Iindlela zokutshaja iziseko zophuhliso

Nangona uninzi lwemfuno yokutshaja ngoku ifezekiswa ngokutshaja ekhaya, iitshaja ezifikeleleka kuluntu ziyafuneka ngakumbi ukuze kubonelelwe ngenqanaba elifanayo lokulula nokufikeleleka njengezokugcwalisa ipetroli kwizithuthi eziqhelekileyo. Kwiindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini, ngakumbi, apho ukufikelela ekutshajeni ekhaya kunqongophele khona, iziseko zokutshaja kuluntu ziyindlela ephambili yokwamkelwa kwe-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, bekukho iindawo zokutshaja kuluntu ezizizigidi ezi-2.7 kwihlabathi liphela, ezingaphezulu kwama-900 000 kuzo zafakelwa ngo-2022, malunga nokunyuka kwama-55% kwisitokhwe sika-2021, kwaye kufana nesantya sokukhula ngaphambi kobhubhane sama-50% phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019.

Iitshaja ezicothayo

Ehlabathini jikelele, iindawo zokutshaja ezicothayo zikawonke-wonke ezingaphezu kwama-600 0001zafakwa ngo-2022, ezingama-360 000 kuzo zaziseTshayina, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inani leetshaja ezicothayo kweli lizwe libe ngaphezulu kwesigidi esinye. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, iTshayina yayilikhaya leetshaja ezicothayo zikawonke-wonke zehlabathi.

IYurophu ikwindawo yesibini, ineetshaja ezicothayo ezingama-460 000 ngo-2022, ukonyuka ngama-50% kunonyaka ophelileyo. INetherlands ikhokela eYurophu ngeetshaja ezili-117 000, ilandelwa malunga nama-74 000 eFransi kunye nama-64 000 eJamani. Isitokhwe seetshaja ezicothayo eMelika sinyuke nge-9% ngo-2022, izinga lokukhula eliphantsi phakathi kweemarike ezinkulu. EKorea, isitokhwe sokutshaja okucothayo siphindwe kabini unyaka nonyaka, sifikelela kuma-184 000 amanqaku okutshaja.

Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo

Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezifikeleleka esidlangalaleni, ingakumbi ezo zikwiindlela ezinkulu, zivumela uhambo olude kwaye zinokulungisa ixhala lomgama, umqobo wokwamkelwa kwe-EV. Njengeetshaja ezicothayo, iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zikawonke-wonke zikwabonelela ngezisombululo zokutshaja kubathengi abangenalo ukufikelela okuthembekileyo ekutshajeni ngasese, ngaloo ndlela bekhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwe-EV kwiindawo ezininzi zabemi. Inani leetshaja ezikhawulezayo lenyuke ngama-330 000 kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2022, nangona uninzi (phantse i-90%) lokukhula luvela eTshayina. Ukusasazwa kokutshaja okukhawulezayo kuhlawula ukungabikho kokufikelela kwiitshaja zasekhaya kwizixeko ezinabantu abaninzi kwaye kuxhasa iinjongo zaseTshayina zokuthunyelwa kwe-EV ngokukhawuleza. ITshayina ibandakanya iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezingama-760 000 zizonke, kodwa ngaphezulu kwenani lilonke leenqwaba zempahla yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza zikawonke-wonke zikwiiphondo ezilishumi kuphela.

EYurophu isitokhwe se-fast charger sisonke sasingaphezulu kwama-70 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukwanda malunga nama-55% xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2021. Amazwe anesitokhwe esikhulu se-fast charger yiJamani (ngaphezulu kwama-12 000), iFrance (9 700) kunye neNorway (9 000). Kukho umnqweno ocacileyo kulo lonke iManyano yaseYurophu wokuphuhlisa ngakumbi iziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke, njengoko kuboniswe sisivumelwano sexeshana kwi-Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) ecetywayo, eya kumisela iimfuno zokugubungela ukutshaja ngombane kulo lonke inethiwekhi-yothutho lwe-trans-European (TEN-T) phakathi kweBhanki yoTyalo-mali yaseYurophu kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu iya kwenza ngaphezulu kwe-EUR 1.5 yeebhiliyoni ifumaneke ekupheleni kuka-2023 kwiziseko zophuhliso ze-alternative fuels, kubandakanya ukutshaja ngombane ngokukhawuleza.

