Ngā Auahatanga o te Hanganga Utu

Ahakoa ko te nuinga o ngā hiahia utu e tutukihia ana e te utu kāinga, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā utu e wātea ana ki te marea kia rite ai te taumata o te watea me te urunga atu ki ngā waka tuku iho. I ngā tāone nui, inā koa, he iti ake te urunga ki te utu kāinga, ko te hanganga utu tūmatanui te mea matua hei whakahohe i te tango i ngā waka hiko. I te mutunga o te tau 2022, e 2.7 miriona ngā wāhi utu tūmatanui puta noa i te ao, neke atu i te 900,000 o ēnei i tāutahia i te tau 2022, he pikinga tata ki te 55% mai i ngā taonga o te tau 2021, ā, he rite ki te tere tipu o mua i te mate urutā o te 50% i waenga i te tau 2015 me te 2019.

Ngā utu puhoi

Neke atu i te 600,000 ngā pūwāhi utu puhoi tūmatanui puta noa i te ao1i tāutahia i te tau 2022, e 360,000 o ēnei i Haina, ā, neke atu i te 1 miriona te nui o ngā taputapu utu puhoi i te whenua. I te mutunga o te tau 2022, neke atu i te haurua o ngā taputapu utu puhoi tūmatanui o te ao i Haina.

Ko Ūropi te tuarua, me te 460,000 katoa o ngā taputapu utu puhoi i te tau 2022, he pikinga 50% mai i te tau o mua. Ko Hōrana te kaiārahi i Ūropi me te 117,000, ā, whai muri ko te 74,000 i Parani me te 64,000 i Tiamana. Ko te nui o ngā taputapu utu puhoi i te United States i piki ake mā te 9% i te tau 2022, koinei te tere tipu iti rawa i waenga i ngā mākete nui. I Korea, kua rua te nui o ngā taputapu utu puhoi i ia tau, tae atu ki te 184,000 ngā pūwāhi utu.

Ngā utu tere

Mā ngā taputapu utu tere e wātea ana ki te marea, inā koa ko ērā kei te taha o ngā huarahi tere, ka taea te haere roa, ā, ka taea te whakatika i te āwangawanga tawhiti, he arai ki te tango i ngā EV. Pērā i ngā taputapu utu puhoi, ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā taputapu utu tere tūmatanui ngā otinga utu ki ngā kaihoko kāore i te whai urunga pono ki te utu whaiaro, ā, ka akiaki i te tango i ngā EV puta noa i te whānuitanga o te taupori. I piki ake te maha o ngā taputapu utu tere mā te 330 000 puta noa i te ao i te tau 2022, ahakoa ko te nuinga (tata ki te 90%) o te tipu i ahu mai i Haina. Mā te whakatinanatanga o te utu tere ka ea te korenga o te urunga ki ngā taputapu utu kāinga i roto i ngā tāone nui te taupori, ā, ka tautoko i ngā whāinga a Haina mō te whakatinanatanga tere o ngā EV. E 760 000 katoa ngā taputapu utu tere o Haina, engari neke atu i te katoa o ngā puranga utu tere tūmatanui kei roto i ngā kawanatanga tekau noa iho.

I Ūropi, neke atu i te 70,000 ngā taonga utu tere katoa i te mutunga o te tau 2022, he pikinga tata ki te 55% ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2021. Ko Tiamana (neke atu i te 12,000), ko Parani (9,700) me Nōwei (9,000) ngā whenua kei a rātou te taonga utu tere nui rawa atu. He wawata mārama puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi kia whakawhanake ake i te hanganga utu tūmatanui, e tohuhia ana e te whakaaetanga wā poto mō te Ture Hanganga Wahie Rerekē kua whakaarohia (AFIR), e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga kapinga utu hiko puta noa i te whatunga kawe-ā-Iwi-ā-Iwi (TEN-T) i waenganui i te Pēke Pūtea Ūropi me te Komihana Ūropi, ā, neke atu i te EUR 1.5 piriona te wātea i te mutunga o te tau 2023 mō ngā hanganga wahie rerekē, tae atu ki te utu tere hiko.

