Inzira zo Gukoresha Inganda mu Gushyushya

Nubwo inyinshi mu byifuzo byo gushyushya ubu zihuzwa no gushyushya amazu, charger zikoreshwa na rubanda zirushaho gukenerwa kugira ngo zoroherezwe kandi zoroherezwe nk'uko bigenda mu kongera lisansi mu modoka zisanzwe. Mu mijyi myinshi, cyane cyane aho kubona charger mu ngo ari bike, ibikorwa remezo byo gushyushya amazu ni ingenzi mu gutuma habaho amashanyarazi ya EV. Mu mpera za 2022, hari ahantu ho gushyushya amazu miliyoni 2.7 ku isi hose, hashyizweho ahantu harenga 900.000 muri ho mu 2022, hiyongereyeho hafi 55% ku isoko rya 2021, kandi hagereranywa n'umuvuduko w'ubwiyongere bwa 50% mbere y'icyorezo hagati ya 2015 na 2019.

Gukoresha charger buhoro

Ku isi yose, ahantu harenga 600 000 ho gushyushya amafaranga buhoro buhoro1byashyizweho mu 2022, 360.000 muri byo byari mu Bushinwa, bituma umubare w’imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi make mu gihugu urenga miliyoni 1. Mu mpera za 2022, mu Bushinwa hari hatuye abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi make ku isi.

Uburayi buza ku mwanya wa kabiri, bufite charger 460 000 zose muri 2022, ubwiyongere bwa 50% ugereranije n'umwaka ushize. Ubuholandi buza imbere mu Burayi bufite charger 117 000, bugakurikirwa n'izagera ku 74 000 mu Bufaransa na 64 000 mu Budage. Umubare w'aba charger buke muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika wiyongereyeho 9% muri 2022, iki kikaba ari igipimo gito cy'iterambere mu masoko akomeye. Muri Koreya, charger buke yikubye kabiri umwaka ushize, igera ku 184 000.

Gushyushya vuba

Imashini zishyushya vuba zishobora gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro, cyane cyane iziri ku nkengero z'imihanda minini, zifasha abantu gukora ingendo ndende kandi zishobora gukemura ibibazo byo mu misozi miremire, imbogamizi ku ikoreshwa rya EV. Kimwe n'imashini zishyushya buhoro, imashini zishyushya vuba zitanga ibisubizo byo gushyushya ku baguzi badafite uburyo bwizewe bwo gushyushya EV ku giti cyabo, bityo bigatuma abaturage benshi bakoresha EV. Umubare w'imashini zishyushya vuba wiyongereyeho 330.000 ku isi yose mu 2022, nubwo inyinshi (hafi 90%) z'ubwiyongere bwaturutse mu Bushinwa. Gukoresha mashini zishyushya vuba bigabanya ikibazo cyo kubura mashini zishyushya mu ngo mu mijyi ituwe cyane kandi bishyigikira intego z'Ubushinwa zo gushyiramo EV vuba. Ubushinwa bugizwe n'imashini zishyushya vuba 760.000, ariko umubare munini w'imashini zishyushya vuba ziherereye mu ntara icumi gusa.