I-United States ifake iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezingama-6 300 ngo-2022, malunga nekota ezintathu zazo yayiziiTesla Superchargers. Isitokhwe esipheleleyo seetshaja ezikhawulezayo sifikelele kuma-28 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022. Ukusasazwa kulindeleke ukuba kukhawuleze kwiminyaka ezayo emva kokuvunywa ngurhulumente yi-(NEVI). Onke amazwe ase-US, iWashington DC, kunye nePuerto Rico athatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo, kwaye sele abelwe i-USD 885 yezigidi kwinkxaso-mali ka-2023 ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa kweetshaja kumgama we-122 000 km wendlela enkulu. I-US Federal Highway Administration ibhengeze imigangatho emitsha yesizwe yeetshaja ze-EV ezixhaswa ngurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana, ukuthembeka, ukufikeleleka kunye nokuhambelana. Kwimigangatho emitsha, iTesla ibhengeze ukuba iza kuvula inxalenye ye-US Supercharger yayo (apho iiSupercharger zimele i-60% yesitokhwe siphela seetshaja ezikhawulezayo e-United States) kunye nenethiwekhi yeDestination Charger kwii-EV ezingezizo iiTesla.

Iindawo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke ziyafuneka ngakumbi ukuze kusetyenziswe ii-EV ezininzi

Ukusasazwa kweziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja kuluntu ngenxa yokulindela ukukhula kwintengiso ye-EV kubalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kwe-EV ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, eNorway, bekukho malunga ne-1.3 yee-LDV zombane zebhetri kwindawo nganye yokutshaja kuluntu ngo-2011, nto leyo exhase ukwamkelwa ngakumbi. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ngaphezulu kwe-17% yee-LDV ziyi-BEV, bekukho ii-BEV ezingama-25 kwindawo nganye yokutshaja kuluntu eNorway. Ngokubanzi, njengoko isabelo sesitokhwe see-LDV zombane zebhetri sisanda, indawo yokutshaja ngomlinganiselo we-BEV iyancipha. Ukukhula kwintengiso ye-EV kunokugcinwa kuphela ukuba imfuno yokutshaja ifezekiswa ziziseko zophuhliso ezifikelelekayo nezingabizi kakhulu, nokuba kukutshaja kwabucala emakhaya okanye emsebenzini, okanye kwizikhululo zokutshaja ezifikelelekayo kuluntu.

Umlinganiselo wee-LDV zombane ngetshaja kawonke-wonke

Indawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke ngomlinganiselo we-LDV yebhetri-yombane kumazwe akhethiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nesabelo sesitokhwe se-LDV yombane yebhetri

Nangona ii-PHEV zingaxhomekekanga kakhulu kwiziseko zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke kunee-BEV, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nokufumaneka ngokwaneleyo kweendawo zokutshaja kufuneka kubandakanye (kwaye kukhuthaze) ukutshaja kwe-PHEV kawonke-wonke. Ukuba inani lilonke lee-LDV zombane kwindawo yokutshaja liyaqwalaselwa, umndilili wehlabathi ngo-2022 wawumalunga nee-EV ezilishumi kwitshaja nganye. Amazwe afana neTshayina, iKorea neNetherlands aye agcina ii-EV ezingaphantsi kweshumi kwitshaja nganye kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Kumazwe axhomekeke kakhulu ekutshajeni kawonke-wonke, inani leetshaja ezifikeleleka kawonke-wonke liye landa ngesantya esihambelana kakhulu nokusasazwa kwe-EV.

Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimarike eziphawulwa kukufumaneka ngokubanzi kokutshaja ekhaya (ngenxa yesabelo esikhulu sezindlu zosapho olunye kunye nethuba lokufaka itshaja) inani lee-EV kwindawo yokutshaja kawonkewonke linokuba phezulu nangakumbi. Umzekelo, eMelika, umlinganiselo wee-EV kwitshaja nganye yi-24, kwaye eNorway ungaphezulu kwe-30. Njengoko ukungena kwee-EV kwimarike kusanda, ukutshaja kawonkewonke kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo, kwanakula mazwe, ukuxhasa ukwamkelwa kwee-EV phakathi kwabaqhubi abangenayo indlela yokutshaja emakhaya okanye kwindawo yokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wee-EV kwitshaja nganye uya kwahluka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni kunye neemfuno zomqhubi.

Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngaphezu kwenani leetshaja zikawonke-wonke ezikhoyo ngumthamo wamandla okutshaja kawonke-wonke nge-EV nganye, kuba iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zinokukhonza ii-EV ezininzi kuneetshaja ezicothayo. Ngexesha lokuqala kokwamkelwa kwe-EV, kuyavakala ukuba amandla okutshaja akhoyo nge-EV nganye abe phezulu, kucingelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwetshaja kuya kuba sezantsi de kube yimarike ivuthiwe kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweziseko zophuhliso kube ngcono. Ngokuhambelana noku, i-European Union kwi-AFIR ibandakanya iimfuno zamandla onke ekufuneka anikezelwe ngokusekelwe kubungakanani beenqwelo ezibhalisiweyo.

Kwihlabathi liphela, amandla okutshaja aqhelekileyo oluntu nge-LDV yombane nganye amalunga ne-2.4 kW nge-EV nganye. Kwi-European Union, umlinganiselo uphantsi, kunye nomyinge omalunga ne-1.2 kW nge-EV nganye. I-Korea inomlinganiselo ophezulu kwi-7 kW nge-EV nganye, nangona uninzi lweetshaja zikawonke-wonke (90%) zitshaja ezicothayo.

Inani lee-LDV zombane kwindawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke kunye ne-kW kwi-LDV yombane nganye, 2022

Ivuliwe

Inani lee-LDV zombane nge-charging pointkW yokutshaja koluntu nge-LDV zombane nganye eNew ZealandI-IcelandI-AustraliaI-NorwayI-BrazilI-GermanyI-SwedenI-United StatesI-DenmarkI-PortugalI-United KingdomI-SpainI-CanadaI-IndonesiaI-FinlandI-SwitzerlandI-JapanI-ThailandI-European UnionI-FranceI-PolandI-MexicoI-BelgiumIhlabathiI-ItaliI-ChinaI-IndiaUMzantsi AfrikaI-ChileI-GrisiI-NetherlandsI-Korea08162432404856647280889610400.61.21.82.433.64.24.85.466.67.27.8

• I-EV / i-EVSE (i-axis esezantsi)
• kW / EV (i-axis ephezulu)

Kwimimandla apho iilori zombane zifumaneka khona kurhwebo, iilori zombane zebhetri zinokukhuphisana ngokwesiseko se-TCO neelori zedizili eziqhelekileyo kuluhlu olukhulayo lwemisebenzi, kungekuphela nje ezidolophini nakwimimandla, kodwa nakwiindawo zengingqi kunye neetrekta kunye neetreyila. Iiparameter ezintathu ezimisela ixesha ekufikelelwa kulo ziirhafu; iindleko zepetroli kunye nokusebenza (umz. umahluko phakathi kwamaxabiso edizili kunye nombane ajongene nabaqhubi beelori, kunye neendleko zokulungisa ezincitshisiweyo); kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-CAPEX yokunciphisa umsantsa kwixabiso lokuthenga izithuthi kwangaphambili. Ekubeni iilori zombane zinokubonelela ngemisebenzi efanayo ngeendleko zobomi eziphantsi (kubandakanya ukuba kusetyenziswa isaphulelo), apho abanini bezithuthi balindele ukuphinda bafumane iindleko zangaphambili yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukuba bathenge ilori yombane okanye yesiqhelo.