I te tau 2022, e ono mano, toru rau ngā taputapu utu tere i tāutahia e te Hononga o Amerika, ā, tata ki te toru hauwhā o ēnei he Tesla Superchargers. I tae te tapeke o ngā taputapu utu tere ki te 28,000 i te mutunga o te tau 2022. E matapaetia ana ka tere ake te whakatinanatanga i ngā tau e haere ake nei whai muri i te whakaaetanga a te kāwanatanga ki te (NEVI). Kei te whai wāhi ngā whenua katoa o Amerika, a Washington DC, me Puerto Rico ki te kaupapa, ā, kua tohaina kētia he USD 885 miriona hei putea mō te tau 2023 hei tautoko i te hanga o ngā taputapu utu puta noa i te 122,000 km o te huarahi tere. Kua panuitia e te Tari Huarahi Matua o Amerika ngā paerewa ā-motu hou mō ngā taputapu utu EV kua utua e te kāwanatanga ā-motu hei whakarite i te ōritetanga, te pono, te urunga atu me te hototahitanga. I roto i ngā paerewa hou, kua panuitia e Tesla ka whakatuwherahia e ia tētahi wāhanga o tana US Supercharger (ko ngā Superchargers te 60% o te tapeke o ngā taputapu utu tere i te Hononga o Amerika) me te whatunga Destination Charger ki ngā EV ehara i te Tesla.

Kei te piki haere te hiahiatia o ngā pūwāhi utu tūmatanui kia whānui ake ai te whakamahi i ngā waka hiko

He mea nui te whakatinanatanga o ngā hanganga utu ā-iwi hei whakarite i te tipu o ngā hoko EV mō te whānui o te whakamahinga o ngā EV. Hei tauira, i Nōwei, tata ki te 1.3 ngā LDV hiko pākahiko mō ia pūwāhi utu ā-iwi i te tau 2011, ā, i tautoko i te whakamahinga anō. I te mutunga o te tau 2022, neke atu i te 17% o ngā LDV he BEV, e 25 ngā BEV mō ia pūwāhi utu ā-iwi i Nōwei. I te nuinga o te wā, i te pikinga ake o te hea o ngā LDV hiko pākahiko, ka heke te ōwehenga o te pūwāhi utu mō ia BEV. Ka taea anake te pupuri i te tipu o ngā hoko EV mēnā ka tutukihia te tono utu e ngā hanganga utu e wātea ana, e utu tika ana hoki, mā te utu tūmataiti i ngā kāinga, i te mahi rānei, mā ngā teihana utu e wātea ana ki te marea rānei.

Te ōwehenga o ngā LDV hiko mō ia rihi tūmatanui

Te ōwehenga o te pūwāhi utu tūmatanui mō ia ōwehenga LDV pākahiko-hiko i roto i ētahi whenua ki te hea hea LDV pākahiko hiko

Ahakoa he iti ake te whakawhirinaki o ngā PHEV ki ngā hanganga utu tūmatanui i ngā BEV, ko te whakatakoto kaupapa here e pā ana ki te rawaka o ngā pūwāhi utu me whakauru (me te whakatenatena) i te utu PHEV tūmatanui. Mēnā ka whakaarohia te tapeke o ngā LDV hiko mō ia pūwāhi utu, ko te toharite o te ao i te tau 2022 he tekau ngā EV mō ia utu. Ko ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina, Kōrea me Hōrana kua iti iho i te tekau ngā EV mō ia utu i ngā tau kua hipa. I roto i ngā whenua e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te utu tūmatanui, kua piki haere te maha o ngā utu e wātea ana ki te iwi whānui i te tere e rite ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te EV.

