Amathemba eMarike yaseIndonesia kwiNtengiso kunye nokuVeliswa kwee-EV

I-Indonesia ikhuphisana namazwe afana neThailand neIndiya ukuphuhlisa ishishini layo lezithuthi zombane, kwaye ibonelele ngenye indlela efanelekileyo kuneTshayina, umvelisi ohamba phambili we-EV kwihlabathi. Eli lizwe linethemba lokuba ukufikelela kwalo kwizixhobo eziluhlaza kunye namandla emizi-mveliso kuya kuyivumela ukuba ibe sisiseko sokhuphiswano lwabenzi be-EV kwaye kuyivumele ukuba yakhe uthotho lokubonelela lwasekuhlaleni. Kukho imigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa ekhuthaza utyalo-mali kwimveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwe-EV kwasekuhlaleni.

Imbonakalo yemarike yasekhaya
I-Indonesia isebenza ngokukhutheleyo ukuseka ubukho obubonakalayo kwishishini lezithuthi zombane (i-EV), ngenjongo yokufikelela kubasebenzisi bezithuthi zombane abazizigidi ezi-2.5 ngo-2025.

Sekunjalo, idatha yemarike ibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwimikhwa yabathengi beemoto luya kuthatha ixesha. Izithuthi zombane zenza ngaphantsi kwepesenti enye yeemoto ezikwiindlela zase-Indonesia, ngokwengxelo ka-Agasti evela kwiReuters. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-Indonesia irekhode ukuthengiswa kweemoto zombane eziyi-15,400 kuphela kunye nokuthengiswa kweemoto zombane ezimalunga nama-32,000. Nangona abaqhubi beeteksi abadumileyo abanjengoBluebird becinga ngokuthengwa kweemoto ze-EV kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezifana nenkampani enkulu yeemoto yaseTshayina iBYD—iingqikelelo zikarhulumente wase-Indonesia ziya kufuna ixesha elingakumbi ukuze zibe yinyani.

Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi kukho utshintsho oluncinci kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo. EWest Jakarta, umthengisi weemoto i-PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil uqaphele ukuba kukho ukunyuka kwentengiso yeemoto ze-EV. Ngokutsho kommeli wentengiso wenkampani ethetha neChina Daily ngoJuni kulo nyaka, abathengi e-Indonesia bathenga kwaye basebenzisa i-Wuling Air EV njengesithuthi sesibini, kunye nesesiqhelo sabo.

Olu hlobo lokwenza izigqibo lunokunxulunyaniswa neenkxalabo ezimalunga neziseko ezisakhulayo zokutshaja kwe-EV kunye neenkonzo zokuthengisa emva kokuthengisa kunye noluhlu lwe-EV, olubhekiselele kwitshaja yebhetri efunekayo ukuze kufikelelwe kwindawo oya kuyo. Ngokubanzi, iindleko ze-EV kunye neenkxalabo ezimalunga namandla ebhetri zinokuthintela ukwamkelwa kokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, amabhongo e-Indonesia adlulela ngaphaya kokukhuthaza abathengi ukuba basebenzise izithuthi zamandla acocekileyo. Eli lizwe likwazama ukuzibeka njengesikhungo esibalulekileyo kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-EV. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-Indonesia yeyona marike inkulu yeemoto kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kwaye ibekwe njengeziko lesibini ngobukhulu lemveliso kulo mmandla, ilandela iThailand.

Kwicandelo elilandelayo, sihlola izinto eziphambili eziqhuba le EV pivot size sixoxe ngento eyenza i-Indonesia ibe yindawo ekhethekileyo yotyalo-mali lwangaphandle kweli candelo.

Amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkxaso karhulumente
Urhulumente weJoko Widodo udibanise imveliso ye-EV kwi-ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 waza wachaza uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso lwe-EV kwi-Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (iSicwangciso seSizwe seXesha eliPhakathi 2020-2024).

Phantsi kweSicwangciso sika-2020-24, uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kweli lizwe luza kugxila kakhulu kwiindawo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: (1) imveliso ephezulu yezolimo, iikhemikhali kunye neempahla zesinyithi, kunye (2) nokuveliswa kweemveliso eziphucula ixabiso kunye nokukhuphisana. Ezi mveliso ziquka uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo, kuquka izithuthi zombane. Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso kuya kuxhaswa ngokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo kumacandelo aphambili, aphakathi, kunye nawasezikolweni eziphezulu.
Ngo-Agasti kulo nyaka, i-Indonesia ibhengeze ulwandiso lweminyaka emibini lwabenzi beemoto ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno zokufaneleka kwizibonelelo zezithuthi zombane. Ngemithetho yotyalo-mali entsha engenisiweyo nelula ngakumbi, abenzi beemoto banokuthembisa ukuvelisa ubuncinci be-40% yee-EV components e-Indonesia ngo-2026 ukuze bafanelekele izibonelelo. Izibophelelo ezibalulekileyo zotyalo-mali sele zenziwe luphawu lwe-Neta EV lwaseTshayina kunye ne-Mitsubishi Motors yaseJapan. Okwangoku, i-PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yazisa i-EV yayo yokuqala eyenziwe ekhaya ngo-Epreli 2022.

