Amathrendi Engqalasizinda Yokushaja

Nakuba iningi lesidingo sokushaja okwamanje lihlangatshezwa ngokushaja ekhaya, amashaja afinyeleleka emphakathini ayadingeka kakhulu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngezinga elifanayo lokulula nokufinyeleleka njengokugcwalisa uphethiloli ezimotweni ezivamile. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eziminyene, ikakhulukazi, lapho ukufinyelela ekushajeni ekhaya kulinganiselwe khona, ingqalasizinda yokushaja yomphakathi iyisihluthulelo sokusetshenziswa kwe-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, kwakunezindawo zokushaja zomphakathi eziyizigidi ezingu-2.7 emhlabeni wonke, ezingaphezu kuka-900 000 zazo zafakwa ngo-2022, cishe ukwanda okungu-55% esitokweni sika-2021, futhi kufana nesilinganiso sokukhula kwangaphambi kobhubhane esingu-50% phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019.

Amashaja ahamba kancane

Emhlabeni jikelele, izindawo zokushaja zomphakathi ezisheshayo ezingaphezu kuka-600 0001zafakwa ngo-2022, ezingu-360 000 zazo zaziseShayina, okwenza inani lamashaja asheshayo ezweni libe ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, iShayina yayikhaya langaphezu kwengxenye yamasheya omhlaba wonke amashaja asheshayo omphakathi.

IYurophu ibekwe endaweni yesibili, ngamashaja ahamba kancane angu-460 000 ngo-2022, ukwanda ngo-50% kusukela ngonyaka odlule. INetherlands ihola phambili eYurophu ngamashaja angu-117 000, ilandelwa cishe yi-74 000 eFrance kanye ne-64 000 eJalimane. Isitoko samashaja ahamba kancane e-United States sikhuphuke ngo-9% ngo-2022, okuyisilinganiso sokukhula esiphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezimakethe ezinkulu. EKorea, isitoko sokushaja kancane siphindwe kabili unyaka nonyaka, sifinyelela amaphuzu okushaja angu-184 000.

Amashaja asheshayo

Amashaja asheshayo afinyeleleka emphakathini, ikakhulukazi lawo atholakala emigwaqweni emikhulu, avumela uhambo olude futhi angabhekana nokukhathazeka ebangeni, okuyisithiyo ekwamukelweni kwe-EV. Njengamashaja ahamba kancane, amashaja asheshayo omphakathi nawo ahlinzeka ngezixazululo zokushaja kubathengi abangenakho ukufinyelela okuthembekile kokushaja kwangasese, ngaleyo ndlela bekhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwe-EV ezindaweni eziningi zabantu. Inani lamashaja asheshayo lenyuke ngo-330 000 emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2022, yize futhi iningi (cishe u-90%) lokukhula livela eShayina. Ukufakwa kokushaja okusheshayo kuvala isikhala sokuntuleka kokufinyelela kumashaja asekhaya emadolobheni anabantu abaningi futhi kusekela imigomo yaseShayina yokuthunyelwa kwe-EV okusheshayo. IShayina ihlanganisa amashaja asheshayo angu-760 000, kodwa ngaphezu kwenani eliphelele lenqwaba yokushaja okusheshayo komphakathi litholakala ezifundazweni eziyishumi kuphela.

EYurophu isitokwe sokushaja okusheshayo sisonke sasingaphezu kuka-70 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukwanda cishe ngo-55% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021. Amazwe anesitokwe esikhulu sokushaja okusheshayo yiJalimane (ngaphezu kuka-12 000), iFrance (9 700) kanye neNorway (9 000). Kunesifiso esicacile kulo lonke i-European Union sokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yokushaja yomphakathi, njengoba kuboniswe yisivumelwano sesikhashana mayelana noMthethonqubo Wengqalasizinda Yezifutho Ezingashintshi (i-AFIR) ohlongozwayo, ozobeka izidingo zokumbozwa kokushaja kagesi kulo lonke inethiwekhi yezokuthutha ye-trans-European (TEN-T) phakathi kwe-European Investment Bank kanye neKhomishini yaseYurophu izokwenza ukuthi kutholakale imali engaphezu kuka-EUR 1.5 billion ekupheleni kuka-2023 yengqalasizinda yamafutha ahlukile, okuhlanganisa nokushaja okusheshayo kukagesi.