Uqoqosho lweelori zombane kwizicelo zomgama omde lunokuphuculwa kakhulu ukuba iindleko zokutshaja zingancitshiswa ngokwandisa "ixesha lokungasebenzi" (umz. ixesha lasebusuku okanye ezinye ixesha elide lokungasebenzi) ukutshaja kancinci, ukufumana izivumelwano zokuthenga ngobuninzi nabaqhubi begridi "yokusebenza phakathi" (umz. ngexesha lekhefu), ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-350 kW), okanye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu (>350 kW), kunye nokuhlola amathuba okutshaja ngobuchule kunye namathuba okutshaja ukusuka kwisithuthi ukuya kwigridi ukuze ufumane ingeniso eyongezelelweyo.

Iilori zombane kunye neebhasi ziya kuxhomekeka ekutshajeni ngaphandle kweshifti uninzi lwamandla azo. Oku kuya kufezekiswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokutshaja zabucala okanye ezizimeleyo okanye kwizikhululo zikawonke-wonke ezikwiindlela ezinkulu, kwaye rhoqo ebusuku. Iindawo zokutshaja eziza kubonelela ngemfuno ekhulayo yokufakelwa kombane onzima kuya kufuneka ziphuhliswe, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kunokufuna ukuphuculwa kwegridi yokusasazwa kunye nokuhanjiswa. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zoluhlu lwezithuthi, ukutshaja kwiindawo zokutshaja kuya kwanela ukugubungela uninzi lwemisebenzi kwiibhasi zasezidolophini kunye nemisebenzi yeelori zasezidolophini nezeengingqi.

Imithetho eyalela amaxesha okuphumla inokubonelela ngexesha lokutshaja phakathi kweshifti ukuba kukho iindlela zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ezifumanekayo endleleni: iManyano yaseYurophu ifuna imizuzu engama-45 yekhefu emva kweeyure ezi-4.5 zokuqhuba; iMelika iyalela imizuzu engama-30 emva kweeyure ezi-8.

Uninzi lwezikhululo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ezifumaneka kurhwebo (DC) okwangoku zivumela amanqanaba ombane aqala kwi-250-350 kW. Okufikelelwe yiBhunga laseYurophu kunye nePalamente kubandakanya inkqubo ethe ngcembe yokusasazwa kweziseko zophuhliso kwizithuthi zombane ezinzima eziqala ngo-2025. Izifundo zakutshanje zeemfuno zamandla kwimisebenzi yeelori zengingqi nezexesha elide e-US naseYurophu zifumanisa ukuba amandla okutshaja angaphezu kwe-350 kW, kwaye aphezulu njenge-1 MW, anokufuneka ukuze kutshajwe ngokupheleleyo iilori zombane ngexesha lekhefu lemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-45.

Beqonda isidingo sokwandisa ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu njengemfuneko yokwenza imisebenzi yengingqi, ingakumbi imisebenzi yexesha elide, ngokwetekhnoloji nangokwezoqoqosho, ngo-2022 iTraton, iVolvo, kunye neDaimler baseke i-joint venture ezimeleyo, Nge-EUR 500 yezigidi kutyalo-mali oluhlangeneyo oluvela kumaqela amathathu okuvelisa anzima, eli phulo lijolise ekuthumeleni iindawo zokutshaja ezingaphezu kwe-1 700 ezikhawulezayo (300 ukuya kwi-350 kW) kunye nezona zikhawulezayo (1 MW) kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Imigangatho emininzi yokutshaja isetyenziswa okwangoku, kwaye iinkcukacha zobugcisa zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ziyaphuhliswa. Ukuqinisekisa ukudibana okukhulu kwemigangatho yokutshaja kunye nokusebenzisana kwee-EV ezinzima kuya kufuneka ukuze kuthintelwe iindleko, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nemingeni yabangenisi bezithuthi kunye nabaqhubi bamazwe ngamazwe eya kwenziwa ngabavelisi abalandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

