangona uninzi lwezixhobo zeVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) ngoku zisebenzisa i-DC (nge-CHAdeMO okanye i-CCS), ukutshaja kwe-AC okuhamba kwicala elinye kuvumela imoto ukuba isebenzise itshaja yayo ekwibhodi njenge-inverter ukuze ibuyisele umbane ekhaya okanye kwigridi. Oku kufuna ukuba i-EVSE isebenze njengomlindi wesango onobuchule, iqinisekisa ukuba umbane obuyiselwayo kwigridi uhambelana nesigaba kunye nefrikhwensi yegridi ngokugqibeleleyo.

11. Uhlalutyo lweMigangatho yeSithili: GB/T (eTshayina) vs. Uhlobo 2

Nangona uHlobo 1 kunye noHlobo 2 zigubungela uninzi lwehlabathi, iTshayina—eyona marike inkulu ye-EV kwihlabathi—isebenzisa umgangatho wayo:I-GB/T 20234.

11.1 Ukufana Ngokwendalo Nohlobo 2

Ngokwendalo, isixhumi se-GB/T AC sijongeka sifana kakhulu nesixhumi se-Type 2. Sinesakhiwo se-seven-pin. Nangona kunjalo, izini zijikile: iplagi inee-pin (ezesilisa), kwaye imoto inee-sockets (ezesifazana), nto leyo echaseneyo nomgangatho we-Type 2.

11.2 Umahluko kuNxibelelwano

Ukubonisana kwi-GB/T AC kusekwe kumgaqo ofanayo we-PWM njengohlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2. Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso achanekileyo e-resistor kwi-PP kunye ne-CP handshakes ahluke kancinci. Oku kuthetha ukuba imoto yaseYurophu yohlobo 2 ayinakusebenzisa itshaja ye-GB/T yaseTshayina (okanye ngokuchaseneyo) ngaphandle kwe-adaptha ekhethekileyo engatshintshi nje kuphela iiphini zomzimba kodwa ikwanayo nesekethe yokuguqula isignali.

11.3 Impembelelo yeMarike

Ukwahluka komgangatho we-GB/T kugxininisa izinto zejografi nezoqoqosho ezichaphazela ukubekwa emgangathweni kobugcisa. Ngokwenza umgangatho wayo, iTshayina yaqinisekisa ukuba abavelisi bayo basekhaya banenkqubo yendalo ekhuselweyo ngelixa isasebenzisa izifundo zobugcisa ezifunyenwe kwimigangatho ye-IEC.

12. Uvavanyo, Isiqinisekiso, kunye noQinisekiso loMgangatho: UL, CE, kunye nangaphaya

Ngaphambi kokuba i-EVSE ithengiswe, kufuneka ivavanywe ngokungqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayizukumtshisa umsebenzisi okanye iqale umlilo.

12.1 UL 2594 kunye ne-UL 2231 (eMntla Melika)

EMantla Melika, ii-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) zichaza imigangatho ye-EVSE. I-UL 2594 igubungela ulwakhiwo olusisiseko kunye nokhuseleko lwesikhululo sokutshaja, ngelixa i-UL 2231 igxile kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko lwabasebenzi (umsebenzi we-RCD/GFCI). Imfuneko ephambili yesatifikethi se-UL yi-"Impact Resistance" - itshaja kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana nokubethwa bubunzima obunzima ngaphandle kokuveza iindawo eziphilayo.

12.2 CE kunye ne-IEC 61851 (iYurophu/iHlabathi)

EYurophu, uphawu lwe-CE lubonisa ukuthotyelwa kwe-Low Voltage Directive kunye ne-EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) Directive. Umgangatho oyintloko wobugcisa nguloI-IEC 61851Uvavanyo luquka:

• Amandla eDielectric:Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-insulation iyakwazi ukumelana nee-spikes eziphezulu zombane.
• Ukunyuka kobushushu:Sebenzisa itshaja kumbane ophezulu kangangeeyure ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayitshisi kakhulu.
• Ukumelana nokusingqongileyo:Uvavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa kwiindawo ezikunxweme kunye novavanyo lokungena kothuli kwiindawo ezomileyo.