Heoi, i ētahi mākete e kitea ana te whānui o te wātea o te utu hiko ki te kāinga (nā te nui o ngā kāinga whānau kotahi e whai wāhi ana ki te tāuta i tētahi utu hiko), ka nui ake pea te maha o ngā EV mō ia pūwāhi utu hiko tūmatanui. Hei tauira, i te Hononga o Amerika, ko te ōwehenga o ngā EV mō ia utu hiko he 24, ā, i Nōwei neke atu i te 30. I te piki haere o te urunga mai o ngā EV ki te mākete, ka nui haere te hiranga o te utu hiko tūmatanui, ahakoa i roto i ēnei whenua, hei tautoko i te tango EV i waenga i ngā taraiwa kāore e whai wāhi ki ngā kōwhiringa utu hiko ki te kāinga tūmataiti, ki te wāhi mahi rānei. Heoi, ka rerekē te ōwehenga pai rawa atu o ngā EV mō ia utu hiko i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe me ngā hiahia o ngā taraiwa.

Ko te mea nui ake pea i te maha o ngā rihi tūmatanui e wātea ana ko te tapeke o te kaha utu tūmatanui mō ia EV, i te mea ka taea e ngā rihi tere te whakamahi i ngā EV maha atu i ngā rihi puhoi. I ngā wāhanga tōmua o te whakamahi i te EV, he mea tika kia teitei te kaha utu e wātea ana mō ia EV, me te whakaaro ka iti noa te whakamahinga o ngā rihi tae noa ki te pakeketanga o te mākete, ā, ka pai ake te whakamahinga o ngā hanganga. E ai ki tēnei, kei roto i ngā whakaritenga a te Kotahitanga o Europi i runga i te AFIR ngā whakaritenga mō te tapeke o te kaha hiko kia whakaratohia i runga i te rahi o te kahui waka kua rēhitatia.

I te ao whānui, ko te kaha utu tūmatanui toharite mō ia LDV hiko he tata ki te 2.4 kW mō ia EV. I te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, he iti ake te ōwehenga, me te toharite tata ki te 1.2 kW mō ia EV. Ko Korea te mea nui rawa atu, arā, 7 kW mō ia EV, ahakoa ko te nuinga o ngā rihi tūmatanui (90%) he rihi puhoi.

Te maha o ngā LDV hiko mō ia pūwāhi utu tūmatanui me te kW mō ia LDV hiko, 2022

Tuwhera

Te maha o ngā LDV hiko mō ia pūwāhi utunga kW o te utunga tūmatanui mō ia LDV hikoAotearoaAirangiAhitereiriaNoweiParahiTiamanaHuiteneTe Hononga o AmerikaTenemākaPōtukaraTe Hononga o IngarangiPānianaKānataInitonīhiaPīniranaHuiteneHapaniThailandUnionEuropeanFrancePolandMexicoBelgiumAoItariHainaIniaAwherika ki te TongaChileKarikiNetherlandsKorea08162432404856647280889610400.61.21.82.433.64.24.85.466.67.27.8

• EV / EVSE (tuaka raro)
• kW / EV (tuaka o runga)

I ngā rohe e tere haere ana te hokohoko o ngā taraka hiko, ka taea e ngā taraka hiko pākahiko te whakataetae i runga i te TCO me ngā taraka tīhiera tuku iho mō te whānuitanga o ngā mahi e tipu haere ana, ehara i te mea ko ngā tāone me ngā rohe anake, engari i roto hoki i ngā wāhanga rohe me ngā wāhanga tawhiti o te tarakihana-tīraira. E toru ngā tawhā e whakatau ana i te wā e tae atu ai ko ngā utu; te wahie me ngā utu whakahaere (hei tauira, te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā utu tīhiera me te hiko e pā ana ki ngā kaiwhakahaere taraka, me ngā utu tiaki kua whakaitihia); me ngā tautoko CAPEX hei whakaiti i te āputa i roto i te utu hoko waka i mua. I te mea ka taea e ngā taraka hiko te whakarato i ngā mahi ōrite me ngā utu oranga iti ake (tae atu ki te tono utu whakaheke), ko te wā e tumanako ana ngā kaipupuri waka ki te whakahoki mai i ngā utu i mua he mea nui ki te whakatau mēnā me hoko he taraka hiko, he taraka tuku iho rānei.