Ngaphambili, i-Indonesia yayibhengeze injongo yayo yokunciphisa irhafu yokungenisa impahla ukusuka kuma-50 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-zero kubavelisi be-EV abacinga ngokutyala imali kweli lizwe.

Ngowama-2019, urhulumente wase-Indonesia wayeqalise uluhlu lwezibonelelo ezijolise kubavelisi bezithuthi zombane, iinkampani zothutho, kunye nabathengi. Ezi zibonelelo zaziquka ukuncitshiswa kweerhafu zokungenisa izinto koomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-EV kwaye zanikezela ngeenzuzo zeholide yerhafu iminyaka eli-10 kubavelisi be-EV abatyale imali encinci ye-5 trillion rupiah (elingana ne-US$346 yezigidi) kweli lizwe.

Urhulumente wase-Indonesia ukwanciphise kakhulu irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo kwiimoto ze-EV ukusuka kwi-11 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-1 ekhulwini kuphela. Eli nyathelo libangele ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwixabiso lokuqala leHyundai Ioniq 5 engabizi kakhulu, ukusuka ngaphezulu kwe-US$51,000 ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-US$45,000. Olu luhlu luseluphezulu kumsebenzisi oqhelekileyo weemoto zase-Indonesia; imoto engabizi kakhulu esebenzisa ipetroli e-Indonesia, iDaihatsu Ayla, iqala ngaphantsi kwe-US$9,000.

Izinto ezibangela ukukhula kwemveliso ye-EV
Eyona nto iphambili ekukhuthazeni ukwenziwa kwezithuthi zombane yimithombo emininzi yezixhobo zokwenza umbane e-Indonesia.

Eli lizwe lilizwe elihamba phambili kwihlabathi ngokuvelisa i-nickel, isithako esibalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, ezizezona zikhethwa kakhulu kwiipakethe zeebhetri ze-EV. Ugcino lwe-nickel e-Indonesia lumalunga nama-22-24 ekhulwini lexabiso lilonke lehlabathi. Ukongeza, ilizwe linokufikelela kwi-cobalt, eyandisa ubomi beebhetri ze-EV, kunye ne-bauxite, esetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-aluminium, into ephambili kwimveliso ye-EV. Olu fikelelo olulungeleyo kwizixhobo ezikrwada lunokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso ngexabiso elikhulu.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uphuhliso lwezakhono zokuvelisa ii-EV zase-Indonesia lunokuqinisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemimandla, ukuba uqoqosho olukufutshane lufumana ukunyuka kwemfuno yee-EV. Urhulumente ujonge ukuvelisa malunga nezithuthi zombane ezingama-600,000 ngo-2030.

Ngaphandle kwemveliso kunye nezibonelelo zokuthengisa, i-Indonesia ifuna ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe kwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokutshintshela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu. Enyanisweni, i-Indonesia yavala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-nickel ore ngoJanuwari 2020, ngaxeshanye yakha amandla ayo okunyibilikisa izinto eziluhlaza, ukuvelisa iibhetri ze-EV, kunye nemveliso ye-EV.

NgoNovemba ka-2022, iHyundai Motor Company (HMC) kunye nePT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) batyikitye iMemorandam yokuQondana (MoU) ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ukunikezelwa kwe-aluminium rhoqo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zokwenza iimoto. Le ntsebenziswano ijolise ekudaleni inkqubo ebanzi yentsebenziswano malunga nemveliso kunye nokunikezelwa kwe-aluminium okuqhutywa yi-AMI, kunye nenkampani engaphantsi kwayo, iPT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Njengoko kuchaziwe kwingxelo yabezindaba yenkampani, iHyundai Motor Company iqalise imisebenzi kwiziko lokuvelisa eIndonesia kwaye ibandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo kwintsebenziswano neIndonesia kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ijonge ukusebenzisana kwixesha elizayo kwishishini leemoto. Oku kuquka ukuphonononga utyalo-mali kwiinkampani ezidibeneyo zokuvelisa iiseli zebhetri. Ngaphaya koko, i-aluminium eluhlaza yase-Indonesia, ebonakala ngokusebenzisa kwayo umbane ophantsi kwekhabhoni, umthombo wamandla onobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ihambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo we-HMC ongathathi cala kwikhabhoni. Le aluminium eluhlaza kulindeleke ukuba ihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhulayo zehlabathi phakathi kwabenzi beemoto.
Enye injongo ebalulekileyo ziinjongo zase-Indonesia zozinzo. Isicwangciso se-EV selizwe sinegalelo ekulandeleni kwe-Indonesia iinjongo zokukhupha ukungcola okungafunekiyo. I-Indonesia isandula ukukhawulezisa iinjongo zayo zokunciphisa ukungcola, ngoku ijolise ekunciphiseni ngama-32 ekhulwini (ukusuka kuma-29 ekhulwini) ngo-2030. Izithuthi zabakhweli kunye nezorhwebo zithatha i-19.2 ekhulwini yokukhutshwa kokungcola okuveliswa zizithuthi zendlela, kwaye utshintsho olukhulu ekusetyenzisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwe-EV luya kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kokungcola okuveliswa zizithuthi zendlela.