12.3 Ukubaluleka koVavanyo lokuSebenzisana

Ngaphaya kokhuseleko, kukho umngeniUkusebenzisanaAyizizo zonke iimoto ezisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo nayo yonke itshaja. Amaqela afana neCharIN (i-Charging Interface Initiative) enza i-“Testivals” apho abavelisi bezisa izithuthi zabo kunye neetshaja ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhawulana kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano zisebenza kakuhle kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo.

(Ukuphela kweBhloko 3. Ukuqhubeka nokwandisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa kwiiplagi ezikrelekrele kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwixesha elizayo.)

13. Ulwahlulo oluPhambili lweCandelo: Ubunjineli bangaphakathi beWallbox yanamhlanje

Ukuze uqonde umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zohlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2 kwinqanaba eliyi-granular, umntu kufuneka ajonge ngaphakathi "kwi-wallbox" ngokwayo. I-EVSE ayisiyo nje intambo yokwandisa ezukileyo; yikhompyutha enobuchule yokulawula amandla.

13.1 Umlawuli Oyintloko (i-MCU)

Ingqondo ye-EVSE idla ngokuba yi-microcontroller ye-32-bit (njenge-ARM Cortex-M series). Le chip iphatha ukuveliswa kwesignali ye-1kHz CP, ijonga ukumelana ne-PP, kwaye iqhuba i-logic yokhuseleko. Kwiitshaja ezikrelekrele, le MCU ikwalawula i-Wi-Fi okanye i-Ethernet stack kwaye inxibelelana ne-app yeselula yomsebenzisi nge-MQTT okanye iiprotocol ze-HTTP.

13.2 Ukuqonda kwangoku: Isiphumo seHall vs. Shunt

Ukujonga amandla aziswayo nokubona iimeko zomsinga ogqithisileyo, i-EVSE isebenzisa izinzwa zangoku.

• Izinzwa zeHall Effect:Ezi zilinganisa amandla emagnethi aveliswa ngumsinga. Zibonelela ngokwahlukana kwe-galvanic kwaye zilungile kakhulu kwiisicelo zombane ophezulu.
• Izithinteli zeShunt:Ezi zilinganisa ukuhla kwevolthi kumandla ombane aziwayo. Nangona zichanekile kakhulu, zifuna iisekethe zokwahlukanisa ezintsonkothileyo.

Kwiitshaja zohlobo lwesibini zesigaba sesithathu, i-MCU kufuneka ijonge iindlela ezintathu zangoku ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye ukuqinisekisa ibhalansi yesigaba kwaye ibone ukuba isigaba esinye asiphumelelanga na.

13.3 Ubonelelo lwaMandla oluNcedisayo

Izixhobo ze-elektroniki zangaphakathi (i-MCU, imodyuli ye-Wi-Fi, isibonisi, kunye neekhoyili ze-contactor) zifuna umbane we-DC one-voltage ephantsi (ngesiqhelo yi-12V okanye i-5V). Kwinkqubo ye-Type 2-phase-phase, umbane oncedisayo uhlala wenzelwe ukusebenza nokuba kukho isigaba esinye kuphela, okuvumela itshaja ukuba ihlale "kwi-intanethi" kwaye ixele umsebenzisi ngempazamo yokulahleka kwesigaba.

14. Iiplagi ezikrelekrele kunye noQhagamshelo oluMiselweyo: Ikamva lokutshaja okuphathekayo

Nangona iibhokisi zodonga ezizinzileyo ziyimigangatho yegolide, uninzi lwabanini be-EV baxhomekeke kwiitshaja eziphathwayo (ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ziintambo zikagogo” okanye “ii-IC-CPD” – Izixhobo zoLawulo noKhuseleko ezingaphakathi kwiCable).

14.1 Iingozi Zobuchwephesha ZeePlagi Zasekhaya

Ukutshaja i-EV kwi-socket eqhelekileyo yasekhaya (i-NEMA 5-15 e-US okanye i-Schuko eYurophu) kuyinselele kwezobuchwepheshe. Ezi sockets azizange zenzelwe ukubonelela ngee-Amps ezili-10-16 rhoqo kangangeeyure ezili-12.