Ka taea te whakapai ake i te ōhanga o ngā taraka hiko i roto i ngā tono tawhiti mēnā ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu utu mā te whakanui ake i te "kore-mahi" (hei tauira, i te pō, i ētahi atu wā roa rānei o te kore mahi) te utu puhoi, te whakarite kirimana hoko nui me ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga mō te "waenga-mahi" (hei tauira i ngā wā okioki), te utu tere (tae atu ki te 350 kW), te utu tino tere rānei (>350 kW), me te tūhura i te utu atamai me ngā whai wāhitanga waka-ki-te-whatunga mō te moni whiwhi tāpiri.

Ka whakawhirinaki ngā taraka hiko me ngā pahi ki te utu hiko i waho o te huringa mō te nuinga o ā rātou hiko. Ka tutukihia tēnei i ngā wāhi utu hiko tūmataiti, i ngā teihana utu hiko ā-motu rānei, i ngā teihana tūmatanui rānei i runga i ngā huarahi tere, ā, he maha ngā wā ka noho pō noa iho. Me whakawhanake ngā wāhi utu hiko hei whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō te hiko taumaha, ā, i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, me whakapai ake pea te whatunga tohatoha me te whatunga tuku hiko. I runga i ngā whakaritenga mō te whānuitanga o ngā waka, ka rawaka te utu hiko o ngā wāhi utu hiko hei kapi i te nuinga o ngā mahi i roto i ngā pahi o te tāone me ngā mahi taraka o te tāone me te rohe.

Mā ngā ture e whakahau ana i ngā wā okioki ka taea hoki te whakarato i tētahi matapihi wā mō te utu i waenganui o te huringa mahi mēnā kei te wātea ngā kōwhiringa utu tere, tino tere rānei i te huarahi: e hiahiatia ana e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi kia 45 meneti te okiokinga i muri i ia 4.5 hāora taraiwa; e whakahau ana te Hononga o Amerika kia 30 meneti i muri i te 8 hāora.

Ko te nuinga o ngā teihana utu tere au tika (DC) e wātea ana i te mākete i tēnei wā ka taea te whakamahi i ngā taumata hiko mai i te 250-350 kW. Ko te kaupapa i tutukihia e te Kaunihera me te Paremata o Ūropi ko te whakatinanatanga āta haere o ngā hanganga mō ngā waka hiko taumaha e tīmata ana i te tau 2025. E kitea ana i roto i ngā rangahau tata nei mō ngā whakaritenga hiko mō ngā mahi taraka ā-rohe me ngā taraka tawhiti i te US me Ūropi ko te mana utu teitei ake i te 350 kW, tae atu ki te 1 MW, me utu katoa ngā taraka hiko i roto i te wā okiokinga 30 ki te 45 meneti.

I te mōhio ki te hiahia kia whakanuia ake te utu tere, te utu tino tere rānei, hei whakaritenga mō te whai huatanga hangarau me te ōhanga o ngā mahi ā-rohe, inā koa ngā mahi tawhiti, i te tau 2022 ka whakatūria e Traton, Volvo, me Daimler tētahi umanga tahi motuhake. Me te EUR 500 miriona i roto i ngā haumitanga tahi mai i ngā rōpū hanga taumaha e toru, ko te whāinga o te kaupapa he whakatū i te neke atu i te 1 700 ngā pūwāhi utu tere (300 ki te 350 kW) me te utu tino tere (1 MW) puta noa i Ūropi.

He maha ngā paerewa utu e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā, ā, kei te whakawhanakehia ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō te utu tere rawa. Me whakarite kia tutuki pai ngā paerewa utu me te mahi tahi mō ngā EV taumaha hei karo i te utu, te koretake, me ngā wero mō ngā kawemai waka me ngā kaiwhakahaere o te ao ka puta mai i ngā kaihanga e whai ana i ngā ara rerekē.

