Kugereranya Ubwoko bwa 1 J1772 na Sisitemu za IEC 62196-2 zo mu bwoko bwa 2

Ubuyobozi bw'ikoranabuhanga buhamye ku mahame mpuzamahanga yo gushyushya amashanyarazi: Igereranya ryuzuye rya sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa 1 J1772 na IEC 62196-2, Topology y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, Porotokole z'itumanaho, n'ibikorwa remezo by'ubwenge

1. Intangiriro: Impinduka ku Isi mu Gushyira amashanyarazi mu Bikorwa n'Uruhare rwo Gutanga Ingufu Zisanzwe

Imiterere y'imodoka ku isi irimo guhinduka cyane, kuva kuri moteri zikoresha umuriro w'imbere (ICE) kugera kuri moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ingenzi muri iyi mpinduka ni ibikorwa remezo biyishyigikira: Ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi (EVSE), bizwi nka chargers za EV. Uko ikoreshwa ry'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EVs) rigenda ryihuta, gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gushyushya biba ingenzi ku bahanga, abashyiraho amategeko, ndetse n'abaguzi.

Iterambere ry’amahame ngenderwaho yo gushyushya amashanyarazi ya EV ryagiye ricikamo ibice, bitewe n’imiterere y’amashanyarazi yo mu karere, imiterere y’amategeko, n’inyungu z’inganda zikora imodoka. Muri iki gihe, amahame abiri y’ibanze yiganje ku isoko ryo gushyushya amashanyarazi rya AC (alternating current): Ubwoko bwa 1 (SAE J1772) n’ubwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196-2). Nubwo byombi bifite intego imwe y’ibanze—kohereza ingufu z’amashanyarazi kuva kuri grid zijya kuri charger y’imodoka—ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo rya tekiniki, imiterere yabyo, na protocole z’itumanaho biratandukanye cyane.

Iyi nkuru itanga isesengura ryimbitse rya tekiniki rya sisitemu zo gusharija zo mu bwoko bwa 1 na 2. Tuzasuzuma itandukaniro ryazo mu bwubatsi, uburyo zihuzwa n’imiterere itandukanye y’urusobe rw’amashanyarazi ku isi, imiterere y’ibimenyetso by’itumanaho ryazo, n’uburyo bw’umutekano burinda umukoresha n’imodoka. Byongeye kandi, tuzasuzuma uburyo inzitizi z’amashanyarazi yo mu ngo mu bihugu bitandukanye zigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wo gusharija ndetse n’uburyo bushya burimo kugena ahazaza h’imikoranire isanzwe kandi igezweho mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga rya EV.

2. Ubwoko bwa 1 (SAE J1772) Imiterere: Amateka, Imiterere ya Pin, n'Ubutware bwa Amerika y'Amajyaruguru

Umuhuza wa Type 1, uzwi ku izina rya SAE J1772 standard, ni wo muyoboro w’ibanze wo gushyushya amashanyarazi ukoreshwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru no mu Buyapani. Wakozwe n’Umuryango w’Abahanga mu by’Imodoka (SAE), wagenewe guhuza n’ibikenewe byihariye by’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi y’icyiciro kimwe iboneka muri utwo turere.

2.1 Amateka n'Ubuhanga mu by'Ibishushanyo

Igipimo cya J1772 cyatanzwe bwa mbere mu 2001 kandi cyavuguruwe inshuro nyinshi kugira ngo kigere ku ishusho yacyo isanzweho. Intego y'ibanze y'igishushanyo kwari ugushyiraho uburyo bwizewe, bukomeye, kandi bworoshye gukoreshwa bwo gushyushya ku rwego rwa 1 (120V) n'urwego rwa 2 (240V). Bitandukanye n'ibisabwa mu byiciro byinshi by'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi yo mu Burayi, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi yo mu gace k'Amerika y'Amajyaruguru ahanini igizwe n'ibice bibiri, itanga amaguru abiri ya 120V ashobora guhuzwa kugira ngo ahabwe serivisi ya 240V. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wo mu bwoko bwa 1 wakozwe neza kugira ngo ugere ku rugero rumwe rw'amashanyarazi.

2.2 Imiterere y'ifishi ifatika

Umuhuza wo mu bwoko bwa 1 ufite imiterere y'udupira dutanu:

1. L1 (Umurongo wa 1):Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'ibanze.
2. L2/N (Umurongo wa 2 cyangwa Udahuza):Mu gushyushya 120V ku rwego rwa 1, ibi bikora nk'ibidahinduka. Mu gushyushya 240V ku rwego rwa 2, ibi bikora nk'icyiciro cya kabiri cya 120V (L2).
3. PE (Ubutaka/Isi Irinda):Uburyo bwo guhuza ubutaka mu buryo bw'umutekano, butuma icyuma cy'imodoka gifatanywa n'ubutaka bw'urukuta.
4. CP (Umupilote w'Igenzura):Umurongo w'itumanaho wakoreshejwe mu guhuza ibipimo byo gusharija hagati ya EVSE n'imodoka.
5. CS (Ubugenzuzi bw'Igenzura) / Isuzuma ry'Imbere (PP):Uburyo bwo gusubiza amakuru butuma imodoka ibasha kureka kugenda mu gihe irimo gusharija.

2.3 Ibiranga amashanyarazi n'aho agarukira

Igipimo cya Type 1 gishyigikira AC charger kugeza kuri 80 Amps, kuri 240V bisobanuye imbaraga ntarengwa za 19.2 kW. Ariko, charger nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa 1 zo mu rugo zikora hagati ya 16A (3.8 kW) na 48A (11.5 kW), zihuye n'ubushobozi bw'charger zisanzwe zo mu bwato. Imiterere y'amapine ni ikomeye, igamije guhangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy'ingendo ibihumbi. Kimwe mu biranga plug ya Type 1 ni uburyo bwayo bwo gufunga intoki, busaba umukoresha gukanda trigger kugira ngo arekure plug mu nzira y'imodoka.

3. Ubwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196-2) Imiterere: Ikimenyetso cya Mennekes, Igishushanyo mbonera cya Modular, n'Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye mu Burayi

Ubwo isoko ry’i Burayi ryashakaga gushyiraho uburyo bwo gushyushya amashanyarazi ya EV, ryahuye n’ikibazo gitandukanye: ubwinshi bw’amashanyarazi y’ibice bitatu mu ngo no mu bucuruzi. Igisubizo cyari connector yo mu bwoko bwa 2, ikunze kwitwa "Mennekes" hifashishijwe ikigo cy’Abadage cyayishushanyije.