• Ukubaleka kobushushu:Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uxinzelelo olukwizihlanganisi zesinyithi zesokethi lunokuba buthathaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuxhathiseni okuphezulu nasekutshiseni kakhulu.
• Iiplagi ezikrelekrele eziza kuhlangula:Iitshaja eziphathwayo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ngoku zinezixhobo zokuvavanya ubushushu ezakhelwe ngqo kwiplagi yodonga yasekhaya. Ukuba iplagi iqala ukufudumala kakhulu, i-IC-CPD iya kuyinika imoto umqondiso wokunciphisa ukutsalwa kwamandla, ithintele isokhethi ekunyibilikeni.

14.2 Itshaja Ephathekayo "Eqhelekileyo"

Kwi-ecosystem yohlobo lwesibini, umkhwa omtsha yitshaja ephathwayo yemodyuli (njengeJuice Booster okanye iTesla Mobile Connector). Ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa uthotho lwee-adapters ezitshintshanayo. Esi sixhobo siyayiqonda ukuba yeyiphi i-adapter eqhotyoshelweyo (sisebenzisa inkqubo enekhowudi ye-resistor efana ne-PP pin) kwaye simisela ngokuzenzekelayo umbane wokutshaja ophezulu. Oku kubonelela ngesisombululo sokutshaja "sehlabathi liphela" esisebenza kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zesokhethi ngelixa sigcina ukhuseleko lwebhokisi yodonga ezinzileyo.

15. Utshintsho lwaseMntla Melika: Ukusuka kuhlobo 1 (J1772) ukuya kwi-NACS (SAE J3400)

Kukho utshintsho olukhulu oluqhubekayo kwimarike yaseMntla Melika oluyenza ibe nzima indlela yokuthelekiswa kohlobo 1 nohlobo 2: ukwamkelwa kweNorth American Charging Standard (NACS), eyaqalwa yiTesla kwaye ngoku imiselwe njengeSAE J3400.

15.1 Isishwankathelo soBugcisa beNACS

Ngokungafaniyo nohlobo 1 nohlobo 2, ezineephini ezahlukeneyo zokutshaja i-AC kunye ne-DC, isixhumi se-NACS sisebenzisa iiphini ezimbini eziphambili ezifanayo kuzo zombini. Luyilo oluhle, oluncinci oluphatha zombini i-AC yesigaba esinye kunye ne-DC ekhawulezayo.

15.2 Ukudibana kweeProtocols

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, nangona isixhumi se-NACS esibonakalayo sahlukile, sisebenzisaiiprotokholi zonxibelelwano ezifanayonjengemigangatho esixoxe ngayo. Kwi-AC charging, isebenzisa i-J1772 PWM signaling. Kwi-DC charging, isebenzisa unxibelelwano lwe-ISO 15118 PLC. Oku kuthetha ukuba nge-adaptha elula engasebenziyo, imoto yohlobo 1 inokutshaja kwisikhululo se-NACS AC, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa intshukumo eya kubuncinci bomzimba ngaphandle kokulahla ingqiqo yesignali esemgangathweni eqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kwehlabathi.

16. Impembelelo ye-Onboard Charger (OBC) Topology ekusebenzeni kokutshaja kwe-AC

Isixhumi kunye nebhokisi yodonga zisiqingatha nje sebali. I-Onboard Charger (OBC) yesithuthi ekugqibeleni ilawula isantya sokutshaja.

16.1 I-OBC yeSigaba esinye vs. i-OBC yeSigaba eSithathu

Ii-EV ezininzi ezikwinqanaba lokuqala (kunye nee-plug-in hybrids) zine-single-phase OBC kuphela, nakwiimarike zohlobo lwesibini. Ukuba ufaka imoto ene-7 kW single-phase OBC kwitshaja ye-22 kW yesigaba sesithathu se-Type 2, iya kutsala i-7 kW kuphela kwenye yezigaba ezintathu ezikhoyo. Le yinto eqhelekileyo yokudideka kubathengi.

