He aha te Utu Ahu-rua?

Mō te nuinga o ngā waka hiko, ka haere te hiko ki te taha kotahi — mai i te rihi hiko, te putanga hiko i te pakitara, i tētahi atu pūtake hiko rānei ki te pākahiko. He utu mārama kei te kaiwhakamahi mō te hiko, ā, e matapaetia ana neke atu i te haurua o ngā hokonga waka katoa he waka hiko i te mutunga o te tekau tau, he taumahatanga kei te piki haere ki runga i ngā whatunga ratonga kua nui rawa te taake.

Mā te utunga rua-ara ka taea e koe te neke i te hiko ki tētahi atu taha, mai i te pākahiko ki tētahi mea ehara i te pūnaha taraiwa o te motuka. I te wā e motu ana te hiko, ka taea e te EV e hono tika ana te tuku hiko ki tētahi whare, ki tētahi pakihi rānei, ā, ka mau tonu te hiko mō ētahi rā, he tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te waka-ki-te-kāinga (V2H) te waka-ki-te-whare rānei (V2B).

Heoi anō, he nui ake te hiahia, ka taea hoki e tō waka hiko te whakarato hiko ki te whatunga ina nui te tono — hei tauira, i te wā wera nui ina whakamahia ana e te katoa ā rātou hauhautanga — ā, ka ārai i te kore pumau, i te pōuri rānei. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te waka-ki-te-whatunga (V2G).

He rautaki whakamātautau tēnei, ina whakaarohia ko te nuinga o ngā waka e tū ana i te 95% o te wā.

Engari he wāhanga noa iho o te whārite te whai waka me te āheinga rua-ara. Me hiahia hoki koe ki tētahi rihi motuhake e taea ai te rere o te pūngao ki ngā taha e rua. Tērā pea ka kitea tēnei i te tau e tū mai nei: I te marama o Hune, i kī te dcbel o Montreal kua riro tana r16 Home Energy Station hei rihi EV rua-ara tuatahi kua whakamanahia mō te whakamahinga kāinga i te US.

Ka wātea tētahi atu rihi hiko e rua ngā taha, te Quasar 2 mai i Wallbox, mō te Kia EV9 i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024.

Haunga ngā taputapu, me whai whakaaetanga hononga anō hoki koe mai i tō kamupene hiko, kia kore ai te whatunga hiko e taupokina e te tuku hiko ki uta.

Ā, ki te hiahia koe ki te whakahoki mai i ētahi o ō haumitanga ki V2G, me whai pūmanawa koe hei ārahi i te pūnaha kia mau tonu te taumata utu e pai ana ki a koe, me te whiwhi hoki i te utu pai rawa atu mō te pūngao ka hokona e koe. Ko te kaitākaro nui i taua wāhanga ko Fermata Energy, he kamupene kei Charlottesville, Virginia i whakatūria i te tau 2010.

"Ka ohauru ngā kiritaki ki tā mātou tūāpapa, ā, mā mātou e mahi aua mahi whatunga katoa," te kī a te kaiwhakaū, a David Slutzky. "Kāore rātou e hiahia ki te whakaaro mō tēnā."

Kua mahi tahi a Fermata i ngā kaupapa whakamātautau maha mō te V2G me te V2H puta noa i te US. I te Alliance Center, he wāhi mahi tahi e aro ana ki te oranga tonutanga i Denver, ka monohia he Nissan Leaf ki tētahi rihi hiko rua-ara a Fermata ina kore e taraiwahia. E ai ki te pokapū ka taea e te pūmanawa matapae i te pikinga tono a Fermata te penapena $300 i te marama i runga i tana pire hiko me te mea e mōhiotia ana ko te whakahaere utu tono i muri i te mita.

I Burrillville, Rhode Island, e ai ki a Fermata, i tata ki te $9,000 te moni i whiwhihia e tētahi Leaf i tū ki tētahi tipu maimoatanga wai para i roto i ngā raumati e rua mā te tuku hiko ki te whatunga hiko i ngā wā tino nui o ngā huihuinga.

I tēnei wā, he iti noa ngā whakamātautau arumoni mō te nuinga o ngā pūnaha V2G. Engari e ai ki a Slutzky, kāore e roa ka horapa te ratonga kāinga ki ngā wāhi katoa.

"Kāore tēnei i te heke mai," tana kī. "Kei te tupu kē tēnei. Kei te tata te horapa haere."

Te utunga ā-rua: te waka ki te kāinga
Ko te momo hiko rua-ara māmā rawa atu ko te waka ki te uta, ko te V2L rānei. Mā tēnei, ka taea e koe te utu i ngā taputapu puni, ngā taputapu hiko, tētahi atu waka hiko rānei (e mōhiotia ana ko te V2V). He maha atu ngā whakamahinga whakahirahira: I te tau kua hipa, i kī te tohunga mimi o Texas a Christopher Yang kua oti i a ia te tango i te wai i te wā e motu ana te hiko mā te whakakaha i ana taputapu ki te pākahiko i roto i tana pikapu Rivian R1T.