ETshayina, abaphuhlisi abasebenzisana ne-China Electricity Council kunye ne-"ultra ChaoJi" ye-CHAdeMO baphuhlisa umgangatho wokutshaja izithuthi zombane ezinzima ukuya kuthi ga kwii-megawatts ezininzi. EYurophu nase-United States, iinkcukacha ze-CharIN Megawatt Charging System (MCS), enamandla aphezulu anokubakho. ziphuhliswa yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) kunye neminye imibutho. Iinkcukacha zokugqibela ze-MCS, eziya kufuneka ekuqaliseni urhwebo, kulindeleke ukuba zibe ngo-2024. Emva kwendawo yokuqala yokutshaja i-megawatt enikezelwa yiDaimler Trucks kunye nePortland General Electric (PGE) ngo-2021, kunye notyalo-mali kunye neeprojekthi e-Austria, eSweden, eSpain nase-United Kingdom.

Ukuthengiswa kweetshaja ezinamandla alinganisiweyo e-1 MW kuya kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, njengoko izitishi ezineemfuno zamandla aphezulu kangaka ziya kubiza iindleko ezinkulu ekufakweni nasekuphuculweni kwegridi. Ukuhlaziya iimodeli zoshishino zombane zikawonke-wonke kunye nemigaqo yecandelo lamandla, ukulungelelanisa ucwangciso kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo kunye nokutshaja ngobuchule konke kunokunceda Inkxaso ethe ngqo ngeeprojekthi zovavanyo kunye nezikhuthazo zemali nako kunokukhawulezisa ukubonakaliswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwamanqanaba okuqala. Uphononongo lwakutshanje lubonisa ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuyilo lokuphuhlisa izitishi zokutshaja ezilinganisiweyo ze-MCS:

• Ukucwangcisa izikhululo zokutshaja kwiindawo zokugcina umbane ezikufutshane nemigca yothumelo kunye nezikhululo ezingaphantsi kunokuba sisisombululo esifanelekileyo sokunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwetshaja.
• Uqhagamshelo "oluchanekileyo" olunemiqhagamshelo ethe ngqo kwimigca yothumelo kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngaloo ndlela kulindelwe iimfuno zamandla zenkqubo apho isabelo esikhulu somsebenzi wokuthutha sifakwe umbane, endaweni yokuphucula iigridi zokusasazwa ngokwexeshana nangexesha elifutshane, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukunciphisa iindleko. Oku kuya kufuna ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo noludibeneyo phakathi kwabaqhubi begridi kunye nabaphuhlisi beziseko zophuhliso ezitshajayo kumacandelo onke.
• Ekubeni uqhagamshelo lweenkqubo zothumelo kunye nokuphuculwa kwegridi kungathatha iminyaka emi-4-8, ukwakhiwa kweendawo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zokutshaja ezibaluleke kakhulu kuya kufuneka kuqalwe ngokukhawuleza.

Izisombululo ziquka ukufaka indawo yokugcina izinto ezisisigxina kunye nokudibanisa amandla ahlaziyekayo asekuhlaleni, kunye nokutshaja okukrelekrele, okunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zeziseko zophuhliso ezinxulumene noqhagamshelo lwegridi kunye neendleko zokuthengwa kombane (umz. ngokuvumela abaqhubi beelori ukuba banciphise iindleko ngokulawula ukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso imini yonke, besebenzisa amathuba okusebenzisa izithuthi ukusuka kwigridi ukuya kwisithuthi, njl.njl.).