16.2 Uyilo lwe-OBC oluyiModular

Abanye abavelisi (abafana neTesla kunye neRenault) basebenzisa ii-modular OBCs. Kwimarike yohlobo lwesibini, imoto inokuba neemodyuli ezintathu ezifanayo zokutshaja ze-3.7 kW. Xa iqhagamshelwe kumandla ezigaba ezintathu, imodyuli nganye iphatha isigaba esinye, sisonke sifikelela kwi-11 kW. Xa iqhagamshelwe kwitshaja yohlobo lwe-1 yesigaba esinye (e-US), imoto ingahambelana nezi modyuli ukuze itsale ukuya kuthi ga kwi-11 kW ukusuka kwisigaba esinye esine-amperage ephezulu. Le modularity ngumsebenzi wobugcisa wobunjineli be-elektroniki bamandla, ovumela iqonga elifanayo lesithuthi ukuba lithengiswe kwihlabathi liphela ngotshintsho oluncinci kuyilo lwalo lwe-high-voltage.

17. Indima yeSoftware: i-OCPP kunye noLawulo loMthwalo oluSekelwe kwiLifu

Njengoko sisiya kumawaka eetshaja eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi enye, isoftware ibaluleka njengethusi kunye nesilicon.

17.1 I-Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)

I-OCPP lulwimi oluqhelekileyo kushishino olusetyenziswa phakathi kwe-EVSE kunye nenkqubo yolawulo oluphakathi (i-CMS). Ivumela oku kulandelayo:

• Uxilongo olukude:Ingcali ingayiqalisa kwakhona itshaja okanye ihlaziye i-firmware yayo ikwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukusuka apho.
• Ukulinganisela Umthwalo Oguqukayo:Kwisakhiwo seflethi esineetshaja ezingama-20 kodwa sinombane we-100A kuphela, i-CMS ingasebenzisa i-OCPP ukuxelela itshaja nganye ukuba ingakanani i-current enokuyibonelela ngexesha langempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-breaker ephambili yesakhiwo ayikhubeki ngelixa inyusa amandla apheleleyo aziswa kuzo zonke iimoto.

17.2 Amava oMsebenzisi (UX) kunye "noQoqosho lweeApp"

Kumthengi, umahluko phakathi kohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 uhlala unyamalala emva kwe-app yefowuni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqina kobuchwephesha bonxibelelwano—indlela ekhawuleza ngayo ukuxhawulana kwe-CP, indlela i-Wi-Fi eqhagamshelwa ngayo kwakhona emva kokucima kombane—kusesisiseko samava omsebenzisi alungileyo.

18. Isiphelo: Ukuhambahamba kwiingxaki zehlabathi lokutshaja elihlanganisiweyo

Umahluko phakathi kweetshaja ze-EV zohlobo loku-1 kunye nohlobo lwe-2 awukho nje kwinani leepini okanye imilo yeplastiki. Luphawu lwefilosofi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeziseko zombane.

• Uhlobo 1 (J1772)sisisombululo esomeleleyo nesinamandla aphezulu esilungiselelwe igridi yesigaba esinye se-120V/240V eqhekezayo elawula uMntla Melika naseJapan. Uyilo lwayo oluneephini ezintlanu—amandla amabini, umhlaba omnye, isignali ezimbini—lulula ngabom, lunikezela ngokutshaja okuthembekileyo kweNqanaba lesi-2 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80A (19.2kW) kwisekethe ye-240V. Yenzelwe ihlabathi apho uninzi lokutshaja lwenzeka ekhaya okanye emsebenzini, iiyure ezininzi, kwaye apho ukulula kunye neendleko zilawula khona umsebenzi wobunjineli.
• Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2)liqonga elinamaphini asixhenxe elakhelwe igridi ye-400V yesigaba sesithathu eYurophu nakwinxalenye enkulu yeAsia. Liphethe iiphini ezimbini ezifanayo zesignali kodwa longeza iiphini zamandla zesigaba sesithathu, okuvumela ukuba i-AC itshaje ukuya kuthi ga kwi-43kW (okanye i-22kW kwiindawo ezininzi zokufakelwa kwehlabathi lokwenyani) kwaye lixhasa uxinano lwamandla oluphezulu olufunwa ziziseko zokuhlala nezorhwebo zaseYurophu. Ukuguquguquka kwalo kukwafikelela nakwi-DC: usapho lwe-Type 2 connector luxhasa i-CCS2 combo inlet, ngelixa uyilo lwe-Type 1′s J1772 luvelise i-CCS1.
• Eyona Nto Ibalulekileyo:Akukho nanye kwezi zisemgangathweni “ingcono” ngokupheleleyo—nganye iyindlela yokusabela ethembekileyo yobunjineli kwigridi yayo yasekhaya. Uhlobo 1 lukhetho olunoqoqosho noluqinileyo lwemimandla yesigaba esinye; Uhlobo 2 liqonga elinamandla aphezulu, elinokuguquguquka kwixesha elizayo lemimandla yesigaba sesithathu. Indawo yokusilela ayisosixhumi kodwa yihardware engavumiyo ukuziqhelanisa: iitshaja kunye nee-EV ezixhasa umgangatho omnye kuphela zitshixa abanini bazo ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi ekhulayo yokuzulazula kwihlabathi liphela.