I-United States ifake ama-fast charger angu-6 300 ngo-2022, cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zawo kwakuyi-Tesla Supercharger. Inani eliphelele lama-fast charger lafika ku-28 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022. Ukuthunyelwa kulindeleke ukuthi kusheshise eminyakeni ezayo ngemuva kokuvunyelwa nguhulumeni yi-(NEVI). Zonke izifundazwe zase-US, iWashington DC, nePuerto Rico zihlanganyela kulolu hlelo, futhi sezivele zabelwe uxhaso lwemali oluyizigidi ezingama-USD 885 ngo-2023 ukusekela ukwakhiwa kwama-charger kuwo wonke umgwaqo omkhulu ongamakhilomitha angu-122 000. I-US Federal Highway Administration imemezele amazinga amasha kazwelonke ama-EV charger axhaswe nguhulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana, ukuthembeka, ukufinyeleleka kanye nokuhambisana. Ngamazinga amasha, i-Tesla imemezele ukuthi izovula ingxenye ye-US Supercharger yayo (lapho ama-Supercharger emele u-60% wesamba sama-fast charger e-United States) kanye nenethiwekhi ye-Destination Charger kuma-EV angewona ama-Tesla.

Izindawo zokushaja zomphakathi ziyanda ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-EV ebanzi

Ukuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda yokushaja umphakathi ngokulindela ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwe-EV kubalulekile ekwamukelweni kabanzi kwe-EV. ENorway, isibonelo, kwakukhona ama-LDV kagesi ebhethri angaba ngu-1.3 ngephuzu lokushaja umphakathi ngo-2011, okwasekela ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, njengoba ama-LDV angaphezu kuka-17% angama-BEV, kwakukhona ama-BEV angu-25 ngephuzu lokushaja umphakathi eNorway. Ngokuvamile, njengoba isabelo samasheya sama-LDV kagesi ebhethri sanda, isilinganiso sokushaja ngephuzu lokushaja nge-BEV siyancipha. Ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwe-EV kungagcinwa kuphela uma isidingo sokushaja sihlangatshezwa yingqalasizinda efinyelelekayo nengabizi, kungaba ngokushaja kwangasese emakhaya noma emsebenzini, noma eziteshini zokushaja ezifinyeleleka emphakathini.

Isilinganiso sama-LDV kagesi ngeshaja yomphakathi

Indawo yokushaja yomphakathi ngesilinganiso se-LDV yebhethri-kagesi emazweni akhethiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nesabelo sesitokwe se-LDV kagesi sebhethri

Nakuba ama-PHEV engancikile kakhulu engqalasizinda yokushaja komphakathi kune-BEV, ukwenza inqubomgomo ephathelene nokutholakala okwanele kwezindawo zokushaja kufanele kufake (futhi kukhuthaze) ukushaja kwe-PHEV komphakathi. Uma kucatshangelwa inani eliphelele lama-LDV kagesi ngephuzu lokushaja, isilinganiso somhlaba wonke ngo-2022 sasicishe sibe ama-EV ayishumi ngeshaja. Amazwe afana ne-China, i-Korea ne-Netherlands agcine ama-EV angaphansi kweshumi ngeshaja eminyakeni edlule. Emazweni athembele kakhulu ekushajeni komphakathi, inani lamashaja afinyeleleka emphakathini liye landa ngesivinini esilingana kakhulu nokufakwa kwe-EV.

Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimakethe ezibonakala ngokutholakala kabanzi kokushaja ekhaya (ngenxa yesabelo esikhulu sezindlu zomndeni owodwa kanye nethuba lokufaka ishaja) inani lama-EV endaweni yokushaja yomphakathi lingaba phezulu nakakhulu. Isibonelo, e-United States, isilinganiso sama-EV ngeshaja singama-24, kanti eNorway singaphezu kwama-30. Njengoba ukungena emakethe kwama-EV kukhuphuka, ukushaja komphakathi kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ngisho nakula mazwe, ukusekela ukwamukelwa kwama-EV phakathi kwabashayeli abangenazo izinketho zokushaja ekhaya noma endaweni yokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso esifanele sama-EV ngeshaja sizohluka ngokuya ngezimo zendawo nezidingo zomshayeli.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kunenani lamashaja omphakathi atholakalayo umthamo wamandla okushaja omphakathi nge-EV ngayinye, uma ubheka ukuthi amashaja asheshayo angakhonza ama-EV amaningi kunamashaja ahamba kancane. Ngesikhathi sokuqala kokusetshenziswa kwe-EV, kunengqondo ukuthi amandla okushaja atholakalayo nge-EV ngayinye abe phezulu, uma sicabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kweshaja kuzoba phansi kuze kube yilapho imakethe ivuthwa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda kusebenza kahle. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, i-European Union ku-AFIR ifaka izidingo zamandla aphelele okufanele anikezwe ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bemikhumbi ebhalisiwe.

