Amathemba Emakethe ase-Indonesia Okuthengisa Nokukhiqiza Nge-EV

I-Indonesia incintisana namazwe afana neThailand ne-India ukuthuthukisa imboni yayo yezimoto zikagesi, futhi inikeze enye indlela efanelekile kuneShayina, umkhiqizi wezimoto zikagesi ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Izwe linethemba lokuthi ukufinyelela kwalo ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kanye namandla ezimboni kuzolivumela ukuthi libe yisisekelo sokuncintisana kwabakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi futhi kulivumele lakhe uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwendawo. Kunezinqubomgomo ezisekelayo ezikhona zokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizweni kanye nokuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi zasendaweni.

Umbono wemakethe yasekhaya
I-Indonesia isebenza ngenkuthalo ukusungula ukuba khona okuphawulekayo embonini yezimoto zikagesi (i-EV), ngenhloso yokufinyelela abasebenzisi bezimoto zikagesi abayizigidi ezingu-2.5 ngo-2025.

Noma kunjalo, idatha yemakethe iphakamisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwemikhuba yabathengi bezimoto kuzothatha isikhathi. Izimoto zikagesi zakha ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lezimoto emigwaqweni yase-Indonesia, ngokusho kombiko ka-Agasti ovela ku-Reuters. Ngonyaka odlule, i-Indonesia yaqopha ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi ezingu-15,400 kuphela kanye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthuthu zikagesi ezingaba ngu-32,000. Ngisho noma abashayeli bamatekisi abadumile njenge-Bluebird becabanga ngokuthengwa kwezimoto ze-EV ezinkampanini ezinkulu njengenkampani enkulu yezimoto yaseShayina i-BYD—ukuqagela kukahulumeni wase-Indonesia kuzodinga isikhathi esengeziwe ukuze kube ngokoqobo.

Nokho, kubonakala sengathi ushintsho oluqhubekayo endleleni yokucabanga. ENtshonalanga Jakarta, umthengisi wezimoto i-PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil ubone ukuthambekela okwandayo ekuthengisweni kwayo kwezimoto zohlobo lwe-EV. Ngokusho kommeleli wezokuthengisa wenkampani ekhuluma ne-China Daily ngoJuni kulo nyaka, amakhasimende e-Indonesia athenga futhi asebenzisa i-Wuling Air EV njengemoto yesibili, kanye nezimoto zawo ezivamile ezikhona.

Lolu hlobo lokwenza izinqumo lungaxhunyaniswa nokukhathazeka mayelana nengqalasizinda entsha yokushaja i-EV kanye nezinsizakalo zangemva kokuthengisa kanye nobubanzi be-EV, okubhekisela ekushajweni kwebhethri okudingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe indawo. Sekukonke, izindleko ze-EV kanye nokukhathazeka mayelana namandla ebhethri kungaphazamisa ukwamukelwa kokuqala.

Kodwa-ke, izifiso ze-Indonesia zidlulela ngale kokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zamandla ahlanzekile ngabathengi. Izwe lizama futhi ukuzibeka njengesikhungo esibalulekile ngaphakathi kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezimoto ze-EV. Phela, i-Indonesia iyimakethe yezimoto enkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi ibekwe njengesikhungo sesibili ngobukhulu sokukhiqiza esifundeni, ilandela iThailand.

Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sihlola izici ezibalulekile eziqhuba lo mjikelezo we-EV futhi sixoxe ngalokho okwenza i-Indonesia ibe yindawo ekhethwa kakhulu yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kulesi sigaba.

Izinyathelo zenqubomgomo kanye nokusekela zikahulumeni
Uhulumeni kaJoko Widodo ufake ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV kuhlelo lwe-ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 futhi wachaza ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ye-EV ku-Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (National Medium-Term 2020-2024).

Ngaphansi koHlelo luka-2020-24, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezweni kuzogxila kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbili ezibalulekile: (1) ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwezimpahla zezolimo, zamakhemikhali nezensimbi, kanye (2) nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ethuthukisa inani kanye nokuncintisana. Le mikhiqizo ihlanganisa imikhakha ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nezimoto zikagesi. Ukuqaliswa kohlelo kuzosekelwa ngokuvumelanisa izinqubomgomo kuzo zonke imikhakha eyinhloko, yesibili, kanye neyesithathu.
Ngo-Agasti kulo nyaka, i-Indonesia yamemezela ukwelulwa kweminyaka emibili kwabakhiqizi bezimoto ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zokufaneleka ukuthola izikhuthazo zezimoto zikagesi. Ngemithethonqubo yokutshalwa kwezimali esanda kwethulwa, elula, abakhiqizi bezimoto bangathembisa ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ze-EV okungenani ezingama-40% e-Indonesia ngo-2026 ukuze bafanelekele ukuthola izikhuthazo. Sekwenziwe izibopho ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwezimali ngumkhiqizo we-Neta EV waseShayina kanye ne-Mitsubishi Motors yaseJapan. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yethule i-EV yayo yokuqala ekhiqizwe ngaphakathi ngo-Ephreli 2022.

