Tarisiro yeMusika weIndonesia yeKutengesa neKugadzira MaEV

Indonesia iri kukwikwidzana nenyika dzakadai seThailand neIndia kuti ivandudze indasitiri yayo yemotokari dzemagetsi, uye ipe imwe nzira inoshanda kune China, iyo inotungamira mukugadzira mota dzemagetsi pasi rose. Nyika iyi inotarisira kuti kuwana kwayo zvinhu zvemagetsi uye kugona kwayo maindasitiri kuchaibvumira kuti ive hwaro hwemakwikwi evanogadzira mota dzemagetsi uye kuibvumira kuvaka cheni yekugovera yemuno. Mitemo inotsigira iripo yekukurudzira mari yekugadzira mota dzemagetsi pamwe nekutengeswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi dzemuno.

Maonero emusika wemuno
Indonesia iri kushanda nesimba kuti ive neruzivo rwakakosha muindasitiri yemotokari dzemagetsi (EV), nechinangwa chekusvika vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri nehafu vanoshandisa mota dzemagetsi panosvika gore ra2025.

Asi, data remusika rinoratidza kuti shanduko mutsika dzevatengi vemotokari inotora nguva. Mota dzemagetsi dzinoita isingasviki chikamu chimwe muzana chemotokari dziri mumigwagwa yeIndonesia, sekureva kwemushumo waNyamavhuvhu kubva kuReuters. Gore rapera, Indonesia yakanyoresa kutengeswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi 15,400 chete uye kutengeswa kwemidhudhudhu yemagetsi kunosvika 32,000. Kunyangwe vashandi vematekisi vane mukurumbira vakaita seBluebird vachifunga nezvekutenga zvikepe zvemagetsi kubva kumakambani makuru akadai sekambani huru yemotokari yeChinese BYD—fungidziro yehurumende yeIndonesia inoda nguva yakawanda kuti iitike.

Zvisinei, zvinoita sekunge kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma mumafungiro kuri kuitika. MuWest Jakarta, kambani inotengesa mota yePT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil yakaona kuwedzera kwekutengesa kwayo mota dzemagetsi. Sekureva kwemumiriri wekambani achitaura neChina Daily muna Chikumi gore rino, vatengi muIndonesia vari kutenga nekushandisa mota dzemagetsi dzeWuling Air semotokari yechipiri, pamwe chete nedzavo dzakajairika.

Rudzi urwu rwekuita sarudzo runogona kunge rwakabatana nematambudziko aripo pamusoro pezvivakwa zvitsva zvekuchaja EV uye masevhisi ekutevera kutengesa pamwe nemagetsi emagetsi, zvinoreva kuchaja bhatiri kunodiwa kuti usvike kwaunoda kuenda. Kazhinji, mitengo yemagetsi emagetsi uye matambudziko aripo pamusoro pesimba rebhatiri zvinogona kukanganisa kushandiswa kwekutanga.

Zvisinei, zvinangwa zveIndonesia zvinopfuura kukurudzira vatengi kushandisa mota dzemagetsi akachena. Nyika iyi iri kuedzawo kuzvipa nzvimbo inokosha mukati mekambani yemagetsi. Pamusoro pezvose, Indonesia ndiyo musika mukuru wemotokari muSoutheast Asia uye iri panzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwekugadzira mota munharaunda iyi, ichitevera Thailand.

Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tichaongorora zvinhu zvikuru zvinoita kuti EV pivot iyi ishande uye tichakurukura zvinoita kuti Indonesia ive nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa nevanodyara mari vekunze muchikamu ichi.

Matanho ehurumende ehurongwa nerutsigiro
Hurumende yaJoko Widodo yakabatanidza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi muchirongwa cheASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 uye yakatsanangura kukura kwezvivakwa zvemagetsi emagetsi muNarasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (National Medium-Term Plan 2020-2024).

Pasi pechirongwa che2020-24, maindasitiri munyika achanyanya kutarisana nenzvimbo mbiri dzakakosha: (1) kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekurima, zvemakemikari, nezvesimbi, uye (2) kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinosimudzira kukosha uye kukwikwidzana. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mota dzemagetsi. Kuitwa kwechirongwa ichi kuchatsigirwa nekubatanidza mitemo muzvikamu zvepuraimari, zvechipiri, uye zvechitatu.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu gore rino, Indonesia yakazivisa kuwedzerwa kwemakore maviri kwevagadziri vemotokari kuti vasangane nezvinodiwa zvekukodzera kuwana zvinokurudzira mota dzemagetsi. Nemitemo mitsva yekudyara mari inorerutsa, vagadziri vemotokari vanogona kuvimbisa kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemagetsi zvinosvika 40 muzana muIndonesia panosvika 2026 kuti vakwanise kuwana zvinokurudzira. Zvipikirwa zvakakosha zvekudyara mari zvatoitwa nekambani yeNeta EV yekuChina nekambani yeMitsubishi Motors yekuJapan. Panguva iyi, PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yakaunza EV yayo yekutanga inogadzirwa munyika muna Kubvumbi 2022.