Ezinye iindlela zokubonelela ngombane kwizithuthi zombane ezinzima (ii-HDV) kukutshintshana ngeebhetri kunye neenkqubo zeendlela zombane. Iinkqubo zeendlela zombane zinokudlulisela umbane kwilori nokuba ngeekhoyili zokungenisa endleleni, okanye ngoqhagamshelo oluqhubayo phakathi kwesithuthi nendlela, okanye ngemigca ye-catenary (engaphezulu). Iinketho ze-catenary kunye nezinye iindlela zokutshaja ezitshintshayo zinokuba nethemba lokunciphisa iindleko zenqanaba lenkqubo yeyunivesithi ekutshintsheni kwiilori zengingqi neze-long-haul ezingenakukhupha umbane, zigqibezela kakuhle ngokwemali iyonke kunye neendleko zokusebenza. Zinokunceda ekunciphiseni iimfuno zomthamo webhetri. Imfuno yebhetri ingancitshiswa ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphuculwe ngakumbi, ukuba iinkqubo zendlela zombane zenzelwe ukuba zihambelane kungekuphela nje neelori kodwa nakwiimoto zombane. Nangona kunjalo, ezo ndlela ziya kufuna uyilo olukhuthazayo okanye olusezindleleni oluza nemiqobo emikhulu ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye noyilo, kwaye lusebenzisa imali eninzi ngakumbi. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkqubo zendlela zombane zibeka imingeni ebalulekileyo efana neyecandelo leeloliwe, kubandakanya imfuneko enkulu yokulungiswa kweendlela kunye nezithuthi (njengoko kuboniswe ngeetram kunye neebhasi zetroli), ukuhambelana ngaphaya kwemida kwiindlela ezinde, kunye neemodeli ezifanelekileyo zobunini beziseko. Zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okuncinci kubanini beelori ngokweendlela kunye neentlobo zezithuthi, kwaye zineendleko eziphezulu zophuhliso ngokubanzi, zonke ezichaphazela ukukhuphisana kwazo xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zokutshaja eziqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yezi ngxaki, ezi nkqubo zingafakwa kuqala kwiindlela zokuthutha impahla ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, nto leyo eya kubandakanya ulungelelwaniso olusondeleyo phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo bakarhulumente nababucala. Imiboniso kwiindlela zikawonke-wonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eJamani naseSweden ixhomekeke kwiintshatsheli ezivela kumaziko abucala nakarhulumente. Iikhwelo zokuqhuba iinkqubo zendlela zombane nazo ziyaqwalaselwa eTshayina, eIndiya, e-UK nase-United States.

Iimfuno zokutshaja kwizithuthi ezinzima

Uhlalutyo lweBhunga leHlabathi lezoThutho oluCocekileyo (i-ICCT) lubonisa ukuba ukutshintshana ngeebhetri kwiimoto zombane ezinamavili amabini kwiinkonzo zeeteksi (umz. iiteksi zebhayisekile) kunika i-TCO ekhuphisanayo kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neemoto zombane ezinevili ezimbini ze-BEV okanye ze-ICE ezinevili ezimbini. Kwimeko yokuhanjiswa kwe-last-mile ngemoto yombane enamavili amabini, ukutshaja iinqaku okwangoku kunenzuzo ye-TCO kunokutshintshana ngeebhetri, kodwa ngenkuthazo yomgaqo-nkqubo ofanelekileyo kunye nobukhulu, ukutshintshana kunokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ngokubanzi, njengoko umgama oqhelekileyo wemihla ngemihla unyuka, ibhetri yombane enamavili amabini enevili ezimbini enevili ezimbini itshintshana ngebhetri iba yexabiso eliphantsi kunezithuthi zombane ezinevili ezimbini okanye zepetroli. Ngo-2021, iSwappable Batteries Motorcycle Consortium yasekwa ngenjongo yokunceda ukutshintshana ngeebhetri kwiimoto ezilula, kuquka iimoto zombane ezinevili ezimbini/ezintathu, ngokusebenzisana kwiinkcukacha zebhetri ezifanayo.