3.1 Intambwe igana kuri IEC 62196-2

Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga ya Tekiniki y'Umuyoboro w'Ingufu (IEC) yemeje igishushanyo cya Type 2 nk'igice cy'amahame ya IEC 62196. Bitandukanye n'umuhuza w'ubwoko bwa 1, usanzwe ugarukira ku mikorere y'icyiciro kimwe, umuhuza w'ubwoko bwa 2 wakozwe kuva mu ntangiriro kugira ngo ube modular kandi udashobora kuza mu gihe kizaza. Urashobora gushyigikira gutanga ingufu za AC mu cyiciro kimwe, mu cyiciro kimwe, no mu byiciro bitatu.

3.2 Imiterere n'imikorere ya PIN zirindwi

Umuhuza wo mu bwoko bwa 2 ukoresha imiterere y'amapine arindwi:

1. L1, L2, L3:Imashini eshatu zitandukanye zitanga ingufu, zemerera gutanga ingufu mu byiciro bitatu.
2. N (Ntabwo ari yo yose):Umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi utagira aho ubogamiye, ni ingenzi kuri sisitemu z’ibyiciro bitatu aho umutwaro ushobora kuba utaringaniye.
3. PE (Isi Irinda):Aho umutekano uherereye.
4. CP (Umupilote w'Igenzura):Umurongo w'ikimenyetso (ufite imikorere isa na J1772).
5. PP (Icyitegererezo cya hafi):Ikoreshwa mu kumenya niba hari plagi, kandi mu buryo bwa 2, ikoreshwa mu kwerekana ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresha umuyoboro binyuze muri sisitemu ifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda.

3.3 Ubushobozi n'ubushobozi ntarengwa

Umuhuza wa Type 2 ufite imbaraga nyinshi kurusha Type 1. Mu buryo bw'ibyiciro bitatu, ushobora gushyigikira Amps 63 kuri buri cyiciro, mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, ugatanga ingufu za AC zigera kuri 43 kW (nubwo 22 kW ari yo ntarengwa ikoreshwa mu gushyiramo ibikoresho byinshi bya leta n'iby'amazu). Ndetse no mu buryo bw'ibyiciro bitatu, ushobora guhuza n'imikorere ya Type 1. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kwinjira bwa Type 2 ku modoka bwagenewe guhuza na CCS2 (Combined Charging System) kugira ngo ikoreshe DC charger yihuta cyane, yongeraho DC pin ebyiri nini munsi y'aho AC ihurira.

4. Imiterere y'Ingufu: Kugereranya Ingufu z'Icyiciro Kimwe n'Itangwa ry'Ingufu z'Icyiciro Gitatu

Itandukaniro ry'ibanze mu bya tekiniki hagati ya sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa 1 n'izo mu bwoko bwa 2 riri mu buryo zikoresha ibyiciro by'amashanyarazi. Ibi si uguhitamo gusa uburyo bwo guhuza, ahubwo ni ishusho y'ibikorwa remezo by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi biri munsi yarwo.

4.1 Imbibi z'icyiciro kimwe mu bwoko bwa 1

Muri sisitemu ya Type 1, charger (OBC) y'imodoka yagenewe kwakira ingufu ziva ku isoko rimwe rya AC. Kugira ngo wongere umuvuduko wo gusharija, ibintu byonyine bishobora guhindurwa ni voltage (120V kugeza 240V) n'amashanyarazi (Amperage). Kubera ko amapaneli yo guturamo muri Amerika asanzwe agarukira kuri serivisi yose ya 200A, imiyoboro ya EV yagenewe hejuru ya 50A isaba kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo cyane. Gusharija umuriro mwinshi w'amashanyarazi rimwe na byo bishyira umutwaro munini w'ubushyuhe ku nsinga n'udupira two guhuza.

4.2 Ibyiza by'Ibyiciro Bitatu mu bwoko bwa 2

Sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa 2 zikoresha imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi y’ibice bitatu isanzwe mu Burayi no mu bice bimwe bya Aziya na Oseyaniya. Mu gukwirakwiza ingufu mu byiciro bitatu, sisitemu ishobora gutanga wattage nyinshi cyane kuri amperage nke kuri buri cyiciro. Urugero, charger ya 11 kW ikoresha 16A mu byiciro bitatu (3 x 230V x 16A ≈ 11 kW). Kugira ngo igere kuri 11 kW imwe kuri sisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa 1, umuriro wakenera kuba hafi 46A (240V x 46A ≈ 11 kW).

Ingano nto ya amperage kuri buri cyiciro muri sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa 2 itera:

• Kugabanya ubushyuhe:Ubushyuhe budakomeye mu nsinga no mu miyoboro.
• Ibice bito bya Cable Cross-Sections:Insinga zoroshye kandi zoroshye kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu gutanga ingufu zimwe.
• Uguhagarara neza kw'urukuta:Gutanga umuriro mu byiciro bitatu bitanga umutwaro uhagije kuri grid, bigabanya ibyago byo kutagera ku rugero rumwe mu mikorere y’amashanyarazi ndetse n’ibibazo by’amashanyarazi bidafite aho bihuriye n’imashini ikwirakwiza umuriro mu gace ikoreramo.

4.3 Ingufu n'Ihinduka ry'Ibikorwa

Mu buryo bwa tekiniki, ubushobozi bwo gushyushya umuriro mu modoka nabwo buragira ingaruka. AC y'ibice bitatu ikosorwa ikaba DC neza kurusha AC y'ibice bimwe, bigasaba kuyungurura bike kugira ngo bateri igire voltage ihamye. Ibi bishobora gutuma habaho imikorere myiza yo guhindura umuriro mu bice bitatu bya OBC ugereranije n'ibice bimwe byazo.

(Iherezo rya Block 1. Komeza mu gice gikurikiraho kugira ngo ugere ku burebure n'ubujyakuzimu bikenewe.)

5. Ubuziranenge bw'ibimenyetso n'itumanaho: Isesengura ryimbitse ry'imikorere ya CP (Umupilote wo kugenzura) na PP (Umupilote wo hafi)

Itumanaho hagati ya EVSE na EV rikorwa n'imirongo ibiri y'ibimenyetso bifite voltage nke: Control Pilot (CP) na Proximity Pilot (PP). Nubwo ibyuma bihuza imiterere bitandukanye, protocole y'ibimenyetso ishingiyeho yo gusharija AC ikurikije IEC 61851-1 na SAE J1772.

5.1 Igenzura ry'ingufu (CP) n'uburyo umuvuduko w'amaraso uhinduka (PWM)

Ikimenyetso cya CP ni umuraba kare wa ±12V 1kHz ukorwa na EVSE. Iki kimenyetso gikora nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cyo guhanahana intoki n'uko ibintu bimeze. Uruhererekane rw'itumanaho rugenwa n'urugero rw'amashanyarazi runaka n'umuvuduko w'ikimenyetso cya PWM.