Tērā pea ka rongo koe i te kupu V2X, arā, te waka mō ngā mea katoa. He kupu whakapoauau tēnei, he kupu whānui pea mō te V2H, V2G rānei, mō te utunga whakahaere noa iho rānei, e mōhiotia ana ko te V1G. Engari ko ētahi atu i roto i te umanga motuka e whakamahi ana i te whakarāpopototanga, i roto i tētahi horopaki rerekē, hei tikanga mō tētahi momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te waka me tētahi atu hinonga, tae atu ki ngā kaihaerere, ngā rama tiriti, ngā pokapū raraunga waka rānei.

O ngā momo putanga o te utunga ā-rua, ko V2H te mea e tautokona whānuitia ana, nā te mea ko te huringa āhuarangi i puta mai i te tangata me te kore e tiakina pai o ngā whatunga hiko kua nui ake te maha o ngā motuhanga hiko. E ai ki te arotake a te Wall Street Journal i ngā raraunga ā-motu, neke atu i te 180 ngā motuhanga hiko whānui puta noa i te US i te tau 2020, he pikinga ake i te iti iho i te rua tekau mā rua i te tau 2000.

He maha ngā painga o te rokiroki pākahiko EV i ngā miihini whakaputa hiko tīhiera, propane rānei, tae atu ki te tere ake o te whakahokinga mai o te hiko i muri i tētahi aituā i ērā atu wahie. Ā, he haruru, he taumaha hoki ngā miihini whakaputa hiko tuku iho, ā, he kino te haunga e puta mai ana.

Haunga te whakarato hiko ohorere, ka taea pea e V2H te penapena moni māu: Ki te whakamahi koe i te hiko kua rongoatia hei whakakaha i tō whare ina teitei ake ngā utu hiko, ka taea e koe te whakaiti i ō pire hiko. Ā, kāore koe e hiahia ki tētahi whakaaetanga hononga nā te mea kāore koe e pana ana i te hiko ki te whatunga hiko.

Engari ko te whakamahi i te V2H i roto i te wā pōuri he mea tika kia tae noa ki tētahi wā, e ai ki te kaitātari pūngao a Eisler.

"Ki te mea kei te titiro koe ki tētahi āhuatanga kāore e pono te whatunga hiko, ā, tera pea ka pakaru, me pātai koe ki a koe anō, kia pēhea te roa o taua pakaru," tana kī. "Ka taea e koe te whakakī anō i taua EV ina hiahiatia?"

I puta mai tētahi whakahē ōrite mai i a Tesla — i te huihuinga pāpāho o te rā o ngā kaipupuri moni i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi i reira i panuitia ai ka tāpirihia he mahi taha-rua. I taua huihuinga, i whakaitihia e te Tumu Whakarae, e Elon Musk, te āhuatanga nei he "tino whakararuraru".

"Ki te momotu koe i tō waka, ka pōuri tō whare," tana kī. Ko te tikanga, ka noho a V2H hei kaiwhakataetae tika ki te Tesla Powerwall, te pākahiko rā motuhake a Musk.

Te utunga ā-rua: te waka ki te whatunga

Ka taea e ngā kaipupuri whare i roto i ngā whenua maha te hoko atu i te pūngao tāpiri e whakaputaina ana e rātou mā roto i ngā panera rā o runga o te tuanui ki te whatunga hiko. Me pēhea mēnā ka taea e ngā EV neke atu i te 1 miriona e tumanakohia ana ka hokona ki te US i tēnei tau te mahi i taua mea anō?

E ai ki ngā kairangahau i Te Whare Wānanga o Rochester, ka taea e ngā taraiwa te penapena i waenga i te $120 me te $150 i te tau i runga i tā rātou pire hiko.

Kei te tīmatanga tonu te V2G — kei te rapu tonu ngā kamupene hiko me pēhea te whakarite i te whatunga hiko me pēhea te utu i ngā kiritaki e hoko ana i a rātou kirowati hāora. Engari kei te whakarewahia ngā kaupapa whakamātautau puta noa i te ao: kua tīmata a Pacific Gas and Electric o California, te kamupene hiko nui rawa atu o te US, ki te whakauru i ngā kiritaki ki tētahi kaupapa whakamātautau $11.7 miriona hei rapu me pēhea te whakauru i te hononga hiko rua.

I raro i te mahere, ka whiwhi ngā kaihoko kāinga ki te $2,500 hei utu mō te tāuta i tētahi rihi hiko e rua ngā taha, ā, ka utua rātou ki te tuku hiko ki te whatunga hiko ina he iti te hiko e tumanakohia ana. I runga i te kaha o te hiahia me te kaha e pai ana te tangata ki te tuku, ka taea e ngā kaiuru te whiwhi i waenga i te $10 me te $50 mō ia huihuinga, e ai ki te kaikorero a PG&E, a Paul Doherty, ki a dot.LA i te marama o Tīhema,

Kua whakatakotohia e PG&E tētahi whāinga kia tautokona e 3 miriona EV i roto i tana rohe ratonga i te tau 2030, ā, neke atu i te 2 miriona o ēnei ka taea te tautoko i te V2G.