I Haina, kei te whakawhanake ngā kaiwhakawhanake tahi a te China Electricity Council me te "ultra ChaoJi" a CHAdeMO i tētahi paerewa utu mō ngā waka hiko taumaha tae atu ki te maha megawatts. I Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, kei te whakawhanakehia ngā whakatakotoranga mō te CharIN Megawatt Charging System (MCS), me te kaha mōrahi pea o. e te International Organization for Standardization (ISO) me ētahi atu whakahaere. Ko ngā whakatakotoranga MCS whakamutunga, e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatinanatanga arumoni, e tumanakohia ana mō te tau 2024. Whai muri i te pae utu megawatts tuatahi i tukuna e Daimler Trucks me Portland General Electric (PGE) i te tau 2021, me ngā haumitanga me ngā kaupapa i Austria, Sweden, Spain me te United Kingdom.

Ko te hokohoko i ngā taputapu utu hiko me te mana whakatauranga o te 1 MW ka hiahiatia he haumitanga nui, nā te mea ka nui ngā utu mō ngā teihana e hiahia ana ki te mana nui pēnei i roto i te tāutanga me te whakapai ake i te whatunga hiko. Mā te whakahou i ngā tauira pakihi hiko tūmatanui me ngā ture o te rāngai hiko, te whakarite i te whakamahere puta noa i ngā kaipupuri moni me te utu hiko atamai ka taea te āwhina. Ka taea hoki e te tautoko tika mā roto i ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā whakatenatena pūtea te whakateretere i te whakaaturanga me te whakaurunga i ngā wāhanga tōmua. E whakamārama ana tētahi rangahau tata nei i ētahi whakaaro hoahoa matua mō te whakawhanake i ngā teihana utu hiko kua whakataurangatia e te MCS:

• Ko te whakamahere i ngā teihana utu hiko i ngā taunga rori e tata ana ki ngā raina tuku hiko me ngā teihana hiko iti te otinga tino pai mō te whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakapiki ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rihi.
• He mea nui kia whakaitihia ngā utu mā te whakamahi i ngā hononga "rahi tika" me ngā hononga tika ki ngā raina tuku hiko i te wā tōmua, kia mōhio ai koe ki ngā hiahia hiko o tētahi pūnaha kua whakamahia he hiko ki roto i ngā mahi uta, kaua ki te whakapai ake i ngā whatunga tohatoha i runga i te wā poto me te wā poto. Me whai mahere hanganga me te taurite i waenga i ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko me ngā kaiwhakawhanake hanganga utu puta noa i ngā rāngai.
• I te mea e 4-8 tau te roa o ngā hononga o te pūnaha tuku hiko me te whakapai ake i te whatunga hiko, me tīmata wawe tonu te whakanoho me te hanga i ngā teihana utu matua.

Ko ngā otinga ko te tāuta i ngā wāhi rokiroki tūmau me te whakauru i te kaha whakahou ā-rohe, me te utu hiko atamai, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu hanganga e pā ana ki te hononga whatunga me ngā utu hoko hiko (hei tauira, mā te whakahohe i ngā kaiwhakahaere taraka ki te whakaiti i te utu mā te whakatau i te rerekētanga utu puta noa i te rā, te whakamahi i ngā whai wāhitanga waka-ki-whatunga, me ētahi atu).