• Leta A (Icyitonderwa):EVSE itanga umuvuduko uhoraho wa +12V DC. Ibi bigaragaza ko charger ikoresha umuriro ariko nta modoka ihujwe.
• Leta B (Imodoka ihujwe):Iyo plug ishyizwemo, imodoka ihuza resistor na diode hagati y'imirongo ya CP na PE. Ibi bigabanya voltage kuva kuri +12V kugeza kuri +9V. EVSE imenya iri gabanuka maze igatangira gukora ikimenyetso cya PWM cya 1kHz.
• Leta C (Gusaba kwishyuza):Ikinyabiziga kigaragaza ko cyiteguye kwakira ingufu binyuze mu gufunga switch ishyira imbaraga nke mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bigagabanya voltage ya CP ikagera kuri +6V. Muri iki gihe, EVSE ifunga contactors zayo z'imbere kugira ngo itange ingufu za AC.
• Leta D (Guhumeka birakenewe):Iyo imodoka ikeneye guhumeka (bidakunze kugaragara muri EV zigezweho ariko bikaba ari bimwe mu bisanzwe), voltage igabanuka ikagera kuri +3V.
• Isuzuma ry'imiterere y'ikibazo (Amakosa):Ikimenyetso cya 0V cyangwa -12V kigaragaza ikosa, nk'ikosa ryo hasi cyangwa gutakaza burundu itumanaho.

ItsindaUrugendo rw'akaziikimenyetso cya PWM cyatanzwe na EVSE kibwira imodoka umuvuduko ntarengwa w’amashanyarazi yemerewe gukurura. Urugero:

• 10% by'akazi k'urugendo = 6 Amps
• 25% by'akazi k'urugendo = 15 Amps
• 50% by'akazi k'urugendo = 30 Amps
• 80% by'akazi k'urugendo = 48 Amps

Ibi bituma habaho imicungire y’imizigo ihindagurika; niba ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu nzu ryiyongera, EVSE ishobora kugabanya imikorere y’akazi kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma gikurura umuriro kigwa.

5.2 Inzira yo Gupima Imbere (PP) n'Inzira yo Kufunga Imiterere

Ikimenyetso cya PP cyemeza ko imodoka idashobora kugenda mu gihe ifunguye kandi gifasha sisitemu kumenya ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.

• Mu bwoko bwa 1 (J1772):Umurongo wa PP (ukunze kwitwa CS pin) uhujwe n'agace kari mu mugozi w'icyuma gifunga. Iyo umukoresha akanda buto yo kurekura, uruziga ruracika. Ikinyabiziga kibyumva ako kanya maze kigahagarika gukurura umuriro mbere yuko amashanyarazi ahagarara, bigatuma amashanyarazi adakora neza.
• Mu bwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196):Umurongo wa PP ukoreshwa mu kumenya ubwoko bw'insinga. Insinga zishyirwaho resistor hagati ya PP na PE pin. Insinga ya 11 kW (16A) izaba ifite resistance itandukanye n'insinga ya 22 kW (32A). EVSE n'ikinyabiziga bakoresha ubwo resistance kugira ngo barebe ko batarenga urugero rw'ubushyuhe bw'insinga, kabone n'iyo imodoka yaba ifite imbaraga nyinshi.

6. Igishushanyo mbonera n'umutekano bya mekanike: Uburyo bwo gufunga, amanota ya IP, n'ubudahangarwa bufatika

Ahantu nyaho ho gushyushya amashanyarazi ni habi cyane—hashobora kugwa imvura, urubura, umukungugu n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Kubwibyo, imiterere y'ibikoresho byo guhuza ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2 irakozwe neza cyane.

6.1 Uburyo bwo gufunga: Ikoreshwa n'intoki ugereranije n'ikoranabuhanga

Itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’ibipimo byombi ni uburyo plagi ifatanywa n’imodoka.

• Ubwoko bwa 1 bwo gushyiramo agakoresho gakozwe mu maboko:Pulagi yo mu bwoko bwa 1 ifite agakoresho gakoresha igikumwe. Ibi biroroshye kandi byizewe ariko nta mutekano uhari; umuntu wese ashobora kuza akavanamo imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi keretse iyo umukoresha yongeyeho ingufuri yihariye ku mugozi.
• Ubwoko bwa 2 bwo gufunga hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga:Uburyo bwa 2 bushingiye ku gikoresho gifunga moteri kiri mu nzira y'imodoka. Iyo imodoka itangiye gusharija, ihita ifunga plug mu mwanya wayo. Ibi birinda kwibwa k'insinga (mu gihe hari chargers zidafunze zikunze kugaragara mu Burayi) kandi bigatuma plug idashobora gukurwaho mu gihe umuriro w'amashanyarazi urimo gutemba.

6.2 Kurinda Kwinjira mu Bidukikije (IP) no Gufunga Ibidukikije

Ibihuza byombi byakozwe kugira ngo bihuze n'amanota yo hejuru ya IP (ubusanzwe IP54 cyangwa irenga iyo bihujwe).

• Imiyoboro y'amazi akoreshwa mu gusohora amazi:Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa 2 bifite imyobo yihariye yo gukurura amazi kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi yinjira hafi y'imigozi.
• Ubumenyi bw'Ibikoresho:Uduce tw’inyuma twakozwe muri polymer zihamye kandi zirwanya ingaruka nka PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) kugira ngo zihangane n’amazi agwa kuri sima no kwibasirwa n’izuba ryinshi.
• Uburyo bwo gupfunyikamo ibintu:Udupira dukunze gushyirwaho ifeza kugira ngo tumenye neza ko tudahura neza kandi ko turamba mu gihe cy'imyaka ibihumbi yo guhuza.

6.3 Imicungire y'ubushyuhe

Imashini zigezweho zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zikoresha AC akenshi ziba zirimo thermistors (NTC sensors) zishyirwa muri plug. Izi sensors zigenzura ubushyuhe bw'amapine mu gihe nyacyo. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze urugero rw'umutekano (urugero, bitewe n'aho umurongo ufunguye cyangwa imyanda iri mu nzira), EVSE izamenyesha imodoka kugabanya umuvuduko wo gusharija cyangwa kuzimya burundu kugira ngo hirindwe inkongi.

7. Imiterere ya Global Grid: Imiyoboro ya TN, TT, na IT n'ingaruka zayo ku ishyirwaho rya EVSE

Igishushanyo n'imitangire ya EVSE bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo gusimbuza ubutaka bukoreshwa mu turere dutandukanye. EVSE igomba kumenya niba hari ubutaka bufite umutekano mbere yuko yemerera gutangira gushyushya.