Ukutshintshwa kweebhetri zeemoto zombane ezinamavili amabini/amathathu kuyanda kakhulu eIndiya. Okwangoku kukho iinkampani ezingaphezu kweshumi ezahlukeneyo kwimarike yaseIndiya, kuquka iGogoro, i-scooter yombane eseTaipei yaseTshayina kunye neyona iphambili kwezobuchwepheshe bokutshintsha iibhetri. IGogoro ithi iibhetri zayo zinamandla angama-90% ee-scooter zombane eTaipei yaseTshayina, kwaye inethiwekhi yeGogoro inezikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezingaphezu kwama-12 000 ukuxhasa iimoto zombane ezinamavili amabini ezingaphezu kwama-500 000 kumazwe alithoba, uninzi lwazo lukwingingqi yeAsia Pacific. IGogoro ngoku yenze ubudlelwane neZypp Electric eseIndiya, eqhuba iqonga le-EV-as-a-service lokuhambisa izithuthi eziya kutsho kwimayile yokugqibela; kunye, basasaza izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezi-6 kunye neemoto zombane ezinamavili amabini ezili-100 njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yovavanyo lwemisebenzi yokuhambisa izithuthi eziya kutsho kwishishini kwisixeko saseDelhi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, baqokelele ii-200 000 zeemoto zombane ezinamavili amabini kwizixeko ezingama-30 zaseIndiya ngo-2025. I-Sun Mobility inembali ende yokutshintsha iibhetri eIndiya, kunye nezikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri kulo lonke ilizwe kwiimoto zombane ezinamavili amabini nantathu, kuquka nee-rickshaw, kunye namaqabane afana ne-Amazon India. I-Thailand ikwabona iinkonzo zokutshintsha iibhetri zeeteksi zeebhayisekile kunye nabaqhubi bokuhambisa.

Nangona ixhaphake kakhulu eAsia, ukutshintshiselana ngeebhetri kwiimoto zombane ezinamavili amabini kusasazeka naseAfrika. Umzekelo, inkampani entsha yeemoto zombane yaseRwanda isebenzisa izikhululo zokutshintshana ngeebhetri, igxile ekukhonzeni imisebenzi yeeteksi zeemoto zombane ezifuna ukuhamba ixesha elide ngemini. I-Ampersand yakhe izikhululo ezilishumi zokutshintshana ngeebhetri eKigali kunye nezintathu eNairobi, eKenya. Ezi zikhululo zenza ukutshintshiselana ngeebhetri ezimalunga nama-37 000 ngenyanga.

Ukutshintsha ibhetri kwiimoto ezinamavili amabini/amathathu kunika iingenelo zexabiso

Ngokukodwa kwiilori, ukutshintshana ngeebhetri kunokuba neengenelo ezinkulu kunokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Okokuqala, ukutshintshana ngeebhetri kunokuthatha ixesha elincinci, nto leyo enokuba nzima kwaye ibiza kakhulu ukuyifeza ngokutshaja ngentambo, nto leyo efuna itshaja ekhawulezayo kakhulu eqhagamshelwe kwiigridi zevolthi ephakathi ukuya kwephezulu kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lweebhetri ezibizayo kunye neekhemikhali zebhetri. Ukuphepha ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokwandisa amandla ebhetri, ukusebenza kunye nobomi bomjikelo.

I-Battery-as-a-service (BaaS), eyahlula ukuthengwa kwelori kunye nebhetri, kwaye imisela isivumelwano sokuqeshisa ibhetri, inciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuthenga kwangaphambili. Ukongeza, ekubeni iilori zihlala zixhomekeke kwiikhemikhali zebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), ezihlala ixesha elide kuneebhetri ze-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), zilungele ukutshintshiselana ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko kunye nokufikeleleka.

Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokwakha isikhululo zisenokuba phezulu ekutshintshisweni kweebhetri zelori ngenxa yobukhulu besithuthi esikhulu kunye neebhetri ezinzima, ezifuna indawo engakumbi kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokwenza utshintsho. Esinye isithintelo esikhulu yimfuneko yokuba iibhetri zilinganiswe ngobukhulu obunikiweyo kunye nomthamo, nto leyo ii-OEM zelori ezinokuyibona njengomngeni wokukhuphisana njengoko uyilo kunye nomthamo webhetri luphawu oluphambili phakathi kwabavelisi belori zombane.