Kare, Indonesia yakazivisa chinangwa chayo chekuderedza mutero wekupinza zvinhu kubva pa50 muzana kusvika pazero kune vagadziri vemagetsi vari kufunga nezvekudyara mari munyika.

Muna 2019, hurumende yeIndonesia yakaburitsa zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekukurudzira vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi, makambani ekutakura, nevatengi. Izvi zvaisanganisira kudzikiswa kwemitero yekupinza michina nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira mota dzemagetsi uye zvakapa mabhenefiti ezororo remitero kwemakore anosvika gumi kune vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi vaidyara mari inosvika 5 trillion rupiah (yakaenzana neUS$346 miriyoni) munyika.

Hurumende yeIndonesia yakadzikisawo zvakanyanya mutero wemotokari dzemagetsi kubva pa11 muzana kusvika pa1 muzana chete. Danho iri rakakonzera kudzikira kukuru kwemutengo wekutanga wemotokari dzemotokari dzinodhura zvakanyanya dzeHyundai Ioniq 5, zvichidzika kubva pamusoro peUS$51,000 kusvika pasi peUS$45,000. Iyi ichiri mhando yepamusoro kune avhareji yemotokari dzemuIndonesia; mota dzinodhura zvishoma dzinoshandisa peturu muIndonesia, Daihatsu Ayla, dzinotangira pasi peUS$9,000.

Zvinokonzera kukura kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi
Chinhu chikuru chiri kukonzera kusimudzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi idura rakawanda rezvinhu zvakagadzirwa muIndonesia.

Nyika iyi ndiyo inotungamira pasi rose mukugadzira nickel, chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e lithium-ion, ayo ari sarudzo huru yemapakiti emabhatiri e EV. Nickel reserves muIndonesia inokwana 22-24 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose. Pamusoro pezvo, nyika ine mukana wekuwana cobalt, iyo inowedzera hupenyu hwemabhatiri e EV, uye bauxite, inoshandiswa mukugadzira aruminiyamu, chinhu chakakosha mukugadzira EV. Kuwana uku zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kunogona kuderedza mitengo yekugadzira nemutengo wakaderera.

Nekufamba kwenguva, kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira mota dzemagetsi dzeIndonesia kunogona kusimbisa kutengeswa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika, kana hupfumi hwenyika dziri pedyo hukaona kudiwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi dzemagetsi kwakawedzera. Hurumende ine chinangwa chekugadzira mota dzemagetsi dzinosvika 600,000 panosvika gore ra2030.

Kunze kwekukurudzira kugadzirwa nekutengesa, Indonesia iri kutsvaga kuderedza kuvimba kwayo nekutengesa zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa uye kuchinja kuenda kune zvinhu zvine kukosha kwakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, Indonesia yakarambidza kutengesa nickel ore muna Ndira 2020, panguva imwe chete ichivaka kugona kwayo kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kugadzira mabhatiri eEV, uye kugadzira EV.

Muna Mbudzi 2022, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) nePT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) vakasaina Chibvumirano Chekunzwisisana (MoU) chakanangana nekuona kuti aruminiyamu inowanikwa nguva dzose kuti ikwanise kugutsa kudiwa kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari. Kubatana uku kwakanangana nekugadzira hurongwa hwakazara hwekushandira pamwe maererano nekugadzirwa uye kuwanikwa kwearuminiyamu kunotsigirwa neAMI, pamwe chete nekambani yayo, PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Sezvakataurwa mumashoko ekambani iyi, Hyundai Motor Company yakatanga kushanda panzvimbo yekugadzira mota muIndonesia uye iri kushanda pamwe chete neIndonesia munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, ichitarisa kubatana kwemunguva yemberi muindasitiri yemotokari. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutsvaga mari mumakambani akabatana mukugadzira mabhatiri. Uyezve, aluminium yegirini yeIndonesia, inozivikanwa nekushandisa kwayo simba remagetsi risingashandise kabhoni yakawanda, simba risingakuvadzi nharaunda, rinoenderana nemutemo weHMC wekusashandisa kabhoni. Iyi aluminium yegirini inotarisirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa nevanhu pasi rose pasi rose.
Chimwe chinangwa chakakosha ndechezvinangwa zveIndonesia zvekuchengetedza nharaunda. Hurongwa hwenyika hwemagetsi emagetsi hunobatsira mukutsvaga kweIndonesia zvinangwa zvekubvisa utsi hwemagetsi husina kusimba. Indonesia munguva pfupi yapfuura yakakurumidzisa zvinangwa zvayo zvekuderedza utsi hwemagetsi, ikozvino ichivavarira kudzikiswa ne32 muzana (kubva pa29 muzana) panosvika 2030. Mota dzevatakuri nedzemabhizinesi dzinoita 19.2 muzana yeutsi hwemagetsi hunokonzerwa nemotokari dzemumugwagwa, uye shanduko yakasimba yekushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi nekushandiswa kwawo kwaizoderedza zvakanyanya utsi hwemagetsi hwemagetsi.