Ko ētahi atu kōwhiringa hei whakarato hiko ki ngā waka taumaha hiko (HDV) ko te whakawhiti pākahiko me ngā pūnaha rori hiko. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha rori hiko te whakawhiti hiko ki te taraka mā roto i ngā koiri hiko i roto i te rori, mā roto rānei i ngā hononga kawe hiko i waenga i te waka me te rori, mā roto rānei i ngā raina catenary (runga). Tērā pea ka whai hua ngā kōwhiringa catenary me ētahi atu kōwhiringa utu hihiri mō te whakaiti i ngā utu taumata-pūnaha i roto i te whakawhiti ki ngā taraka rohe me ngā taraka tawhiti kore-tukunga, ka oti pai i runga i te whakapaipai katoa me ngā utu whakahaere. Ka taea hoki e rātou te āwhina ki te whakaiti i ngā hiahia kaha pākahiko. Ka taea te whakaiti ake i te hiahia pākahiko, me te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga, mena ka hangaia ngā pūnaha rori hiko kia hototahi ki ngā taraka me ngā motuka hiko. Heoi, ko ēnei huarahi me whai hoahoa hiko, hoahoa roto-rori rānei e haere mai ana me ngā arai nui ake i runga i te whanaketanga me te hoahoa hangarau, ā, he nui ake te whakapaunga pūtea. I taua wā anō, he nui ngā wero o ngā pūnaha rori hiko e rite ana ki ērā o te rāngai tereina, tae atu ki te hiahia nui ake mō te paerewa o ngā ara me ngā waka (e whakaatuhia ana ki ngā tereina me ngā pahi trolley), te hototahitanga puta noa i ngā rohe mō ngā haerenga tawhiti, me ngā tauira rangatira hanganga tika. He iti ake te ngāwari o ēnei mō ngā kaipupuri taraka e pā ana ki ngā huarahi me ngā momo waka, ā, he nui hoki ngā utu whakawhanake whānui, e pā ana ki tō rātou whakataetae ki ngā teihana utu hiko noa. I runga i ēnei wero, ko te mea pai rawa atu ko te whakatinanatanga o ēnei pūnaha ki ngā ara uta e whakamahia nuitia ana, ā, me mahi tahi ngā kaipupuri moni tūmatanui me ngā kaipupuri moni tūmataiti. Ko ngā whakaaturanga i runga i ngā rori tūmatanui tae noa ki tēnei wā i Tiamana me Huitene kua whakawhirinaki ki ngā toa mai i ngā hinonga tūmataiti me ngā hinonga tūmatanui. Kei te whakaarohia hoki ngā karanga mō ngā whakamātautau pūnaha rori hiko i Haina, Īnia, te UK me te United States.

Ngā hiahia utu mō ngā waka taumaha

E whakaatu ana te tātaritanga a te Kaunihera ā-Ao mō te Waka Ma (ICCT) ko te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā waka hiko wira-rua i roto i ngā ratonga tekesi (hei tauira, ngā tekesi pahikara) te mea tino whakataetae ki te whakataurite ki ngā waka BEV, ICE rānei e utu ana i ngā waka. Mō te tuku maero whakamutunga mā te waka wira-rua, he painga TCO kei te utu te utu i te utu i tēnei wā ki te whakawhiti pākahiko, engari me ngā kaupapa here me te tauine tika, ka taea te whakawhiti hei kōwhiringa whai hua i raro i ētahi tikanga. I te nuinga o te wā, i te pikinga ake o te tawhiti toharite o ia rā e haerehia ana, ka nui ake te ohanga o te waka hiko wira-rua me te whakawhiti pākahiko i ngā waka utu te utu, te penehīni rānei. I te tau 2021, i whakatūria te Swappable Batteries Motorcycle Consortium me te whāinga ki te whakahaere i te whakawhiti pākahiko o ngā waka māmā, tae atu ki ngā waka wira-rua/wira-toru, mā te mahi tahi i runga i ngā whakaritenga pākahiko noa.