Emhlabeni jikelele, isilinganiso samandla okushaja umphakathi nge-LDV kagesi sicishe sibe ngu-2.4 kW nge-EV. E-European Union, isilinganiso siphansi, ngesilinganiso esicishe sibe ngu-1.2 kW nge-EV. I-Korea inesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu esingu-7 kW nge-EV, ngisho noma iningi lamashaja omphakathi (90%) lishaja kancane.

Inani lama-LDV kagesi ngendawo yokushaja yomphakathi kanye ne-kW nge-LDV kagesi, 2022

Vula

Inani lama-LDV kagesi nge-pointkW yokushaja komphakathi nge-LDV kagesi ngayinye I-New Zealand I-Iceland I-Australia I-Norway I-Brazil I-Germany I-Sweden I-United States I-Denmark I-Portugal I-United Kingdom I-Spain I-Canada I-Indonesia I-Finland I-Switzerland I-Japan I-Thailand I-European Union I-France I-Poland I-Mexico I-Belgium I-World Italy I-China I-India I-South Africa I-Chile I-Grisi I-Netherlands I-Korea 08162432404856647280889610400.61.21.82.433.64.24.85.466.67.27.8

• I-EV / i-EVSE (i-axis engezansi)
• kW / EV (i-axis ephezulu)

Ezifundeni lapho amaloli kagesi etholakala khona kwezentengiselwano, amaloli kagesi anebhethri angancintisana ngesisekelo se-TCO namaloli kadizili avamile ukuze kuqhutshwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, hhayi nje kuphela emadolobheni nakwezifunda, kodwa futhi nasezigabeni zesifunda nezendawo zama-tractor-trailer. Amapharamitha amathathu anquma isikhathi okufinyelelwa ngaso yizindleko zokukhokha; izindleko zikaphethiloli nezokusebenza (isb. umehluko phakathi kwamanani kadizili nogesi abhekene nabaqhubi bamaloli, kanye nezindleko zokulungisa ezincishisiwe); kanye nezibonelelo ze-CAPEX zokunciphisa igebe entengo yokuthenga imoto kusengaphambili. Njengoba amaloli kagesi anganikeza imisebenzi efanayo ngezindleko zokuphila eziphansi (kufaka phakathi uma kusetshenziswa izinga elincishisiwe), lapho abanikazi bezimoto belindele ukubuyisa izindleko zangaphambili kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi bathenge iloli kagesi noma elivamile.

Umnotho wamaloli kagesi ekusetshenzisweni kwebanga elide ungathuthukiswa kakhulu uma izindleko zokushaja zingancishiswa ngokwandisa "isikhathi sokungasebenzi" (isb. isikhathi sasebusuku noma ezinye izikhathi ezinde zokungasebenzi) ukushaja okuhamba kancane, ukuthola izinkontileka zokuthenga ngobuningi nabaqhubi begridi "zokusebenza phakathi" (isb. ngesikhathi sekhefu), ukushaja okusheshayo (kufika ku-350 kW), noma ukushaja okusheshayo kakhulu (>350 kW), kanye nokuhlola amathuba okushaja okuhlakaniphile kanye namathuba okusuka emotweni uye kugridi ukuze uthole imali eyengeziwe.

Amaloli kagesi namabhasi azothembela ekushajeni ngaphandle kweshifti ngenani elikhulu lamandla awo. Lokhu kuzofezwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokushaja ezizimele noma ezizimele noma eziteshini zomphakathi emigwaqweni emikhulu, futhi ngokuvamile ebusuku. Izindawo zokushaja ezizohlinzeka ngesidingo esikhulayo sokufakwa kukagesi okunzima kuzodingeka zakhiwe, futhi ezimweni eziningi kungadinga ukuthuthukiswa kwegridi yokusabalalisa kanye nokudlulisa. Kuye ngezidingo zebanga lezimoto, ukushaja izindawo zokushaja kuzokwanela ukumboza imisebenzi eminingi yamabhasi asemadolobheni kanye nemisebenzi yamaloli asemadolobheni nawesifunda.