Imisebenzi yemigodi ayifumaneki kakhulu kuluhlu lwakutshanje lwezotyalo-mali ezilungileyo e-Indonesia, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ivulelekile kubunini bamanye amazwe nge-100%.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abatyali-mali bamanye amazwe baqaphele uMgaqo kaRhulumente uNombolo 23 ka-2020 kunye noMthetho uNombolo 4 ka-2009 (olungisiweyo). Le migaqo igxininisa ukuba iinkampani zemigodi eziphethwe ngabangaphandle kufuneka zithathe kancinci i-51% yezabelo zazo zibe ngabaninizabelo base-Indonesia kwiminyaka eli-10 yokuqala yokuqalisa imveliso yorhwebo.

Utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-EV
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-Indonesia itsale utyalo-mali olukhulu lwangaphandle kwishishini layo le-nickel, eligxile kakhulu kwimveliso yebhetri yombane kunye nophuhliso oluhambelanayo lwekhonkco lokubonelela.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo eziphawulekayo ziquka:

I-Mitsubishi Motors ibeke imali emalunga ne-US$375 yezigidi ukwandisa imveliso, kuquka nemoto yombane iMinicab-MiEV, kwaye iceba ukuqalisa ukuvelisa ii-EV ngoDisemba.
I-Neta, inkampani engaphantsi kweHozon New Energy Automobile yaseTshayina, iqalise inkqubo yokwamkela ii-odolo ze-Neta V EV kwaye ilungiselela ukuveliswa kwezithuthi zasekhaya ngo-2024.
Abavelisi ababini, iWuling Motors kunye neHyundai, bafudusele eminye yemisebenzi yabo yokuvelisa e-Indonesia ukuze bafanelekele ukufumana izibonelelo ezipheleleyo. Zombini ezi nkampani zigcina iifektri ngaphandle kweJakarta kwaye zezona zikhuphisana phambili kwimarike ye-EV yelizwe ngokubhekiselele kwintengiso.
Abatyali-mali baseTshayina babandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezimbini ezinkulu zokumbiwa kwe-nickel kunye nokunyibilikisa i-nickel ezikwiSulawesi, isiqithi esaziwa ngokugcinwa kwayo okukhulu kwe-nickel. Ezi projekthi zidibene neenkampani ezirhweba esidlangalaleni i-Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park kunye neVirtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Ngowama-2020, iSebe lezoTyalo-mali lase-Indonesia kunye ne-LG batyikitye i-MoU ye-US$9.8 yeebhiliyoni ye-LG Energy Solution yokutyala imali kuyo yonke ikhonkco lobonelelo lwe-EV.
Ngowama-2021, i-LG Energy kunye neHyundai Motor Group baqalise uphuhliso lwesityalo sokuqala sebhetri e-Indonesia esinexabiso lotyalo-mali lwe-US $1.1 yeebhiliyoni, eyilelwe ukuba ibe nomthamo we-10 GWh.
Ngowama-2022, iSebe lezoTyalo-mali lase-Indonesia langena kwi-MoU neFoxconn, iGogoro Inc, i-IBC, kunye ne-Indika Energy, equka ukuveliswa kweebhetri, ukuhamba kwe-elektroniki, kunye namashishini anxulumene noko.
Inkampani yezemigodi karhulumente wase-Indonesia u-Aneka Tambang ubambisene ne-CATL Group yaseTshayina kwisivumelwano sokwenziwa kwee-EV, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri, kunye nokumbiwa kwe-nickel.
I-LG Energy yakha i-smelter ye-US$3.5 yeebhiliyoni kwiphondo laseCentral Java enokuvelisa iitoni ezili-150,000 ze-nickel sulfate ngonyaka.
IVale Indonesia kunye neZhejiang Huayou Cobalt zisebenzisane neFord Motor ukuseka isityalo se-hydroxide precipitate (MHP) kwiphondo laseSoutheast Sulawesi, esicwangciselwe umthamo weetoni ezili-120,000, kunye nesityalo sesibini se-MHP esinomthamo weetoni ezingama-60,000.