Mu Burayi, ingano y’ibikoresho byo gushyushya vuba muri rusange yari irenga 70.000 mu mpera za 2022, ikaba yiyongereyeho hafi 55% ugereranije na 2021. Ibihugu bifite ingano nini y’ibikoresho byo gushyushya vuba ni Ubudage (barenga 12.000), Ubufaransa (9.700) na Noruveje (9.000). Hari intego igaragara mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi yo gukomeza guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo byo gushyushya amafaranga rusange, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’agateganyo ku itegeko rigenga ibikorwa remezo by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli (AFIR), rizashyiraho ibisabwa mu bijyanye no gushyushya amashanyarazi mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu mu Burayi (TEN-T) hagati ya Banki y’Ishoramari y’u Burayi na Komisiyo y’Uburayi. Bizatanga arenga miliyari 1.5 z’amayero mu mpera za 2023 ku bikorwa remezo by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, harimo no gushyushya amashanyarazi vuba.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyizeho ibyuma 6 300 byo kwihutisha umuriro mu 2022, hafi bitatu bya kane byabyo byari Tesla Superchargers. Imigabane yose ya mashini zihutisha umuriro yageze ku 28 000 mu mpera za 2022. Biteganijwe ko iyi gahunda izihutisha umuriro mu myaka iri imbere nyuma y’uko leta yemereye (NEVI). Leta zose za Amerika, Washington DC, na Puerto Rico ziri muri iyi gahunda, kandi zamaze guhabwa inkunga ya miliyoni 885 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2023 yo gushyigikira iyubakwa ry’ibyuma bihutisha umuriro mu kirometero 122 000 z’umuhanda munini. Ikigo gishinzwe imihanda minini cya Amerika cyatangaje amahame mashya y’igihugu ku bikoresho bihutisha umuriro bya EV bishyigikiwe na leta kugira ngo byemezwe ko bihoraho, byizerwa, bigerwaho kandi bihuye. Mu mahame mashya, Tesla yatangaje ko izafungura igice cya Supercharger yayo ya Amerika (aho Superchargers ihagarariye 60% by’ibikoresho byose bihutisha umuriro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) n’umuyoboro w’ibikoresho bihutisha umuriro ku modoka zihutisha umuriro za Tesla.

Ahantu ho gushyushya umuriro mu ruhame harakenewe cyane kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwagutse bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi

Gushyira ibikorwa remezo byo kwishyuza amafaranga mu rwego rwo kwitegura iterambere ry’ibiciro bya EV ni ingenzi cyane mu gukoresha EV nyinshi. Urugero, muri Noruveje hari LDV z’amashanyarazi zigera kuri 1.3 kuri buri hantu ho kwishyuza amafaranga mu rwego rwo hejuru mu 2011, ibyo bikaba byarashyigikiye ko ziyongera gukoreshwa. Mu mpera za 2022, aho LDV zirenga 17% ari BEV, hari BEV 25 kuri buri hantu ho kwishyuza amafaranga mu rwego rwo hejuru muri Noruveje. Muri rusange, uko imigabane ya LDV z’amashanyarazi ziyongera, igipimo cyo kwishyuza amafaranga kuri BEV kiragabanuka. Izamuka ry’ibiciro bya EV rishobora gukomeza gusa iyo icyifuzo cyo kwishyuza cyujujwe n’ibikorwa remezo byoroshye kandi bihendutse, haba binyuze mu kwishyuza amafaranga mu ngo cyangwa ku kazi, cyangwa ahantu ho kwishyuza amafaranga hagerwa n’abantu bose.

Igipimo cya LDV z'amashanyarazi kuri buri shaja rusange

Aho bateri ikoresha amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi rusange kuri buri gipimo cya LDV ikoreshwa mu batiri mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ugereranyije n'imigabane ya LDV ikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi

Nubwo PHEV zidafite imbaraga nyinshi mu gushyira ingufu mu bikorwaremezo byo gushyushya abaturage kurusha BEV, gushyiraho politiki ijyanye no kuboneka neza kw'aho gushyushya bigomba kuba birimo (no gushishikariza) gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa rusange byo gushyushya PHEV. Niba harebwe umubare wose wa LDV z'amashanyarazi kuri buri hantu ho gushyushya, impuzandengo y'isi yose mu 2022 yari EV icumi kuri buri charger. Ibihugu nk'Ubushinwa, Koreya n'Ubuholandi byakomeje gukoresha EV zitageze ku icumi kuri buri charger mu myaka ishize. Mu bihugu byishingikiriza cyane ku gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa rusange, umubare wa charger zikoreshwa n'abaturage wakomeje kwiyongera ku muvuduko ujyanye cyane no gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa bya EV.