7.1 Sisitemu za TN (Terra-Neutral)

Sisitemu ya TN irasanzwe muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (TN-CS) no mu Bwongereza. Muri ubu buryo, imiyoboro ya neutral n'ubutaka bifatanye ku muryango wa serivisi. Nubwo ibi bitanga inzira yizewe y'imiyoboro ya fault currents, bitera ibyago mu gihe habayeho ikosa rya "Open PEN" (Protective Earth Neutral). Iyo insinga ya neutral ivuye ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi icitse, chassis ya EV ishobora gushya kuri voltage ya line. Ibi byatumye habaho ibikoresho byihariye bya "Open PEN detection" mu byuma bitanga amashanyarazi mu Bwongereza.

7.2 Sisitemu za TT (Terra-Terra)

Ubusanzwe mu bice by'i Burayi (nk'Ubufaransa n'Ubutaliyani) n'Ubuyapani, sisitemu ya TT ikoresha inkoni yo hasi yo mu gace idahujwe n'umuyoboro wa grid. EVSE ishyirwa ku miyoboro ya TT igomba kuba ifite ubushobozi bwo kwanga cyane impedance yo hasi. Iyo inkoni yo hasi idafite ubujyakuzimu buhagije cyangwa ubutaka bwumye cyane, charger ishobora kwanga gutangira kuko idashobora kwemeza inzira igana ku butaka idakomeye.

7.3 Sisitemu z'ikoranabuhanga (Isolé-Terra)

Ubu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga buboneka muri Noruveje no mu nganda zimwe na zimwe, nta sano ifite hagati y’ibice bitagira aho bibogamiye n’ubutaka. Ibi bitera imbogamizi idasanzwe kuri EV, kuko chargers nyinshi ziri mu bwato zigenewe kwitega ko zidafite aho zibogamiye. Transformers zihariye zikunze gukenerwa kugira ngo zishyure EVs ku miyoboro y'ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwizewe.

7.4 Impinduka z'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi n'impinduka za Voltage

Nubwo ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2 bikunze kugaragara bitewe n'uburyo bishyigikira imiterere yabyo, ingano y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (60Hz muri Amerika/Ubuyapani ugereranyije na 50Hz mu bindi bice byinshi by'isi) inagira ingaruka ku miterere y'ibikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi na capacitors mu cyuma gitanga amashanyarazi. Ariko, OBC nyinshi zigezweho zikora ku buryo bwagutse, zishobora gutwara 100V-250V na 50/60Hz.

8. Imbogamizi z'amashanyarazi mu mazu: Uburyo amabwiriza y'igihugu agenga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza umuriro mu mazu bigabanya umuvuduko wo gushyushya umuriro wa EV

Umuvuduko wo gusharija (nk'ikigero cya 22 kW ku bwoko bwa 2 cyangwa 19.2 kW ku bwoko bwa 1) ntukunze kugerwaho mu mazu bitewe n'imbogamizi z'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wo mu rugo n'aho amashanyarazi akorera.

8.1 Amerika ya Ruguru: Umupaka w'urupapuro rwa 200A

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, inzu isanzwe igezweho ifite agace ka serivisi ka 200A. Agace ka 48A gashushanyijeho sharija yo ku rwego rwa 2 gasaba agace ka 60A. Dukurikije amategeko y'igihugu agenga amashanyarazi (NEC), umutwaro uhoraho (nk'imashini zishyushya amashanyarazi) ntugomba kurenza 80% by'igipimo cy'agace ka sharija. Ku mazu afite agace ka 100A gashaje, gushyiraho EVSE ifite ingufu nyinshi ntibishoboka hatabayeho kuvugurura serivisi, bishobora gutwara ibihumbi by'amadolari. Ibi byatumye sharija za 32A (7.7 kW) zikundwa, zihuza umuvuduko wo gusharija n'ubushobozi bwa paneli.

8.2 Ubwongereza: Ubwiganze bw'icyiciro kimwe n'IKARAMU RIfunguye

Nubwo amashanyarazi yo mu Bwongereza ari mu byiciro bitatu ku rwego rwo gukwirakwiza, amazu menshi atangwa na 230V imwe, 60A cyangwa 100A. Ibi bigabanya amashanyarazi yo mu ngo kugeza kuri 7.4 kW. Kubera TN-CS yavuzwe haruguru, amategeko y’Ubwongereza asaba ko amashanyarazi aba afite uburinzi buhenze ku makosa afunguye, bigatuma EVSE yihariye mu Bwongereza iba ikomeye cyane kurusha izindi zo mu Burayi.

8.3 Ubudage n'Uburayi bw'Amajyaruguru: Ingufu zisanzwe za 11 kW

Mu Budage, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigizwe n'ibice bitatu ni zo zisanzwe hafi ya zose mu nyubako zo guturamo. Ibi bituma habaho gushyiraho udusanduku tw'inkuta twa 11 kW (3 x 16A). Bitandukanye na Amerika, aho 11 kW isaba uruziga ruremereye rwa 60A rumwe, mu Budage, rukenera gusa uruziga rwa 16A rufite ibice bitatu, rukoresha insinga nto cyane kandi rworoshye kwakira n'udusanduku dusanzwe dukwirakwizwamo. Amasosiyete menshi y'ubucuruzi yo mu Budage asaba kumenyeshwa cyangwa kwemezwa ibyuma bitanga umuriro birengeje kW 11 (nk'ibice 22 kW) kugira ngo amashanyarazi yo mu gace ahamye akomeze kuba meza.

8.4 Ositaraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande: Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi, igice kimwe

Ositaraliya ikoresha sisitemu ya 230V/240V isa n’iy’Ubwongereza. Ahantu henshi ho gushyiramo ibikoresho mu mazu ni 7.4 kW imwe. Ariko, bitewe n’intera ndende n’imiterere y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mu cyaro, ihindagurika ry’amashanyarazi ni ikintu gikunze kubaho. EVSE muri utu turere igomba kugira uburinzi bukomeye bwa over-voltage na under-voltage kugira ngo ishobore guhangana n’ “ihindagurika ry’ikirere” cyangwa ihindagurika ry’ikirere ritabangamiye imodoka.

(Iherezo rya Block 2. Komeza mu block ikurikiraho kugira ngo ugere ku burebure n'ubujyakuzimu bikenewe.)

9. Uburinzi bw'uruziga: Gushyira mu bikorwa RCD zo mu bwoko bwa A/B, Gutahura ukumeneka kwa DC, no kurinda umuriro mwinshi mu gushyushya AC

Umutekano ni inkingi y'ingenzi mu gushushanya EVSE. Gushaja EV bisaba gutanga ingufu nyinshi mu gihe kirekire, akenshi mu gihe cy'ubukonje. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uburyo bwo kurinda bugomba kuba buhambaye cyane kuruta ubw'igikoresho gisanzwe cyo mu rugo.