Indlela Eya Phambili

Kubavelisi kunye nabaqhubi, impendulo esebenzayo yihardware esemgangathweni ophezulu. Iitshaja zeDC ezisemgangathweni ophezulu (CCS1 + CCS2, CCS + CHAdeMO, kunye ne-NACS) zivumela imveliso enye ukuba ikhonze yonke indawo, ngelixa ii-ecosystems ze-adaptha zandisa izithuthi ezindala. Kubathengi, isifundo silula: khetha izithuthi kunye neetshaja ezixhasa imigangatho yenethiwekhi oza kuzisebenzisa ngokwenene—kwaye ulindele ukuba ukudibana kweshishini kwi-NACS eMntla Melika kunye ne-CCS2 eYurophu kwenze ukuhambelana kungabi yingxaki rhoqo ngonyaka.

Inqaku malunga neSiqinisekiso soKhuseleko

Emva kwesimo seplagi kukho umaleko wobunjineli abathengi abangawuboniyo kodwa wonke umntu ofakela kufuneka awuhloniphe: isiqinisekiso. Isixhobo sohlobo 1 sinoluhlu lwe-UL 2594 / UL 2594-1 kunye ne-CSA eMntla Melika, ngelixa isixhobo sohlobo 2 kufuneka sihlangabezane ne-IEC 61851-1 kwaye, kwiindawo zokufakelwa kwezorhwebo, isiqinisekiso secandelo le-IEC 62196-2 eYurophu. Ukumakishwa kwe-CE, i-UKCA, kunye nokuthobela ikhowudi yegridi yendawo (umz., i-VDE-AR-N 4100 eJamani) kugqiba ukuba ingaba itshaja inokuqhagamshelwa ngokusemthethweni kwinethiwekhi. Abaqhubi abafumana izixhobo zezixhobo kwiindawo ezininzi kufuneka bafune izatifikethi ezihambelana nommandla ngamnye wokufakelwa—imfuneko ekhetha abavelisi abavavanya kwaye baqinisekise uhlobo ngalunye lwengingqi endaweni yokuphinda babhale uyilo olunye.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Uhlobo 1 (J1772) lubonisa iziseko zophuhliso zaseMntla Melika ezinesigaba esinye; Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196-2) lubonisa iziseko zophuhliso zaseYurophu ezinesigaba esithathu.
• Uyilo lwe-Type 1 oluneephini ezintlanu kunye noyilo lwe-Type 2 oluneephini ezisixhenxe zombini zixhomekeke kwi-CP/PP signaling logic efanayo, ngoko ke "ulwimi" lombane luyabelwana ngalo nokuba i-geometry yahlukile.
• Ubuchule be-Type 2's obunezigaba ezintathu buvumela amandla aphezulu e-AC, ngelixa ubulula be-Type 1's bugcina iindleko kunye nobunzima buphantsi.
• Ulawulo lwenethiwekhi olusekelwe kwi-OCPP kunye nezixhobo zemigangatho emininzi zenza ihlabathi lokutshaja elixutyiweyo libe lula kubaqhubi kwaye lingenamthungo kubaqhubi.

I-Qhagamshelana ne-MIDA Power ivelisa iitshaja zehlabathi elixutyiweyo: iinkqubo ze-AC kunye ne-DC, ukhetho lwezixhumi ze-CCS1/CCS2/CHAdeMO/NACS, kunye nesoftware yenethiwekhi ehambelana ne-OCPP elawula naluphi na udidi lwemigangatho kwideshibhodi enye. Qhagamshelana neqela lethu ukuze ufumane isikhokelo sokuhambelana, iinkcukacha zobugcisa, kunye nekowuteshini eyenzelwe iziseko zophuhliso zommandla wakho.