Kei te tino piki haere te tere o te whakawhiti pākahiko o ngā waka hiko e rua/toru wira i Inia. Neke atu i te tekau ngā kamupene rerekē kei te mākete Inia i tēnei wā, tae atu ki a Gogoro, he kaiārahi hangarau whakawhiti pākahiko me te kuta hiko kei Haina Taipei. E kī ana a Gogoro ko āna pākahiko te mana mō te 90% o ngā kuta hiko i Haina Taipei, ā, neke atu i te 12,000 ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko o te whatunga Gogoro hei tautoko i te neke atu i te 500,000 ngā waka hiko e rua wira puta noa i te iwa whenua, ko te nuinga kei te rohe o Āhia me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Kua whakatū hononga a Gogoro ki a Zypp Electric kei Inia, e whakahaere ana i tētahi tūāpapa ratonga-EV mō ngā tuku whakamutunga; kei te whakatū ngātahi rātou i te 6 ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko me te 100 ngā waka hiko e rua wira hei wāhanga o tētahi kaupapa whakamātautau mō ngā mahi tuku whakamutunga pakihi-ki-pakihi i te tāone o Delhi. I te tīmatanga o te tau 2023, i whakapiki ake rātou i tā rātou waka, ā, ka whakamahia e rātou hei whakawhānui ake i tā rātou waka ki te 200,000 waka hiko wira-rua puta noa i te 30 tāone o Īnia i te tau 2025. He roa ake te hītori o te Sun Mobility ki te whakawhiti pākahiko i Īnia, me te nui haere o ngā teihana whakawhiti puta noa i te motu mō ngā waka hiko wira-rua me wira-toru, tae atu ki ngā e-rickshaw, me ngā hoa mahi pērā i a Amazon India. Kei te kite hoki a Thailand i ngā ratonga whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā taraiwa motopaika me ngā taraiwa tuku.

Ahakoa te nuinga o te wā i Āhia, kei te horapa haere hoki te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā waka hiko e rua-wira ki Āwherika. Hei tauira, kei te whakahaerehia e te kamupene motopaika hiko hou o Rwanda ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko, me te arotahi ki te mahi i ngā mahi tekesi motopaika e hiahia ana ki ngā tawhiti roa i ia rā. Tekau ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko kua hangaia e Ampersand i Kigali me te toru i Nairobi, Kenya. Tata ki te 37,000 ngā whakawhiti pākahiko e mahia ana e ēnei teihana i ia marama.

He pai te utu mā te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā waka wira-rua/wira-toru

Mō ngā taraka, he nui ngā painga o te whakawhiti pākahiko i te utu tere rawa. Tuatahi, he iti noa te wā e pau ana mā te utu taura, ā, me hono he utu tere rawa ki ngā whatunga hiko waenga-ki-teitei me ngā pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko utu nui me ngā matū pākahiko. Mā te karo i te utu tere rawa ka roa ake te kaha o te pākahiko, te mahi me te roa o te huringa.

Mā te whakamahi i te Pūhiko-hei-ratonga (BaaS), e wehe ana i te hoko o te taraka me te pākahiko, me te whakatū i tētahi kirimana rīhi mō te pākahiko, ka tino whakaitihia te utu hoko o mua. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea he maha ngā taraka e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā matū pākahiko lithium rino phosphate (LFP), he roa ake te mau i ngā pākahiko lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), he pai rawa atu ēnei mō te whakawhiti i runga i te haumaru me te utu.

Heoi, tera pea ka nui ake te utu mō te hanga i tētahi teihana mō te whakawhiti pākahiko taraka i runga i te rahi o te waka me ngā pākahiko taumaha ake, e hiahia ana ki te wāhi nui ake me ngā taputapu motuhake hei mahi i te whakawhiti. Ko tētahi atu arai nui ko te whakaritenga kia paerewahia ngā pākahiko ki tētahi rahi me te kaha kua whakaritea, e kitea ana e ngā OEM taraka he wero ki te whakataetae nā te mea ko te hoahoa me te kaha o te pākahiko te mea nui e rerekē ai i waenga i ngā kaihanga taraka hiko.