9.1 Ibikoresho bisigaye (RCDs): Ubwoko bwa A ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa B

RCD yagenewe kumenya ubusumbane hagati y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyura mu murongo n'insinga zitagira aho zibogamiye, bigaragaza ko amazi amanuka ku butaka ("ikosa ry'ubutaka"). Mu gushyushya amashanyarazi ya EV, hari ibyago byihariye:Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa DC usigaye.

• RCD zo mu bwoko bwa A:Ibi bikunze kugaragara mu ma paneli zo mu rugo kandi bishobora kumenya AC n'imigezi ya DC ihindagurika. Ariko, bishobora "guhuma amaso" bitewe no kuva neza kwa DC. Iyo ikibazo kiri mu cyuma cya EV gitera amazi arenga 6mA ya DC inyura mu ruhande rwa AC, transformer y'imbere ya Type A RCD ishobora kuzura, ikayirinda kugwa nubwo haba hari ikibazo gikomeye cya AC.
• RCD zo mu bwoko bwa B:Ibi byagenewe kumenya AC, DC itera, n'imigezi ya DC isigaye neza. Nubwo bitanga uburinzi bwiza, birahenze cyane.
• RDC-DD (Igikoresho cyo Gupima Umuriro Udahinduka):Kugira ngo bigabanye ibiciro mu gihe cyo kubungabunga umutekano, EVSE nyinshi zigezweho zikoresha module ya RDC-DD (yujuje ibisabwa na IEC 62955). Iyi module imenya amazi ya DC ari hejuru ya 6mA kandi igatera charger. Iyo RDC-DD ihari, RCD yo mu bwoko bwa A isanzwe (kandi ihendutse) ishobora gukoreshwa mu gice cyo hejuru cy’urupapuro rutanga amakuru.

9.2 Uburinzi bw'umuvuduko ukabije n'umuvuduko mugufi

Buri ruziga rwa EVSE rugomba kurindwa na Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). Kubera ko EV charger ari umutwaro uhoraho, MCB igomba kugabanuka. Muri Amerika (NEC), 40A charger load isaba 50A breaker. Mu Burayi, guhitamo MCB (Ubwoko bwa B, C, cyangwa D curve) biterwa n'umuvuduko witezwe w'umuvuduko w'imodoka iri mu modoka. Muri rusange curve breaker ya "C" irakundwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko imodoka yangirika mu gihe cyo gutangira guhuza.

9.3 Uburinzi bw'ibiza (SPD)

EVSE ikunze gushyirwa hanze kandi ihuzwa n'ikintu kinini cy'icyuma (imodoka), bigatuma ishobora kwibasirwa n'inkuba zitaziguye ndetse n'izamuka ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Gushyiraho igikoresho cyo kurinda indwara cya Type 2 Surge (SPD) birasabwa cyane (kandi mu turere tumwe na tumwe, nko mu Budage, ni ngombwa) kugira ngo birinde ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byoroshye byo gushyushya amashanyarazi ndetse n'imodoka.

9.4 Ibikoresho byo guhuza ibintu n'ibice bya Galvanic

Ishingiro ry'itangwa ry'amashanyarazi rya EVSE niUmuntu wo kuvugana. Iyi ni relay ikomeye ihuza cyangwa igakuraho ibyuma by'amashanyarazi bya AC. Ku bw'umutekano, contactor igomba kuba "ifunguye ubusanzwe," bivuze ko ingufu zitangwa gusa iyo ikimenyetso cya CP kigaragaza "State C" (Witeguye Gushyushya). EVSE nziza cyane ikoresha contactors enye kuri sisitemu z'ibice bitatu kugira ngo irebe ko ibice byose n'ibice bidafite aho bihuriye iyo bidakoreshwa. Hari kandi na "Welded Contact Detection," igenzura imiterere y'insinga; iyo insinga zifatanye (zibuza ko umuriro ucika), EVSE izatera alamu y'ibikoresho kandi igume mu mimerere y'ikosa.

10. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Smart Charging na ISO 15118: Kurenga PWM ukajya mu itumanaho rya digitale na Plug & Charging

Nubwo uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukoresha CP/PP buhagije kugira ngo AC isharizwe mu buryo bworoshye, ahazaza h'urusobe rw'amakuru ya EV hashingiwe ku guhanahana amakuru menshi kandi agezweho. Aha niho amahame ya ISO 15118 agaragara.

10.1 Inzitizi za PWM

Ibimenyetso bya PWM bisanzwe byereka gusa ingufu ntarengwa zihari. Ntabwo bibwira EVSE uko imodoka ihagaze (SoC), ubushobozi bwa bateri yayo, cyangwa ikimenyetso cyayo cyihariye. Hatabayeho aya makuru, ibintu nko kwishyuza mu buryo bwikora, kwishyuza hakoreshejwe grid, no kohereza ingufu mu cyerekezo cy’imirongo ibiri biragoye gushyira mu bikorwa.

10.2 Itumanaho rya HomePlug Green PHY na PLC

ISO 15118 irashyira ahagaragaraItumanaho ry'Insinga z'Ingufu (PLC)hejuru y'insinga ya Control Pilot (CP). Mu gushyira ikimenyetso cya digitale gifite frequency yo hejuru (HomePlug Green PHY) ku kimenyetso cya CP cya 1kHz, imodoka na EVSE bishobora gushyiraho umurongo wa TCP/IP. Ibi bituma:

• Gucomeka no Gushaja:Imodoka yiyerekana kuri charger mu buryo bwikora. charger ivugana na seriveri y'inyuma kugira ngo yemeze igihe cyo gukora no kwishyura nta kiguzi cy'ikarita ya RFID cyangwa porogaramu igendanwa.
• Guhuza ikoranabuhanga rya Smart Grid:Imodoka ya EV ishobora kugaragaza igihe cyo guhaguruka giteganyijwe n'ingufu zikenewe. Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi (cyangwa Sisitemu yo Gucunga Ingufu zo mu Rugo - HEMS) rushobora guteganya igihe cyo gushyuza amashanyarazi mu gihe ibiciro by'amashanyarazi biri hasi cyangwa umusaruro w'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa uri hejuru.

10.3 Ahazaza ho Gukoresha Imashini mu Mirongo Ibiri (V2G, V2H, V2X)

Kimwe mu bintu bishimishije cyane bya ISO 15118 (cyane cyane ivugurura rya -20) ni uburyo bwo gushyigikira gusharija AC mu buryo bw'icyerekezo cy'ibiri. Nubwo ikoreshwa ryinshi rya Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) muri iki gihe rikoresha DC (binyuze kuri CHAdeMO cyangwa CCS), gusharija AC mu buryo bw'icyerekezo cy'ibiri bituma imodoka ikoresha charger yayo nk'icyuma gihindura amashanyarazi kugira ngo isubize amashanyarazi mu rugo cyangwa kuri grid. Ibi bisaba ko EVSE ikora nk'umurinzi w'irembo ugezweho, igenzura ko ingufu zisubizwa muri grid zihuye neza n'urwego rwa grid n'umuvuduko wayo.