Ariko, mu masoko amwe arangwa no gukwirakwira kw'ibikoresho byo kwishyuza mu ngo (kubera umubare munini w'amazu y'umuryango umwe afite amahirwe yo gushyiraho charger), umubare w'imodoka zitwara amashanyarazi kuri buri hantu rusange ushobora kuba munini kurushaho. Urugero, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igipimo cya EV kuri buri charger ni 24, naho muri Noruveje kirenga 30. Uko EV zinjira ku isoko, kwishyuza ku isoko rusange bigenda birushaho kuba ingenzi, ndetse no muri ibi bihugu, kugira ngo bishyigikire ikoreshwa rya EV mu bashoferi badafite uburyo bwo kwishyuza mu ngo zabo cyangwa aho bakorera. Ariko, igipimo cyiza cya EV kuri buri charger kizatandukana bitewe n'imiterere y'aho batuye n'ibyo umushoferi akeneye.

Ahari icya ngombwa kurusha umubare w’amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi rusange ni ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi rusange kuri buri EV, bitewe nuko amashanyarazi yihuta ashobora gutanga amashanyarazi menshi kurusha amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi buhoro. Mu ntangiriro zo gukoresha EV, birumvikana ko imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi kuri buri EV ziba nyinshi, dutekereje ko ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi rizaba riri hasi kugeza igihe isoko rizaba rikuze kandi ikoreshwa ry’ibikorwa remezo rikagira akamaro kanini. Dukurikije ibi, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ku bijyanye na AFIR harimo ibisabwa kugira ngo ingufu zose zigomba gutangwa hashingiwe ku bunini bw’imodoka zanditswe.

Ku isi yose, ubushobozi bwo gushyushya amashanyarazi rusange kuri LDV y'amashanyarazi buri amashanyarazi buri 2.4 kW kuri EV. Mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, igipimo kiri hasi, aho impuzandengo iri hafi 1.2 kW kuri EV. Koreya ifite igipimo kinini cyane cya 7 kW kuri EV, ndetse n'aho charger nyinshi za rubanda (90%) ziba charger zitinda.

Umubare wa LDV z'amashanyarazi kuri buri hantu ho gushyushya rusange na kW kuri LDV y'amashanyarazi, 2022

Fungura

Umubare wa LDV z'amashanyarazi kuri buri gice cyo gushyushya kW cy'amashanyarazi rusange kuri buri LDV z'amashanyarazi Nouvelle-Zélande Isilande Ositaraliya Noruveje Brasil Ubudage Suwede Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika Danemark Porutugali Ubwongereza Esipanye Kanada Indoneziya Ubusuwisi Ubuyapani Tayilande Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi Ubufaransa Polonye Mexique Ububiligi Isi Ubutaliyani Ubushinwa Ubuhinde Afurika y'Epfo Shili Ubugereki Ubuholandi Koreya 08162432404856647280889610400.61.21.82.433.64.24.85.466.67.27.8

• EV / EVSE (umurongo wo hasi)
• kW / EV (umurongo wo hejuru)

Mu turere aho amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi aboneka ku isoko, amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi ashobora guhangana ku buryo bwa TCO n'amakamyo asanzwe ya mazutu mu bikorwa bitandukanye, atari mu mijyi no mu turere gusa, ahubwo no mu bice by'uturere n'ibigenda mu nzira ndende. Ibipimo bitatu bigena igihe kigerwaho ni imisoro; ikiguzi cya lisansi n'ibikorwa (urugero: itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibiciro bya mazutu n'amashanyarazi abakoresha amakamyo bahura nabyo, n'igabanuka ry'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga); n'inkunga ya CAPEX yo kugabanya icyuho mu giciro cyo kugura imodoka mbere. Kubera ko amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi ashobora gutanga ibikorwa bimwe ku giciro gito cy'ubuzima (harimo no kugabanyirizwa igiciro), aho ba nyir'imodoka biteze kugarura ikiguzi mbere ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kumenya niba bagomba kugura ikamyo ikoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa isanzwe.