I-China iphambili ekutshintsheni iibhetri zeelori ngenxa yenkxaso enkulu yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji eyenzelwe ukongeza ukutshaja iintambo. Ngo-2021, i-MIIT yaseTshayina yabhengeza ukuba inani lezixeko liza kuhlola itekhnoloji yokutshintsha iibhetri, kuquka ukutshintshiselana iibhetri ze-HDV kwizixeko ezithathu. Phantse bonke abavelisi abakhulu beelori ezinkulu zaseTshayina, kuquka i-FAW, i-CAMC, i-Dongfeng, i-Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), i-Shanxi Automobile, kunye ne-SAIC.

I-China iphambili ekutshintsheni iibhetri zeelori

I-China ikwakhokela ekutshintsheni iibhetri kwiimoto zabakhweli. Kuzo zonke iindlela, inani lilonke lezikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri e-China limi phantse ekupheleni kuka-2022, ngaphezulu ngama-50% kunasekupheleni kuka-2021. I-NIO, evelisa iimoto ezisebenzisa ukutshintshiselana iibhetri kunye nezikhululo zokutshintshana ezixhasayo, isebenza ngaphezu kwe-China, ixela ukuba inethiwekhi igubungela ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu selizwekazi lase-China. Isiqingatha sezikhululo zabo zokutshintshana zafakwa ngo-2022, kwaye inkampani izibekele usukelo lwezikhululo zokutshintshana iibhetri ezingama-4 000 kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2025. Inkampani izitishi zabo zokutshintshana zinokwenza ukutshintshiselana okungaphezulu kwama-300 ngosuku, zitshaja ukuya kuthi ga kwiibhetri ezili-13 ngaxeshanye ngamandla angama-20-80 kW.

I-NIO ikwabhengeze izicwangciso zokwakha izitishi zokutshintsha iibhetri eYurophu njengoko iimodeli zeemoto zabo ezisebenzisa ukutshintshiselana iibhetri zifumaneka kwiimarike zaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kuka-2022. Isitishi sokuqala sokutshintsha iibhetri se-NIO eSweden savulwa kwaye ekupheleni kuka-2022, izitishi ezilishumi zokutshintsha iibhetri ze-NIO zazivuliwe kulo lonke elaseNorway, eJamani, eSweden naseNetherlands. Ngokungafaniyo ne-NIO, enezitishi zayo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezisebenzela iimoto ze-NIO, izitishi zesikhululo sokutshintsha iibhetri saseTshayina i-Aulton zixhasa iimodeli ezingama-30 ezivela kwiinkampani ezili-16 ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi.

Ukutshintshana ngeebhetri kunokuba lolona khetho lunomtsalane kakhulu kwiinqwelo zeeteksi ze-LDV, apho imisebenzi yazo ichaphazeleka kakhulu kumaxesha okutshaja kuneemoto zomntu. Inkampani entsha yase-US i-Ample okwangoku isebenzisa izikhululo ezili-12 zokutshintshana ngeebhetri kwindawo yaseSan Francisco Bay, ikakhulu ezisebenzela izithuthi ze-Uber.

I-China ikwakhokela ekutshintsheni iibhetri kwiimoto zabakhweli

Iireferensi

Iitshaja ezicothayo zinamandla angaphantsi okanye alingana nama-22 kW. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zezo zinamandla angaphezulu kwama-22 kW ukuya kuthi ga kwi-350 kW. “Iindawo zokutshaja” kunye “neetshaja” zisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana kwaye zibhekisa kwiindawo zokutshaja nganye nganye, zibonisa inani lee-EV ezinokutshaja ngaxeshanye. “Izikhululo zokutshaja” zinokuba neendawo zokutshaja ezininzi.

Ngaphambili umyalelo, i-AFIR ecetywayo, yakuba ivunyiwe ngokusesikweni, yayiza kuba ngumthetho obophelelayo, ochaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umgama ophezulu phakathi kweetshaja ezifakwe ecaleni kwe-TEN-T, iindlela eziphambili nezesibini ngaphakathi kweManyano yaseYurophu.

Izisombululo ezikhuthazayo azikho zorhwebo kwaye zijongene nemingeni yokubonelela ngamandla aneleyo ngesantya sendlela.