Ngaphambilini, i-Indonesia yayimemezele inhloso yayo yokunciphisa intela yokungenisa impahla isuka kumaphesenti angu-50 iye ku-zero kubakhiqizi bezimoto ze-EV abacabanga ukutshala imali ezweni.

Emuva ngo-2019, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia wawusuqalise uhlu lwezikhuthazo eziqondiswe kubakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi, izinkampani zezokuthutha, kanye nabathengi. Lezi zikhuthazo zazihlanganisa amanani aphansi okungenisa impahla emishinini nasezintweni ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto zikagesi futhi zanikeza izinzuzo zeholide lentela isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10 kubakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi abatshala imali okungenani ama-rupiah ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5 (okulingana nama-US$346 million) ezweni.

Uhulumeni wase-Indonesia uphinde wehlisa kakhulu intela yentengo eyengeziwe kuma-EV kusuka kumaphesenti ayi-11 kuya kumaphesenti ayi-1 kuphela. Lokhu kuholele ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwentengo yokuqala yeHyundai Ioniq 5 engabizi kakhulu, yehla isuka ngaphezu kuka-US$51,000 yaya ngaphansi kuka-US$45,000. Lokhu kuseyibanga eliphakeme kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile wezimoto zase-Indonesia; imoto eshibhile kakhulu esebenzisa uphethiloli e-Indonesia, i-Daihatsu Ayla, iqala ngaphansi kuka-US$9,000.

Izinto ezibangela ukukhula kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuphoqelelwa kokwenziwa kwezimoto zikagesi yinqwaba yezinto zokusetshenziswa zasekhaya zase-Indonesia.

Leli lizwe lingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-nickel, isithako esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion, okuyiwona okhethwa kakhulu ngamabhethri e-EV. Izimali ezigciniwe ze-nickel e-Indonesia zilinganiselwa kumaphesenti angama-22-24 esamba somhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli lizwe linokufinyelela ku-cobalt, enweba isikhathi sokuphila kwamabhethri e-EV, kanye ne-bauxite, esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-aluminium, into ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-EV. Lokhu kufinyelela okulula ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kunganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngenani elikhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intuthuko yamakhono okukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi e-Indonesia ingaqinisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe kwesifunda, uma iminotho engomakhelwane ihlangabezana nokwanda kwesidingo sezimoto zikagesi zikagesi. Uhulumeni uhlose ukukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi ezingaba ngu-600,000 ngo-2030.

Ngaphandle kwezikhuthazo zokukhiqiza nokuthengisa, i-Indonesia ifuna ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo ekuthunyelweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokushintshela ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu. Eqinisweni, i-Indonesia yavimbela ukuthunyelwa kwe-nickel ore ngoJanuwari 2020, ngesikhathi esifanayo yakha amandla ayo okuncibilikisa izinto ezingavuthiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri e-EV, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-EV.

NgoNovemba 2022, iHyundai Motor Company (HMC) kanye ne-PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) basayine iMemorandum of Understanding (MoU) ehlose ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo kwe-aluminium ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sokukhiqiza izimoto. Lokhu kubambisana kuhlose ukudala uhlelo oluphelele lokubambisana mayelana nokukhiqizwa kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwe-aluminium okuqhutshwa yi-AMI, ngokubambisana nenkampani engaphansi kwayo, i-PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Njengoba kushiwo esitatimendeni sabezindaba senkampani, iHyundai Motor Company isiqalile ukusebenza esikhungweni sokukhiqiza e-Indonesia futhi isebenzisana ngokubambisana ne-Indonesia emikhakheni eminingana, ibheke ukusebenzisana kwesikhathi esizayo embonini yezimoto. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukutshalwa kwezimali emabhizinisini ahlangene okukhiqiza amaseli ebhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium eluhlaza yase-Indonesia, ebonakala ngokusebenzisa kwayo ukukhiqiza ugesi osebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi, umthombo wamandla onobungani nemvelo, ihambisana nenqubomgomo ye-HMC engathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Le aluminium eluhlaza kulindeleke ukuthi ihlangabezane nesidingo esikhulu somhlaba wonke phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto.
Omunye umgomo obalulekile yizinhloso zokuzinza kwe-Indonesia. Isu lezwe le-EV lifaka isandla ekuphishekeleni kwe-Indonesia imigomo yokukhishwa kwegesi okungenayo i-net-zero. Muva nje i-Indonesia isheshise imigomo yayo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, manje ihlose ukunciphisa ngamaphesenti angu-32 (kusuka kumaphesenti angu-29) ngo-2030. Izimoto zabagibeli nezentengiselwano zibanga amaphesenti angu-19.2 engqikithi yokukhishwa kwegesi okukhiqizwa yizimoto zomgwaqo, futhi ushintsho olukhulu ekusetshenzisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-EV luzonciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwegesi okuphelele.