Ubukungu bw'amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi mu bikorwa byo gukora intera ndende bushobora kunozwa cyane niba ikiguzi cyo kwishyuza gishobora kugabanuka binyuze mu kongera "gukora akazi katari mu kazi" (urugero: nijoro cyangwa ibindi bihe birebire byo gukora akazi katari mu kazi) gushyuza buhoro buhoro, kubona amasezerano yo kugura ibintu byinshi n'abakora grid "hagati" (urugero: mu gihe cy'ikiruhuko), kwihuta (kugeza kuri 350 kW), cyangwa kwihuta cyane (>350 kW), no gushakisha uburyo bwo kwishyuza neza no kuva ku modoka kugera ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ubone amafaranga y'inyongera.

Amakamyo n'amabisi akoresha amashanyarazi azashingira ku gusharija amasaha make ku ngufu nyinshi. Ibi bizagerwaho ahanini mu bigo byigenga cyangwa iby'abikorera ku giti cyabo cyangwa kuri sitasiyo rusange ku mihanda minini, kandi akenshi nijoro. Hazakenerwa ko hakorwa ahantu ho gushakira amashanyarazi hakenewe cyane, kandi mu bihe byinshi hashobora gusaba kuvugurura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi no kuyakwirakwiza. Bitewe n'ibisabwa ku rwego rw'imodoka, gusharija amasaha make bizahagije kugira ngo bikorere ibikorwa byinshi mu modoka zo mu mujyi ndetse no mu mujyi no mu turere.

Amabwiriza agenga igihe cyo kuruhuka ashobora kandi gutanga igihe cyo kwishyuza hagati mu gihe hari uburyo bwo kwishyuza vuba cyangwa vuba cyane mu nzira: Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi usaba ikiruhuko cy’iminota 45 nyuma ya buri masaha 4.5 yo gutwara imodoka; Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zitegeka iminota 30 nyuma y’amasaha 8.

Inyinshi mu nganda zikoresha ingufu zihuta zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi (DC) muri iki gihe zitanga ingufu kuva kuri 250-350 kW. Inama y'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko bikubiyemo gahunda yo gushyira ibikorwa remezo ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikomeye guhera mu 2025. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku bijyanye n'ibisabwa ku ngufu ku modoka zitwara amashanyarazi mu turere n'izitwara abagenzi benshi muri Amerika no mu Burayi bwagaragaje ko ingufu zirenga 350 kW, ndetse na MW 1, zishobora gusabwa kugira ngo zishyure umuriro wuzuye mu modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'iminota 30 kugeza kuri 45.

Bimaze kwemezwa ko hakenewe kongera ingufu zo gushyushya vuba cyangwa vuba cyane nk'igisabwa kugira ngo ibikorwa byo mu karere, cyane cyane ubucuruzi bw'igihe kirekire burusheho gutera imbere mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'ubukungu, mu 2022 Traton, Volvo, na Daimler bashinze ikigo cyigenga, gifite ishoramari rya miliyoni 500 z'amayero rihuriweho n'amatsinda atatu y'inganda zikomeye, iki gikorwa kigamije gushyira ahantu harenga 1 700 ho gushyushya vuba (300 kugeza 350 kW) n'aho bihuta cyane (1 MW) hirya no hino mu Burayi.

Amabwiriza menshi yo gushyushya arimo gukoreshwa muri iki gihe, kandi ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byo gushyushya vuba cyane birimo gutegurwa. Hazakenerwa kwemeza ko amabwiriza yo gushyushya ashobora guhuzwa cyane no gukorana neza n'imodoka zikomeye kugira ngo hirindwe ikiguzi, imikorere mibi, n'imbogamizi ku batumiza imodoka n'abakora ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga byaterwa n'inganda zikurikiza inzira zitandukanye.