11. Isesengura ry'Amahame y'Akarere: GB/T (Ubushinwa) ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa 2

Nubwo ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2 bikorera ku isi hose, Ubushinwa—isoko rinini rya EV ku isi—bukoresha ibipimo byabwo:GB/T 20234.

11.1 Imiterere isa n'ubwoko bwa 2

Mu buryo bw'umubiri, umuhuza wa GB/T AC usa cyane n'umuhuza wa Type 2. Ufite imiterere y'udupira tubiri. Ariko, ibitsina birahinduka: umuhuza ufite udupira (gabo), naho imodoka ifite udupira (gore), ibi bikaba bitandukanye n'ibisanzwe bya Type 2.

11.2 Itandukaniro mu itumanaho

Uburyo bwo gutanga ibimenyetso muri GB/T AC nabwo bushingiye ku ihame rya PWM rimwe nk'iry'ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2. Ariko, agaciro nyako ka resistor kuri PP na CP handshakes gatandukanye gato. Ibi bivuze ko imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa 2 y'i Burayi idashobora gukoresha charger ya GB/T yo mu Bushinwa (cyangwa se mu buryo bunyuranye) idafite adaptateri yihariye idahindura gusa pin physical ahubwo inafite circuit yo guhindura ibimenyetso.

11.3 Ingaruka ku isoko

Ubudasa bw'amahame ngengamikorere ya GB/T bugaragaza ibintu bya politiki n'ubukungu bigira ingaruka ku mahame ngengamikorere ya tekiniki. Mu gushyiraho amahame ngengamikorere yabwo bwite, Ubushinwa bwemeje ko abakora mu gihugu bafite ibidukikije birinzwe ariko bunakoresha amasomo ya tekiniki bakuye ku mahame ngengamikorere ya IEC.

12. Gupima, Kwemeza, no Kugenzura Ubuziranenge: UL, CE, n'ibindi birebire

Mbere yuko EVSE igurishwa, igomba kugeragezwa cyane kugira ngo irebe ko itazamura umuriro cyangwa ngo imutwikire.

12.1 UL 2594 na UL 2231 (Amerika y'Amajyaruguru)

Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) igena amahame ngenderwaho ya EVSE. UL 2594 ikubiyemo imiterere y'ibanze n'umutekano w'aho ikigo gishyurira, mu gihe UL 2231 yibanda ku buryo bwo kurinda abakozi (imikorere ya RCD / GFCI). Igisabwa cy'ingenzi kugira ngo UL yemezwe ni "Ingaruka zo Kurwanya" - icyuma gishyurira kigomba kuba gishobora kwihanganira gukubitwa n'ibiremereye bitabangamiye ibice bizima.

12.2 CE na IEC 61851 (Uburayi/Isi yose)

Mu Burayi, ikimenyetso cya CE kigaragaza ko gikurikiza amabwiriza y’amashanyarazi make n’amabwiriza ya EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility). Igipimo ngenderwaho cy’ibanze cya tekiniki niIEC 61851Ibizamini birimo:

• Imbaraga za Dielectrique:Kugenzura neza ko insulation ishobora guhangana n'izamuka ry'amashanyarazi rikabije.
• Ukwiyongera k'ubushyuhe:Gukoresha charger ku muvuduko ntarengwa w'amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'amasaha menshi kugira ngo idashyuha cyane.
• Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibidukikije:Ibizamini byo gutera umunyu mu turere two ku nkombe n'ibipimo byo kwinjira mu mukungugu mu turere twose tw’ubutayu.

12.3 Akamaro ko gupima imikoranire

Uretse umutekano, hari imbogamizi zoGukorana nezaSi buri modoka ikorana neza na buri shajara. Amatsinda nka CharIN (Initiative yo Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga) akora "Ubuhamya" aho abakora imodoka bazana imodoka zabo n'ishajarara kugira ngo barebe ko gahunda zo gusabana n'itumanaho bikora neza ku bigo bitandukanye.

(Impera y'igice cya 3. Gukomeza kwagura ibisobanuro bya tekiniki kuri plugs zigezweho no gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe mu gihe kizaza.)

13. Isesengura ry'ibice bigezweho: Ubwubatsi bw'imbere mu gasanduku k'inkuta ka none

Kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe itandukaniro riri hagati ya sisitemu zo mu bwoko bwa 1 n'izo mu bwoko bwa 2 ku rwego rw'ibice, agomba kureba mu "wallbox" ubwayo. EVSE si umugozi w'inyongera uhebuje gusa, ahubwo ni mudasobwa igezweho yo gucunga ingufu.

13.1 Umugenzuzi Mukuru (MCU)

Ubwonko bwa EVSE ubusanzwe ni microcontroller ya 32-bit (nk'uruhererekane rwa ARM Cortex-M). Iyi chip ikora ku ikorwa ry'ikimenyetso cya 1kHz CP, igenzura uburinzi bwa PP, kandi igakora ibijyanye n'umutekano. Muri smart chargers, iyi MCU inacunga Wi-Fi cyangwa Ethernet stack kandi ikanavugana na porogaramu igendanwa y'umukoresha binyuze muri protocole za MQTT cyangwa HTTP.

13.2 Uburyo bwo kumenya ubu: Ingaruka za Hall vs. Shunt

Kugira ngo ikurikirane ingufu zitangwa no kumenya imiterere y'umuvuduko ukabije w'amashanyarazi, EVSE ikoresha sensors zigezweho.

• Ibikoresho byo Gupima Ingaruka za Hall:Ibi bipima imbaraga rukuruzi zikorwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Bitanga uburyo bwo kwitandukanya kwa galvanic kandi ni byiza cyane mu gukoresha ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi.
• Ibikoresho birwanya shunt:Ibi bipima igabanuka ry'amashanyarazi ku rugero ruzwi. Nubwo ari byo koko, bisaba uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bugoye cyane.

Mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa 2 ifite ibyiciro bitatu, MCU igomba gukurikirana inzira eshatu zitandukanye z’amashanyarazi icyarimwe kugira ngo irebe ko icyiciro kimwe cyangiritse kandi imenye niba icyiciro kimwe cyananiwe.

13.3 Ingufu z'inyongera

Ibyuma by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu nzu (MCU, module ya Wi-Fi, display, na contactor coils) bisaba umuriro wa DC ufite voltage nkeya (ubusanzwe 12V cyangwa 5V). Muri sisitemu ya Type 2 y'ibice bitatu, umuriro w'inyongera akenshi uba ugenewe gukora nubwo haba hari igice kimwe gusa, bigatuma charger iguma "kuri interineti" kandi igatanga raporo ku mukoresha ku ikosa ry'igihombo cy'igice.