Imithethonqubo egunyaza izikhathi zokuphumula inganikeza nesikhathi sokushaja phakathi nesikhathi uma kunezinketho zokushaja okusheshayo noma okusheshayo kakhulu endleleni: i-European Union idinga imizuzu engama-45 yekhefu ngemva kwamahora angu-4.5 okushayela; i-United States iyalela imizuzu engama-30 ngemva kwamahora angu-8.

Iningi leziteshi zokushaja okusheshayo zamandla aqondile (DC) ezitholakala kwezentengiselwano okwamanje zivumela amazinga kagesi asukela ku-250-350 kW. Okufinyelelwe yiMkhandlu waseYurophu kanye nePhalamende kufaka phakathi inqubo eqhubekayo yokuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda yezimoto zikagesi ezisindayo kusukela ngo-2025. Izifundo zakamuva zezidingo zamandla zokusebenza kwamaloli esifunda kanye namaloli amade e-US naseYurophu zithola ukuthi amandla okushaja angaphezu kuka-350 kW, kanye naphezulu njengo-1 MW, angadingeka ukuze kushajwe ngokugcwele amaloli kagesi ngesikhathi sekhefu lemizuzu engama-30 kuya kwengama-45.

Beqaphela isidingo sokwandisa ukushaja okusheshayo noma okusheshayo kakhulu njengemfuneko yokwenza imisebenzi yesifunda kanye, ikakhulukazi, ende isebenze kahle kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho, ngo-2022 iTraton, iVolvo, neDaimler basungula i-joint venture ezimele, Njengoba i-EUR 500 million ekutshalweni kwezimali okuhlangene okuvela emaqenjini amathathu okukhiqiza anzima, lesi sinyathelo sihlose ukusabalalisa izindawo zokushaja ezingaphezu kuka-1 700 ezisheshayo (300 kuya ku-350 kW) kanye nezisheshayo (1 MW) kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Izindinganiso eziningi zokushaja ziyasetshenziswa njengamanje, futhi imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokushaja okusheshayo kakhulu isathuthukiswa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okukhulu okungenzeka kwezindinganiso zokushaja kanye nokusebenzisana kwama-EV asebenza kanzima kuzodingeka ukuze kugwenywe izindleko, ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nezinselele zabangenisi bezimoto kanye nabaqhubi bamazwe ngamazwe ezizodalwa abakhiqizi abalandela izindlela ezahlukene.

EShayina, abathuthukisi abasebenzisana ne-China Electricity Council kanye ne-“ultra ChaoJi” ye-CHAdeMO bathuthukisa indinganiso yokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezisindayo ezifinyelela kuma-megawatt amaningana. EYurophu nase-United States, imininingwane ye-CharIN Megawatt Charging System (MCS), enamandla aphezulu angaba khona. isathuthukiswa yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) nezinye izinhlangano. Imininingwane yokugcina ye-MCS, ezodingeka ukuze kuqaliswe ukuhweba, kulindeleke ukuthi ibe ngo-2024. Ngemuva kwendawo yokuqala yokushaja ama-megawatt enikezwa yi-Daimler Trucks kanye ne-Portland General Electric (PGE) ngo-2021, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kanye namaphrojekthi e-Austria, eSweden, eSpain nase-United Kingdom.

Ukuthengiswa kwamashaja anamandla alinganisiwe angu-1 MW kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, njengoba iziteshi ezinezidingo zamandla aphezulu kangaka zizobiza izindleko ezinkulu kokubili ekufakweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwegridi. Ukubuyekeza amamodeli ebhizinisi likagesi lomphakathi kanye nemithethonqubo yomkhakha wamandla, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlela phakathi kwabathintekayo kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile konke kungasiza Ukusekelwa okuqondile ngamaphrojekthi okuhlola kanye nezikhuthazo zezimali nakho kungasheshisa ukubonakaliswa nokwamukelwa ezigabeni zokuqala. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luveza ezinye izinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe zokuklama ukuthuthukisa iziteshi zokushaja ezilinganisiwe ze-MCS:

• Ukuhlela iziteshi zokushaja ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto ezinkulu eduze kwemigqa yokudlulisa ugesi kanye neziteshi ezincane kungaba yisisombululo esihle kakhulu sokunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kweshaja.
• Ukuxhumana “okulingana kahle” ngokuxhumana ngqo nemigqa yokudlulisa amandla kusenesikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela kulindelwe izidingo zamandla zesistimu lapho isabelo esikhulu somsebenzi wezimpahla sifakwe khona ugesi, esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa amagridi okusabalalisa ngezikhathi ezithile nangesikhathi esifushane, kuzobaluleka kakhulu ekunciphiseni izindleko. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuhlela okuhlelekile nokuhlelekile phakathi kwabaqhubi begridi kanye nabathuthukisi bengqalasizinda yokushaja kuyo yonke imikhakha.
• Njengoba ukuxhumana kwesistimu yokudlulisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwegridi kungathatha iminyaka engu-4-8, ukwakha nokwakha iziteshi zokushaja ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzodingeka kuqale ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izixazululo zifaka phakathi ukufaka isitoreji esingashintshi kanye nokuhlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo endawo, kuhlanganiswe nokushaja okuhlakaniphile, okungasiza ekunciphiseni kokubili izindleko zengqalasizinda ezihlobene nokuxhumeka kwegridi kanye nezindleko zokuthenga ugesi (isb. ngokwenza abashayeli bamaloli bakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuxazulula ukuguquguquka kwamanani usuku lonke, ukusebenzisa amathuba okusebenzisa imoto ukuya kugridi, njll.).

Ezinye izinketho zokunikeza amandla ezimotweni zikagesi ezithwala umthwalo omkhulu (ama-HDV) ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri kanye nezinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi. Izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi zingadlulisela amandla elolini kungaba ngamakhoyili okungenisa emgwaqweni, noma ngokuxhumana okuhambisayo phakathi kwemoto nomgwaqo, noma ngemigqa ye-catenary (engaphezulu). Izinketho zokushaja ze-catenary nezinye izindlela zokushaja ezishintshayo zingaba nesithembiso sokunciphisa izindleko zezinga lesistimu yeyunivesithi ekushintsheni kumaloli esifunda kanye nawokuhamba ibanga elide, ziqede kahle ngokwezindleko zesamba semali kanye nokusebenza. Zingasiza futhi ekunciphiseni izidingo zomthamo webhethri. Isidingo sebhethri singancishiswa kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kuthuthukiswe kakhulu, uma izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi zenzelwe ukuhambisana hhayi kuphela namaloli kodwa nezimoto zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, izindlela ezinjalo zingadinga ukwakheka okungenisa noma okungaphakathi komgwaqo okuza nezithiyo ezinkulu maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuklama, futhi kudinga imali eningi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi ziletha izinselele ezinkulu ezifana nezomkhakha wesitimela, okuhlanganisa isidingo esikhulu sokulungiswa kwezindlela nezimoto (njengoba kuboniswe ngama-tram namabhasi e-trolley), ukuhambisana ngaphesheya kwemingcele yohambo olude, kanye namamodeli obunikazi bengqalasizinda afanele. Zinikeza ukuguquguquka okuncane kubanikazi bamaloli ngokwemizila nezinhlobo zezimoto, futhi zinezindleko eziphezulu zokuthuthukiswa zizonke, konke kuthinta ukuncintisana kwazo uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zokushaja ezivamile. Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, izinhlelo ezinjalo zingase zisetshenziswe kahle kuqala emigwaqweni yezimpahla esetshenziswa kakhulu, okuzobandakanya ukubambisana okuseduze phakathi kwababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene bomphakathi nabazimele. Imiboniso emigwaqweni yomphakathi kuze kube manje eJalimane naseSweden ithembele kubanqobi abavela ezinhlanganweni ezizimele nezikahulumeni. Izicelo zokushayela imigwaqo kagesi nazo ziyacatshangelwa eShayina, eNdiya, e-UK nase-United States.

Izidingo zokushaja izimoto ezisindayo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) kusikisela ukuthi ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri kagesi ngamasondo amabili ezinsizeni zamatekisi (isb. amatekisi amabhayisikili) kunikeza i-TCO encintisana kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-point charging BEV noma ama-ICE amabili. Endabeni yokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina nge-two-wheeler, ukushaja amaphuzu okwamanje kunenzuzo ye-TCO kunokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri, kodwa ngezisusa zenqubomgomo efanele kanye nobukhulu, ukushintshaniswa kungaba inketho esebenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ngokuvamile, njengoba ibanga elijwayelekile elihanjwa nsuku zonke likhuphuka, i-electric wheeler yebhethri enamasondo amabili enokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri iba eyonga kakhulu kunezimoto zokushaja amaphuzu noma uphethiloli. Ngo-2021, i-Swappable Batteries Motorcycle Consortium yasungulwa ngenhloso yokwenza kube lula ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri kwezimoto ezilula, kufaka phakathi amasondo amabili/amathathu, ngokusebenzisana ngemininingwane yebhethri efanayo.

Ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi ezinamasondo amabili/amathathu kuyanda kakhulu eNdiya. Njengamanje kunezinkampani ezingaphezu kweshumi ezihlukene emakethe yaseNdiya, okuhlanganisa iGogoro, isikuta sikagesi esiseShayina eTaipei kanye nomholi kwezobuchwepheshe bokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri. IGogoro ithi amabhethri ayo anika amandla angu-90% ezikuta zikagesi eTaipei yaseShayina, futhi inethiwekhi yeGogoro ineziteshi zokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri ezingaphezu kuka-12 000 ukusekela izimoto zikagesi ezinamasondo amabili ezingaphezu kuka-500 000 emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Asia Pacific. IGogoro manje isisungule ubambiswano neZypp Electric ese-India, ephethe ipulatifomu ye-EV-as-a-service yokulethwa kwezimoto okusheshayo; ndawonye, ​​basebenzisa iziteshi zokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri eziyi-6 kanye nezinjini zikagesi eziyi-100 ezinamasondo amabili njengengxenye yephrojekthi yokuhlola yemisebenzi yokulethwa kwezimoto okusheshayo phakathi kwebhizinisi nebhizinisi edolobheni laseDelhi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, baqongelela amabhethri, abazowasebenzisa ukwandisa izimoto zabo zibe yizimoto zikagesi ezingama-200 000 ezinamasondo amabili emadolobheni angu-30 aseNdiya ngo-2025. I-Sun Mobility inomlando omude wokushintshana ngamabhethri eNdiya, eneziteshi zokushintshana ngokweqile ezweni lonke ngamabhayisikili kagesi anamasondo amabili nantathu, okuhlanganisa nama-e-rickshaw, nabalingani abanjengo-Amazon India. I-Thailand nayo ibona izinsizakalo zokushintshana ngamabhethri kwabashayeli bamatekisi nabathuthayo.

Nakuba kuvame kakhulu e-Asia, ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri ngama-electric wheeler amabili nakho kusakazekela e-Afrika. Isibonelo, inkampani entsha yezithuthuthu zikagesi yaseRwanda isebenzisa iziteshi zokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri, igxile ekukhonzeni imisebenzi yamatekisi ezithuthuthu edinga ukuhamba ibanga elide nsuku zonke. I-Ampersand yakhe iziteshi zokushintshaniswa kwamabhethri eziyishumi eKigali kanye nezintathu eNairobi, eKenya. Lezi ziteshi zenza ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri okucishe kube ngu-37 000 ngenyanga.

Ukushintshana ngebhethri lama-wheeler amabili/amathathu kunikeza izinzuzo zezindleko

Ngokukhethekile ngamaloli, ukushintshana ngamabhethri kungaba nezinzuzo ezinkulu kunokushaja okusheshayo kakhulu. Okokuqala, ukushintshana kungathatha okuncane, okungaba nzima futhi kubize kakhulu ukukufeza ngokushaja okusekelwe kukhebula, okudinga ishaja esheshayo kakhulu exhunywe kumagridi aphakathi kuya kwaphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri ezibizayo kanye namakhemikhali ebhethri. Ukugwema ukushaja okusheshayo kakhulu kungandisa umthamo webhethri, ukusebenza kanye nokuphila komjikelezo.

I-Battery-as-a-service (BaaS), ehlukanisa ukuthengwa kweloli nebhethri, kanye nokusungula inkontileka yokuqasha ibhethri, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthenga kusengaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amaloli evame ukuncika kuma-chemistries ebhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhethri e-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), afaneleka kahle ukushintshaniswa ngokuphepha nangokungabizi.

Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokwakha isiteshi cishe zizoba phezulu ekushintsheni amabhethri eloli uma kubhekwa usayizi wemoto omkhulu namabhethri asindayo, adinga isikhala esiningi kanye nemishini ekhethekile yokwenza lokhu kushintshana. Esinye isithiyo esikhulu isidingo sokuthi amabhethri alinganiswe ngobukhulu obuthile kanye nomthamo, okungenzeka ukuthi ama-OEM amaloli akubone njengenselele yokuncintisana njengoba ukwakheka kwebhethri kanye nomthamo kuyisici esibalulekile phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamaloli kagesi.