Mu Bushinwa, ikigo cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe amashanyarazi n’ikigo cya CHAdeMO cyitwa “ultra ChaoJi” barimo gutegura uburyo bwo gushyushya imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikomeye kugeza kuri megawati nyinshi. Mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uburyo bwo gushyushya imodoka za CharIN Megawati (MCS), zifite imbaraga nyinshi zishobora kuba ziri mu itegurwa n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Bipimo (ISO) n’indi miryango. Ibipimo bya nyuma bya MCS, bizakenerwa mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubucuruzi, biteganijwe mu 2024. Nyuma y’aho Daimler Trucks na Portland General Electric (PGE) za mbere zizashyushya imodoka mu 2021, ndetse n’ishoramari n’imishinga muri Otirishiya, Suwede, Esipanye n’Ubwongereza.

Gucuruza charger zifite ingufu zingana na MW 1 bizasaba ishoramari rinini, kuko sitasiyo zifite ingufu nyinshi zizatwara ikiguzi kinini haba mu gushyiraho no kuvugurura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Kuvugurura imiterere y'ubucuruzi bw'amashanyarazi rusange n'amategeko agenga urwego rw'amashanyarazi, guhuza igenamigambi hagati y'abafatanyabikorwa no gushyiramo ingufu mu buryo bwihuse byose bishobora gufasha inkunga itaziguye binyuze mu mishinga y'igerageza n'inkunga y'amafaranga bishobora no kwihutisha igaragazwa no gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu ntangiriro. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bugaragaza bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu guteza imbere sitasiyo zitanga ingufu zingana na MCS:

• Gutegura sitasiyo zo gushyushya umuriro mu muhanda hafi y'imiyoboro ya transmission na sitasiyo zishobora kuba igisubizo cyiza cyo kugabanya ikiguzi no kongera ikoreshwa rya charger.
• Guhuza "ingano ikwiye" hamwe n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ihuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi hakiri kare, bityo hagategerezwa ingufu zikenewe muri sisitemu aho ibikorwa byinshi byo gutwara imizigo byashyizwemo amashanyarazi, aho kuvugurura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi mu buryo bwihuse kandi bw'igihe gito, bizaba ingenzi cyane kugira ngo bigabanye ibiciro. Ibi bizasaba igenamigambi rihamye kandi rihujwe hagati y'abakora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'abashinzwe ibikorwa remezo bishyuzwa amafaranga mu nzego zitandukanye.
• Kubera ko guhuza sisitemu yo kohereza no kuvugurura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bishobora gufata imyaka 4-8, kubaka no kubaka ahantu ho gushyiramo amashanyarazi hakenewe cyane bizakenera gutangira vuba bishoboka.

Ibisubizo birimo gushyiraho ububiko butaziguye no gushyiramo ubushobozi bwo kongera gukoreshwa mu gace, hamwe no gusharija mu buryo bwihuse, bishobora gufasha kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ibikorwa remezo bijyanye no guhuza imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi n’ikiguzi cyo kugura amashanyarazi (urugero: gufasha abatwara amakamyo kugabanya ikiguzi binyuze mu gukosora ihindagurika ry’ibiciro umunsi wose, gukoresha amahirwe yo kuva ku modoka kugera ku miyoboro y’amashanyarazi, nibindi).