Imisebenzi yezimayini ayikho kakhulu ohlwini lwakamuva lwe-Positive Investment List e-Indonesia, okusho ukuthi ivulekele ngokomthetho ubunikazi bangaphandle obuyi-100%.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe baqaphele uMthetho Kahulumeni No. 23 ka-2020 kanye noMthetho No. 4 ka-2009 (oshintshiwe). Le mithetho ibeka ukuthi izinkampani zezimayini eziphethwe ngabanye amazwe kumele zihlukanise kancane kancane okungenani amaphesenti angu-51 amasheya azo kubanikazi bamasheya base-Indonesia phakathi neminyaka eyi-10 yokuqala yokuqala yokukhiqiza kwezentengiselwano.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezimoto ze-EV
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-Indonesia idonsele imali enkulu evela kwamanye amazwe embonini yayo ye-nickel, egxile kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri kagesi kanye nentuthuko ehlobene nochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla.

Izinto eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

I-Mitsubishi Motors ibeke eceleni cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-375 ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa nemoto kagesi i-Minicab-MiEV, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqala ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV ngoDisemba.
I-Neta, inkampani engaphansi kwe-Hozon New Energy Automobile yaseShayina, isiqalile inqubo yokwamukela ama-oda e-Neta V EV futhi ilungiselela ukukhiqizwa kwendawo ngo-2024.
Abakhiqizi ababili, i-Wuling Motors kanye ne-Hyundai, bathuthele eminye yemisebenzi yabo yokukhiqiza e-Indonesia ukuze bafanelekele ukuthola izikhuthazo ezigcwele. Zombili izinkampani zigcina amafektri ngaphandle kweJakarta futhi ziyizimbangi ezihamba phambili emakethe yezimoto zikagesi ezweni maqondana nokuthengisa.
Abatshalizimali baseShayina babandakanyeka ezinhlelweni ezimbili ezinkulu zokumba i-nickel kanye nokuncibilikisa i-nickel eziseSulawesi, isiqhingi esaziwa ngezindawo zaso ezinkulu zokugcina i-nickel. La maphrojekthi axhumene nezinhlangano ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni i-Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park kanye neVirtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Ngo-2020, uMnyango Wezokutshalwa Kwezimali wase-Indonesia kanye ne-LG basayine i-MoU yamadola ayizigidigidi ezingu-9.8 zamaRandi ye-LG Energy Solution ukuze batshale imali kuyo yonke i-EV supply chain.
Ngo-2021, i-LG Energy kanye ne-Hyundai Motor Group baqala ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo sokuqala samaseli ebhethri e-Indonesia esinenani lokutshalwa kwezimali elingu-$1.1 billion, elakhelwe ukuba namandla angu-10 GWh.
Ngo-2022, uMnyango Wezokutshalwa Kwezimali wase-Indonesia wangena esivumelwaneni neFoxconn, iGogoro Inc, i-IBC, kanye ne-Indika Energy, esihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri, ukuhamba kwe-e, kanye nezimboni ezihlobene.
Inkampani yezimayini kahulumeni wase-Indonesia i-Aneka Tambang ibambisene ne-CATL Group yaseShayina esivumelwaneni sokukhiqiza ama-EV, ukuvuselela amabhethri, kanye nokumba i-nickel.
I-LG Energy yakha umshini wokuncibilikisa insimbi obiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 esifundazweni saseCentral Java onekhono lokukhiqiza amathani angu-150,000 e-nickel sulfate minyaka yonke.
I-Vale Indonesia kanye ne-Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt babambisene ne-Ford Motor ukusungula isitshalo se-hydroxide precipitate (MHP) esifundazweni saseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeSulawesi, esihlelelwe umthamo wamathani angu-120,000, kanye nesitshalo sesibili se-MHP esinamandla amathani angu-60,000.