Mabasa ekuchera migodhi haasipo muPositive Investment List yeIndonesia yazvino, zvinoreva kuti akavhurirwa varidzi vekunze zvizere.

Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti vanoisa mari vekunze vazive Mutemo weHurumende Nhamba 23 wegore ra2020 neMutemo Nhamba 4 wegore ra2009 (wakagadziriswa). Mitemo iyi inoti makambani emigodhi ari pasi penyika anofanirwa kugovanisa zvishoma nezvishoma 51 muzana yemasheya avo kune vane masheya vekuIndonesia mukati memakore gumi ekutanga ekutanga kugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi.

Mari yekunze mumakambani emagetsi emagetsi
Mumakore mashoma apfuura, Indonesia yakakwezva mari yakawanda yekunze muindasitiri yayo ye nickel, yakatarisana zvikuru nekugadzirwa kwemabhatiri emagetsi pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwecheni yekugovera zvinhu.

Zvinonyanya kukosha zvinosanganisira:

Kambani yeMitsubishi Motors yakapa mari inosvika US$375 miriyoni yekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemotokari, kusanganisira mota yemagetsi yeMinicab-MiEV, nehurongwa hwekutanga kugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi muna Zvita.
Neta, kambani iri pasi peHozon New Energy Automobile yekuChina, yakatanga nzira yekugamuchira maodha eNeta V EV uye iri kugadzirira kugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemuno muna 2024.
Vagadziri vaviri, Wuling Motors naHyundai, vakatamisa zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa zvavo kuIndonesia kuti vawane zvinovakurudzira zvizere. Makambani ese ari maviri ane mafekitori ari kunze kweJakarta uye ndiwo ari kukwikwidzana mumusika wemagetsi munyika maererano nekutengesa.
Varimi vekuChina vari kuita zvirongwa zviviri zvikuru zvekuchera nekugadzira nickel zviri muSulawesi, chitsuwa chinozivikanwa nekuchengetedza kwacho kukuru kwenickel. Mapurojekiti aya akabatana nemakambani anotengeswa pachena eIndonesia Morowali Industrial Park neVirtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Muna 2020, Ministry of Investment yeIndonesia neLG vakasaina MoU yeUS$9.8 bhiriyoni yeLG Energy Solution yekudyara mari muchikamu chemagetsi.
Muna 2021, LG Energy neHyundai Motor Group vakatanga kugadzira fekitori yekutanga yemabhatiri muIndonesia ine mari inosvika US$1.1 bhiriyoni, yakagadzirirwa kuva ne10 GWh.
Muna 2022, Bazi reInvestment reIndonesia rakasaina chibvumirano cheMoU neFoxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, neIndika Energy, chinosanganisira kugadzira mabheteri, e-mobility, nemamwe maindasitiri ane chekuita nazvo.
Kambani yemigodhi yehurumende yeIndonesia, Aneka Tambang, yakabatana neCATL Group yeChina muchibvumirano chekugadzira magetsi emagetsi, kudzokorodza mabhatiri, uye kuchera nickel.
LG Energy iri kuvaka chinyungudutsi chesimbi chinosvika mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu emadhora ekuAmerica (US$3.5 bhiriyoni) mudunhu reCentral Java chine simba rekugadzira matani zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu e nickel sulfate pagore.
Vale Indonesia neZhejiang Huayou Cobalt vakabatana neFord Motor kugadzira fekitari yehydroxide precipitate (MHP) mudunhu reSoutheast Sulawesi, yakarongerwa kutakura matani 120,000, pamwe chete neimwe fekitari yeMHP ine kutakura matani 60,000.