Izindi nzira zo guha ingufu imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (HDVs) ni uguhinduranya bateri na sisitemu z'amashanyarazi. Sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zishobora kohereza ingufu ku ikamyo binyuze mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi mu muhanda, cyangwa binyuze mu guhuza imodoka n'umuhanda, cyangwa binyuze mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Imashini n'izindi nzira zo gushyushya umuriro zishobora kuba zifite icyizere cyo kugabanya ikiguzi cya sisitemu ya kaminuza mu gihe cyo guhinduka ikamyo zitwara imizigo mu karere n'izitwara imizigo miremire, bikarangira neza mu bijyanye n'imari n'ikiguzi cy'imikorere. Bishobora kandi gufasha kugabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri. Ubusabe bwa bateri bushobora kugabanuka cyane, kandi ikoreshwa rikarushaho kunozwa, niba sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zagenewe kuba zijyanye n'amakamyo gusa ahubwo no mu modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ariko, ubwo buryo bwasaba imiterere y'amashanyarazi cyangwa iri mu muhanda iza ifite imbogamizi zikomeye mu bijyanye n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'igishushanyo mbonera, kandi ikaba ikoresha amafaranga menshi. Muri icyo gihe, sisitemu z'amashanyarazi ziteza imbogamizi zikomeye zisa n'iz'urwego rwa gari ya moshi, harimo gukenera cyane uburyo busanzwe bw'inzira n'ibinyabiziga (nk'uko bigaragazwa na tramu na bisi zitwara imizigo), guhuza imipaka mu ngendo ndende, n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunga ibikorwa remezo. Bitanga ubushobozi buke ku batunze amakamyo mu bijyanye n'inzira n'ubwoko bw'imodoka, kandi bifite ikiguzi kinini cyo guteza imbere muri rusange, byose bigira ingaruka ku guhangana kwabo ugereranyije n'aho bashyira amafaranga asanzwe. Bitewe n'izi mbogamizi, ubwo buryo bwashyirwa ku murongo mbere na mbere ku nzira zikoreshwa cyane zo gutwara imizigo, ibyo bikaba bisaba ubufatanye bwa hafi hagati y'abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye ba leta n'abikorera ku giti cyabo. Imyigaragambyo ku mihanda rusange kugeza ubu mu Budage na Suwede yishingikirije ku bakinnyi b'ibigo byigenga n'ibya leta. Ubusabe bwo gupima imihanda y'amashanyarazi burimo gutekerezwaho no mu Bushinwa, mu Buhinde, mu Bwongereza na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Ibikenewe mu gusharija imodoka ziremereye

Isesengura ry’Inama Mpuzamahanga ku Ingendo Zisukuye (ICCT) ryerekana ko guhinduranya batiri ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite amapine abiri muri serivisi za tagisi (urugero: tagisi z’amagare) bitanga TCO ihangana cyane ugereranije na BEV cyangwa ICE ifite amapine abiri. Mu gihe cyo gutanga batiri mu buryo bwa nyuma hakoreshejwe imodoka ifite amapine abiri, gushyushya amanota kuri ubu bifite inyungu ya TCO kuruta guhinduza batiri, ariko hamwe n’inkunga ikwiye n’urwego, guhinduza bishobora kuba amahitamo meza mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Muri rusange, uko impuzandengo y’urugendo rwa buri munsi yiyongera, imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ifite amapine abiri hamwe n’impinduka za batiri irushaho guhenda kuruta imodoka zikoresha lisansi. Mu 2021, ishyirahamwe ry’imodoka zikoresha batiri zishobora guhindurwa ryashinzwe hagamijwe koroshya guhinduza batiri ku modoka zoroshye, harimo n’izikoresha amapine abiri/atatu, binyuze mu gukorera hamwe ku bipimo bisanzwe bya batiri.