Kei mua a Haina i te whakawhitiwhiti pākahiko mō ngā taraka nā te tautoko nui a ngā kaupapa here me te whakamahinga o te hangarau i hangaia hei tāpiri atu ki te utu taura. I te tau 2021, i panuitia e te MIIT o Haina ka whakamātauhia e ētahi tāone te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti pākahiko, tae atu ki te whakawhitiwhiti pākahiko HDV i roto i ngā tāone e toru. Tata ki ngā kaihanga taraka taumaha nui katoa o Haina, tae atu ki te FAW, CAMC, Dongfeng, Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), Shanxi Automobile, me SAIC.

Kei mua a Haina i te whakawhitiwhiti pākahiko mō ngā taraka

Ko Haina anō te kaiārahi i roto i te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā waka pāhihi. Mō ngā momo katoa, ko te tapeke o ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko i Haina i tata ki te mutunga o te tau 2022, 50% teitei ake i te mutunga o te tau 2021. Ko NIO, e hanga ana i ngā waka e āhei ana ki te whakawhiti pākahiko me ngā teihana whakawhiti tautoko, e rere ana i te nui atu i Haina, e ai ki te pūrongo e kapi ana te whatunga i te neke atu i te rua hautoru o Haina tuawhenua. Ko te haurua o ā rātou teihana whakawhiti i tāutahia i te tau 2022, ā, kua whakatakoto te kamupene i te whāinga kia 4,000 ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko puta noa i te ao i te tau 2025. Ka taea e te kamupene ā rātou teihana whakawhiti te mahi neke atu i te 300 whakawhiti ia rā, me te utu i te 13 pākahiko i te wā kotahi i te kaha o te 20-80 kW.

I pānuitia hoki e NIO ngā mahere ki te hanga teihana whakawhiti pākahiko i Ūropi i te wā i wātea ai ā rātou tauira waka e āhei ana ki te whakawhiti pākahiko i ngā mākete Ūropi i te mutunga o te tau 2022. I whakatuwheratia te teihana whakawhiti pākahiko NIO tuatahi i Huitene i te tau 2022, ā, i te mutunga o te tau 2022, tekau ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko NIO kua whakatuwheratia puta noa i Nōwei, Tiamana, Huitene me Hōrana. He rerekē ki a NIO, ko āna teihana whakawhiti e mahi ana ki ngā waka NIO, ko ngā teihana a Aulton, te kaiwhakahaere teihana whakawhiti pākahiko Hainamana, e tautoko ana i te 30 tauira mai i te 16 ngā kamupene waka rerekē.

He kōwhiringa tino ātaahua anō hoki te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā kahui taxi LDV, nā te mea he tairongo ake ā rātou mahi ki ngā wā whakakī anō i ngā motuka whaiaro. E 12 ngā teihana whakawhiti pākahiko a te kamupene tīmatanga o Amerika, a Ample, i te rohe o San Francisco Bay, ko te nuinga e mahi ana ki ngā waka Uber.

Ko Haina anō te kaiārahi i roto i te whakawhiti pākahiko mō ngā waka pāhihi

Ngā Tohutoro

Ko ngā utu puhoi he iti iho i te 22 kW, he ōrite rānei. Ko ngā utu tere ko ērā he nui ake i te 22 kW te whakatauranga mana, tae atu ki te 350 kW. Ko ngā "pūwāhi utu" me ngā "utu" he rite tonu te whakamahinga, ā, e pā ana ki ngā putanga utu takitahi, e whakaata ana i te maha o ngā EV ka taea te utu i te wā kotahi. Tērā pea he maha ngā pūwāhi utu o ngā "teihana utu".

He aratohu i mua, engari ina whakaaetia mana te AFIR kua whakaarohia, ka noho hei ture whai mana, e whakarite ana, i roto i ētahi atu mea, i te tawhiti mōrahi i waenga i ngā taputapu utu hiko kua tāutahia ki te TEN-T, arā, ngā rori tuatahi me ngā rori tuarua i roto i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi.

He tawhiti rawa atu ngā otinga whakaaweawe i te arumoni, ā, e anga atu ana ki ngā wero te whakarato i te mana e ranea ana i ngā tere o te huarahi.