14. Amamashini akoresha ubwenge n'imikoranire isanzwe: Ahazaza ho gushyushya imodoka mu buryo bworoshye

Nubwo udusanduku tw’inkuta tudahinduka ari two dusanzwe dukoreshwa, ba nyiri amashanyarazi benshi bishingikiriza ku byuma bitwara amashanyarazi (bikunze kwitwa "insinga za granny" cyangwa "IC-CPD" - Ibikoresho byo kugenzura no kurinda insinga).

14.1 Ingaruka za tekiniki ku byuma bikoreshwa mu ngo

Gushyushya amashanyarazi ukoresheje soketi isanzwe yo mu rugo (NEMA 5-15 muri Amerika cyangwa Schuko mu Burayi) biragoye mu buryo bwa tekiniki. Izi soketi ntizagenewe gutanga Amps 10-16 buri gihe mu gihe cy'amasaha 12.

• Guhunga ubushyuhe:Uko igihe kigenda gihita, imbaraga zigaragara mu byuma bihurirana n'icyuma mu mwobo zishobora kugabanuka, bigatuma habaho ubukana bwinshi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.
• Amamashini akoresha ubwenge afasha mu gutabara:Imashini zitwara amashanyarazi zo mu bwoko bwa charger nziza cyane ubu zifite uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwubatswe mu gice cyo ku rukuta cyo mu rugo. Iyo icyo gice gitangiye gushyuha cyane, IC-CPD izatanga ikimenyetso ku modoka kugira ngo igabanye imbaraga zikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi, ikabuza ko icyo gice gishonga.

14.2 Ishari igendanwa ya "Universal"

Muri gahunda ya Type 2, ikintu gishya ni charger igendanwa (nk'umusemburo wa Juice cyangwa Tesla Mobile Connector). Ibi bikoresho bikoresha adaptateri zitandukanye. Iyi mashini imenya adaptateri ifatanye (ikoresheje sisitemu ifite resistor-coded isa na PP pin) kandi igashyiraho umuvuduko ntarengwa wo gusharija. Ibi bitanga igisubizo cyo gusharija "kidasanzwe" gikorera mu bihugu bitandukanye no mu bwoko bwa socket mu gihe bibungabunga umutekano w'agasanduku k'inkuta gahoraho.

15. Impinduka muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru: Kuva ku bwoko bwa 1 (J1772) kugera kuri NACS (SAE J3400)

Impinduka ikomeye iri kuba ku isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru igora igereranya ry'ubwoko bwa 1 na 2: ikoreshwa rya North American Charging Standard (NACS), ryatangijwe na Tesla none ubu rikaba ryaragenwe nka SAE J3400.

15.1 Incamake y'ikoranabuhanga rya NACS

Bitandukanye n'ubwoko bwa 1 n'ubwoko bwa 2, zifite udupira dutandukanye two gusharija AC na DC, umuhuza wa NACS ukoresha udupira tubiri tw'ibanze kuri byombi. Ni igishushanyo cyiza kandi gito gifata AC imwe na DC yihuta cyane.

15.2 Guhuza Amasezerano y'Ihuriro

Icy'ingenzi ni uko, nubwo icyuma gihuza NACS gisanzwe gitandukanye, gikoreshaamabwiriza amwe y'itumanahonk'uko twabiganiriyeho. Ku bijyanye no gushyushya AC, ikoresha ikimenyetso cya J1772 PWM. Ku bijyanye no gushyushya DC, ikoresha itumanaho rya ISO 15118 PLC. Ibi bivuze ko hamwe na adaptateri yoroshye, imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa 1 ishobora gushyushya kuri sitasiyo ya AC ya NACS, n'ibindi. Iri hinduka rigaragaza intambwe igana ku bufatanye bw'umubiri idasize inyuma uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyushya AC butuma habaho imikoranire myiza ku isi.

16. Ingaruka z'imiterere y'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi (OBC) ku mikorere y'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi (AC charger)

Umuhuza n'agasanduku k'urukuta ni kimwe cya kabiri cy'inkuru. Umushari wo mu modoka (OBC) ni wo ugena umuvuduko wo gusharija.

16.1 OBC y'icyiciro kimwe ugereranije na OBC y'icyiciro cya gatatu

Imodoka nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa EV zo mu rwego rwo hejuru (n'izifite plug-in hybrids) zifite OBC imwe gusa, ndetse no ku masoko yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Iyo ushyize imodoka ifite OBC imwe ya 7 kW muri charger ya 22 kW yo mu bwoko bwa 3, izakuramo kW 7 gusa muri imwe mu nzego eshatu zihari. Iki ni ikintu gikunze gutera urujijo ku bakoresha.

16.2 Imiterere ya OBC isanzwe

Bamwe mu bakora (nka Tesla na Renault) bakoresha modular OBCs. Mu isoko rya Type 2, imodoka ishobora kugira modular eshatu zisa za 3.7 kW zo gusharija. Iyo ihujwe n'ingufu z'ibice bitatu, buri modular ikora phase imwe, yose hamwe ikaba 11 kW. Iyo ihujwe na single-phase Type 1 charger (muri Amerika), imodoka ishobora guhuza izi modular kugira ngo ikurure 11 kW uvuye kuri phase imwe ifite amperage nyinshi. Iyi modularity ni ubuhanga buhanitse mu buhanga bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, bituma urubuga rumwe rw'imodoka rugurishwa ku isi yose nta mpinduka nyinshi ku miterere yarwo ifite voltage nyinshi.

17. Uruhare rwa Porogaramu: OCPP n'imicungire y'imizigo ishingiye ku bicu

Uko tugenda tugera ku bihumbi by'ibikoresho bihujwe n'urusobe rumwe, porogaramu ziba ingenzi nk'umuringa na silikoni.

17.1 Porogaramu y'aho umuntu afungurira (OCPP)

OCPP ni ururimi rukoreshwa mu nganda hagati ya EVSE na sisitemu y'ubuyobozi rusange (CMS). Yemerera:

• Gusuzuma indwara hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya kure:Umutekinisiye ashobora kongera gufungura charger cyangwa kuvugurura firmware yayo ari mu birometero ibihumbi uvuye aho.
• Kugereranya Umutwaro Uhinduka:Mu nyubako y’inzu ifite charger 20 ariko ifite 100A gusa, CMS ishobora gukoresha OCPP kugira ngo ibwire buri charger ingano y’amashanyarazi ishobora gutanga mu gihe nyacyo, igenzura ko icyuma gikuru cy’inyubako kidacika intege mu gihe cyongera ingufu zose zitangwa ku modoka zose.