Guhinduranya batiri ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite amapine abiri/atatu biri kwiyongera cyane mu Buhinde. Ubu hari amasosiyete arenga icumi atandukanye ku isoko ry'Ubuhinde, harimo Gogoro, ikigo cy'Abashinwa gikoresha amashanyarazi cya scooter n'ikoranabuhanga ryo guhinduranya batiri. Gogoro ivuga ko batiri zayo zikoresha 90% bya scooter z'amashanyarazi muri Taipei y'Abashinwa, kandi Gogoro ifite sitasiyo zirenga 12 000 zo guhinduranya batiri kugira ngo zishyigikire imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zirenga 500 000 mu bihugu icyenda, cyane cyane mu karere ka Aziya Pasifika. Gogoro ubu yagiranye ubufatanye na Zypp Electric yo mu Buhinde, ifite urubuga rwa EV-as-a-service rwo kugeza ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya nyuma; hamwe, barimo gushyiraho sitasiyo 6 zo guhinduranya batiri n'imodoka 100 z'amashanyarazi zifite amapine abiri nk'igice cy'umushinga w'igerageza mu bikorwa byo kugeza ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya nyuma mu mujyi wa Delhi. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, bakusanyije amashanyarazi bazakoresha mu kwagura imodoka zabo zitwara amashanyarazi zigera ku bihumbi 200 mu mijyi 30 yo mu Buhinde bitarenze 2025. Sun Mobility imaze igihe kinini ihinduranya bateri mu Buhinde, aho hari ahantu ho guhinduranya bateri mu gihugu hose ku modoka zitwara amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigera ku bihumbi 2, harimo n’imodoka zitwara amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigira amashanyarazi zigera ku bihumbi 3, hamwe n’abafatanyabikorwa nka Amazon India. Tayilande nayo iri kubona serivisi zo guhinduranya bateri ku bashoferi ba moto n’abatwara ibicuruzwa.

Nubwo bikunze kugaragara cyane muri Aziya, guhinduranya batiri ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite amapine abiri nabyo birimo gukwirakwira muri Afurika. Urugero, ikigo gishya cya moto zikoresha amashanyarazi mu Rwanda gikoresha sitasiyo zo guhinduranya batiri, cyibanda ku gutanga serivisi za tagisi za moto zikenera ingendo ndende ku munsi. Ampersand yubatse sitasiyo icumi zo guhinduranya batiri i Kigali n'izindi eshatu i Nairobi muri Kenya. Izi sitasiyo zikoresha hafi 37.000 zo guhinduranya batiri ku kwezi.

Guhinduranya batiri ku modoka zifite amapine abiri cyangwa atatu bitanga inyungu ku giciro

By’umwihariko ku makamyo, guhinduranya batiri bishobora kugira inyungu zikomeye kuruta gusharija vuba cyane. Icya mbere, guhinduranya bishobora gufata bike, ibyo bikaba bigoye kandi bihenze kubigeraho binyuze mu gusharija hakoreshejwe insinga, bigasaba gusharija yihuta cyane ihujwe n’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi iri hagati na hejuru ndetse na sisitemu zihenze zo gucunga batiri hamwe n’ibinyabutabire bya batiri. Kwirinda gusharija vuba cyane bishobora no kongera ubushobozi bwa batiri, imikorere n’igihe cyo kubaho.

Bateri-nk'uko ikoreshwa (BaaS), itandukanya kugura ikamyo na bateri, no gushyiraho amasezerano yo gukodesha bateri, bigabanya cyane ikiguzi cyo kuyigura mbere. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko amakamyo akunda gukoresha imiti ya bateri ya lithium iron phosphate (LFP), iramba kurusha bateri za lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), zikwiriye cyane gusimbuza mu bijyanye n'umutekano no kugabanuka kw'amafaranga.

Ariko, ikiguzi cyo kubaka sitasiyo gishobora kuba kinini mu guhinduranya bateri z'amakamyo bitewe n'ingano nini y'imodoka n'amabateri aremereye, bisaba umwanya munini n'ibikoresho byihariye kugira ngo ihindurwe. Indi mbogamizi ikomeye ni uko bateri zigomba kuba zifite ingano n'ubushobozi runaka, ibyo abakora amakamyo bashobora kubona nk'imbogamizi mu guhangana kuko imiterere n'ubushobozi bw'amabateri ari ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bakora amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi.

Ubushinwa buri ku isonga mu guhinduranya bateri ku makamyo bitewe n’inkunga ikomeye ya politiki n’ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ryagenewe kuzuzanya no gushyushya insinga. Mu 2021, MIIT y’Ubushinwa yatangaje ko imijyi myinshi izagerageza ikoranabuhanga ryo guhinduranya bateri, harimo no guhinduranya bateri za HDV mu mijyi itatu. Inganda hafi ya zose zikomeye zo mu Bushinwa zikora amakamyo akomeye, harimo FAW, CAMC, Dongfeng, Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), Shanxi Automobile, na SAIC.