IShayina ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri amaloli ngenxa yokusekelwa okukhulu kwenqubomgomo kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuklanyelwe ukuhambisana nokushaja izintambo. Ngo-2021, i-MIIT yaseShayina yamemezela ukuthi amadolobha amaningana azosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokushintshanisa amabhethri, okuhlanganisa nokushintshanisa amabhethri e-HDV emadolobheni amathathu. Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bamaloli amakhulu aseShayina, okuhlanganisa i-FAW, i-CAMC, i-Dongfeng, i-Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), i-Shanxi Automobile, kanye ne-SAIC.

IShayina ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri amaloli

IShayina futhi ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri ezimotweni zabagibeli. Kuzo zonke izindlela, inani eliphelele leziteshi zokushintshana amabhethri eShayina limi cishe ekupheleni kuka-2022, okuphakeme ngo-50% kunasekupheleni kuka-2021. I-NIO, ekhiqiza izimoto ezisebenzisa ukushintshana kwamabhethri kanye neziteshi zokushintshana ezisekelayo, isebenza ngaphezu kwaseShayina, ibika ukuthi inethiwekhi ihlanganisa ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezwekazi laseShayina. Ingxenye yeziteshi zabo zokushintshana yafakwa ngo-2022, futhi inkampani izibekele umgomo weziteshi zokushintshana amabhethri ezingu-4 000 emhlabeni wonke ngo-2025. Inkampani iziteshi zabo zokushintshana zingenza ukushintshana okungaphezu kuka-300 ngosuku, zishaja amabhethri afinyelela ku-13 ngesikhathi esisodwa ngamandla angu-20-80 kW.

I-NIO iphinde yamemezela izinhlelo zokwakha iziteshi zokushintshana ngamabhethri eYurophu njengoba amamodeli azo ezimoto asebenzisa ukushintshana ngamabhethri eqala ukutholakala ezimakethe zaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kuka-2022. Isiteshi sokuqala sokushintshana ngamabhethri se-NIO eSweden savulwa futhi ekupheleni kuka-2022, iziteshi eziyishumi zokushintshana ngamabhethri ze-NIO zase zivuliwe kulo lonke elaseNorway, eJalimane, eSweden naseNetherlands. Ngokungafani ne-NIO, lapho iziteshi zayo zokushintshana zisebenzela izimoto ze-NIO, iziteshi zesiteshi sokushintshana ngamabhethri saseShayina i-Aulton zisekela amamodeli angu-30 avela ezinkampanini zezimoto ezingu-16 ezahlukene.

Ukushintshana ngamabhethri kungaba yindlela ekhangayo kakhulu yemikhumbi yamatekisi e-LDV, imisebenzi yawo ebucayi kakhulu ezikhathini zokushaja kabusha kunezimoto zomuntu siqu. Inkampani entsha yase-US i-Ample okwamanje isebenzisa iziteshi zokushintshana ngamabhethri eziyi-12 endaweni yaseSan Francisco Bay, ikakhulukazi ezisebenzela izimoto ze-Uber.

IShayina futhi ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri ezimotweni zabagibeli

Izinkomba

Amashaja ahamba kancane anezilinganiso zamandla ezingaphansi noma ezilingana no-22 kW. Amashaja asheshayo yilawo anesilinganiso samandla esingaphezu kuka-22 kW kanye nafinyelela ku-350 kW. “Amaphuzu okushaja” kanye “namashaja” asetshenziswa ngokushintshana futhi abhekisela ezisekelweni zokushaja ngazinye, okubonisa inani lama-EV angashaja ngesikhathi esisodwa. “Iziteshi zokushaja” zingaba nezindawo zokushaja eziningi.

Ngaphambilini isiqondiso, i-AFIR ehlongozwayo, uma isivunyiwe ngokusemthethweni, sasizoba umthetho obophayo, obeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibanga eliphakeme phakathi kwamashaja afakwe eceleni kwe-TEN-T, imigwaqo eyinhloko neyesibili ngaphakathi kwe-European Union.

Izixazululo eziholela ekuthuthukisweni zikude kakhulu nokuhweba futhi zibhekene nezinselele zokuletha amandla anele ngesivinini somgwaqo omkhulu.