17.2 Ubunararibonye bw'Umukoresha (UX) n' "Ubukungu bwa Porogaramu"

Ku muguzi, itandukaniro riri hagati ya Type 1 na Type 2 rikunze kubura nyuma ya porogaramu ya terefone igendanwa. Ariko, imbaraga za tekiniki z'itumanaho—uburyo CP ikora vuba, uburyo Wi-Fi yongera kwihuza neza nyuma y'ibura ry'amashanyarazi—bikomeza kuba ishingiro ry'uburambe bwiza bw'umukoresha.

18. Umwanzuro: Gukurikirana ingorane z'Isi yo Gushyushya Ingano

Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ishaja za EV zo mu bwoko bwa 1 n’izo mu bwoko bwa 2 si umubare w’udupira cyangwa imiterere ya pulasitiki gusa. Ni ishusho y’ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye by’ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi.

• Ubwoko bwa 1 (J1772)ni igisubizo gikomeye kandi gifite ingufu nyinshi cyakozwe neza ku muyoboro wa 120V/240V wiganjemo ibice bibiri ugenzura Amerika ya Ruguru n'Ubuyapani. Igishushanyo cyayo gifite pin eshanu—ingufu ebyiri, ubutaka bumwe, n'ibimenyetso bibiri—cyoroshye cyane, gitanga charger yizewe ya Level 2 kugeza kuri 80A (19.2kW) kuri circuit ya 240V. Yagenewe isi aho charger nyinshi ziba mu rugo cyangwa ku kazi, mu masaha menshi, kandi aho ubworoherane n'igiciro byiganjemo imashini.
• Ubwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196-2)ni urubuga rufite imigozi irindwi rwubatswe ku muyoboro wa 400V w’ibyiciro bitatu mu Burayi no muri Aziya. Rufite imigozi ibiri imwe ariko rwongeramo imigozi itatu y’amashanyarazi, bigatuma AC ibasha gusharija kugeza kuri 43kW (cyangwa 22kW mu bikoresho byinshi bifatika) kandi rushyigikira ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi buri hejuru nk’uko ibikorwa remezo by’amazu n’ubucuruzi byo mu Burayi bisaba. Ubuhanga bwayo bugera no kuri DC: umuryango w’umuhuza wa Type 2 ushyigikira CCS2 combo inlet, mu gihe igishushanyo cya Type 1′s J1772 cyavutsemo CCS1.
• Ingingo y'ingenzi:Nta na kimwe muri ibi bisanzwe "kiruta" mu buryo bwuzuye—buri kimwe ni igisubizo cy’ubuhanga ku muyoboro wacyo wo mu rugo. Ubwoko bwa 1 ni amahitamo ahendutse kandi akomeye ku turere dufite icyiciro kimwe; Ubwoko bwa 2 ni urubuga rufite imbaraga nyinshi kandi rushobora guhinduka mu gihe kizaza ku turere dufite icyiciro cya gatatu. Aho byangirika si connector ahubwo ni ibikoresho byanze guhinduka: chargers na EVs bishyigikira icyiciro kimwe gusa bifunga ba nyirabyo mu muyoboro ugenda wiyongera ku isi.

Inzira Igana Imbere

Ku bakora n'abakoresha, igisubizo cy'ingirakamaro ni ibikoresho bigezweho. Imashini zikoresha DC (CCS1 + CCS2, CCS + CHAdeMO, ndetse na NACS) zituma ibicuruzwa bimwe bikorera buri karere, mu gihe ikoranabuhanga rya adaptateri ryongera imodoka za kera. Ku bakoresha, isomo ni iryoroshye: hitamo imodoka n'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zishyigikira amahame y'imiyoboro uzakoresha — kandi witege ko ubufatanye bw'inganda kuri NACS muri Amerika ya Ruguru na CCS2 mu Burayi buzatuma imikoranire idakomeza kuba ikibazo uko umwaka ugenda uhita.

Inyandiko ku cyemezo cy'umutekano

Inyuma y’imiterere y’iyi plagi hari urwego rw’ubuhanga abaguzi batabona ariko buri wese ushyiraho porogaramu agomba kubahiriza: icyemezo. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa 1 bifite urutonde rwa UL 2594 / UL 2594-1 na CSA muri Amerika ya Ruguru, mu gihe ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa 2 bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa na IEC 61851-1, kandi, ku bijyanye n’ibikoresho by’ubucuruzi, icyemezo cya IEC 62196-2 mu Burayi. Ikimenyetso cya CE, UKCA, no kubahiriza amategeko ya grid mu gihugu (urugero, VDE-AR-N 4100 mu Budage) bigena niba charger ishobora guhuzwa n’umuyoboro w’itumanaho byemewe n’amategeko. Abakoresha ibikoresho byo mu turere twinshi bagomba gusaba ibyemezo bihuye n’ubuyobozi bwose bw’ibikoresho byo gushyiraho porogaramu—itegeko rishyigikira cyane abakora ibikoresho bagerageza kandi bakemeza buri bwoko bw’ibikoresho byo mu karere aho kongera gushyira ikimenyetso ku gishushanyo kimwe.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Ubwoko bwa 1 (J1772) bugaragaza ibikorwa remezo bya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru by'icyiciro kimwe; Ubwoko bwa 2 (IEC 62196-2) bugaragaza ibikorwa remezo by'i Burayi by'icyiciro bitatu.
• Imiterere y'ubwoko bwa 1 bufite pini eshanu n'ubwoko bwa 2 bufite pini ndwi byombi bishingiye ku buryo bumwe bwo gusimbuza CP/PP, bityo "ururimi" rw'amashanyarazi rurasangirwa nubwo imiterere y'ikirere itandukanye.
• Ubushobozi bwa Type 2 bugira ibyiciro bitatu butuma ingufu za AC ziba nyinshi cyane, mu gihe ubworoherane bwa Type 1 butuma ikiguzi n'ubuhanga bigabanuka.
• Imicungire y’umuyoboro ishingiye kuri OCPP hamwe n’ibikoresho bigezweho bituma isi yo gushyushya ibyuma bivanze ibasha koroha ku bakoresha ndetse no ku bashoferi.

Contact MIDA Power ikora chargers zikoreshwa mu isi ivanze: sisitemu za AC na DC, amahitamo yo guhuza CCS1/CCS2/CHAdeMO/NACS, na porogaramu y'umuyoboro ikurikiza OCPP icunga uruvange rw'amabwiriza kuri dashboard imwe. Hamagara itsinda ryacu kugira ngo ubone ubuyobozi bwo guhuza, ibisobanuro bya tekiniki, n'igiciro gihuye n'ibikorwa remezo by'akarere kawe.