Ubushinwa buri ku isonga mu guhinduranya bateri ku makamyo

Ubushinwa kandi ni bwo bwa mbere mu guhinduranya bateri ku modoka zitwara abagenzi. Mu buryo bwose, umubare wose w’amasitasiyo yo guhinduranya bateri mu Bushinwa wari hafi mu mpera za 2022, 50% hejuru ugereranyije n’impera za 2021. NIO, ikora imodoka zikoresha bateri hamwe n’amasitasiyo yo guhinduranya bateri, ikora byinshi kurusha mu Bushinwa, ivuga ko umuyoboro ukorera hejuru ya bibiri bya gatatu by’Ubushinwa. Kimwe cya kabiri cy’amasitasiyo yabo yo guhinduranya bateri cyashyizweho mu 2022, kandi ikigo cyihaye intego yo guhinduranya bateri 4.000 ku isi yose bitarenze 2025. Ikigo cy’amasitasiyo yabo yo guhinduranya bateri gishobora gukora ihinduranya rirenga 300 ku munsi, gitanga bateri zigera kuri 13 icyarimwe ku ngufu za 20-80 kW.

NIO kandi yatangaje ko ifite gahunda yo kubaka sitasiyo zo guhindura bateri mu Burayi mu gihe imodoka zabo zikoresha uburyo bwo guhindura bateri zizaboneka ku masoko y'i Burayi mu mpera za 2022. Sitasiyo ya mbere yo guhindura bateri muri NIO muri Suwede yafunguwe mu mpera za 2022, kandi mu mpera za 2022, sitasiyo icumi zo guhindura bateri za NIO zari zimaze gufungurwa muri Noruveje, Ubudage, Suwede n'Ubuholandi. Bitandukanye na NIO, ifite sitasiyo zo guhindura bateri zikorera imodoka za NIO, sitasiyo zo mu Bushinwa zikorera muri sitasiyo yo guhindura bateri za Aulton zifasha imodoka 30 ziturutse mu bigo 16 bitandukanye by'imodoka.

Guhinduranya batiri bishobora kandi kuba amahitamo meza cyane ku masosiyete ya tagisi ya LDV, aho ibikorwa byayo biba byoroshye cyane mu gihe cyo kongera gusharija kurusha imodoka z’abantu ku giti cyabo. Ikigo gishya cyo muri Amerika cyitwa Ample ubu gifite sitasiyo 12 zo guhinduranya batiri mu gace ka San Francisco Bay, ahanini zitanga serivisi ku modoka za Uber.

Ubushinwa kandi ni bwo bwa mbere mu guhinduranya bateri ku modoka zitwara abagenzi

Amareferensi

Imashini zishyushya buhoro zifite ingufu ziri munsi cyangwa zingana na 22 kW. Imashini zishyushya vuba ni izifite ingufu zirenga 22 kW na 350 kW. "Aho zishyushya" na "ishara" bikoreshwa mu buryo bumwe kandi bivuga aho zishyushya, bigaragaza umubare w'imodoka za EV zishobora gushyushya icyarimwe. "Aho zishyushya" zishobora kugira ahantu henshi ho gushyushya.

Mbere amabwiriza, AFIR yari yatanzwe, amaze kwemezwa ku mugaragaro, yahinduka itegeko rigenga imikorere y’amategeko, rigena, mu bindi, intera ntarengwa hagati y’ibyuma bitanga umuriro byashyizwe ku muhanda wa TEN-T, imihanda minini n’iy’inyongera mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi.

Ibisubizo bifasha mu gukwirakwiza ingufu mu muhanda biri kure cyane mu bucuruzi kandi bihura n'imbogamizi zo gutanga ingufu zihagije ku muvuduko w'umuhanda.