Kuyembekezeka kwa Msika wa Indonesia pa Kugulitsa ndi Kupanga Magalimoto a EV

Indonesia ikupikisana ndi mayiko monga Thailand ndi India kuti ipange makampani ake amagetsi, ndikupereka njira ina yabwino kuposa China, yomwe ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopanga magalimoto amagetsi. Dzikoli likuyembekeza kuti mwayi wake wopeza zinthu zopangira ndi mphamvu zamafakitale udzalola kuti likhale maziko opikisana a opanga magalimoto amagetsi ndikulola kuti lipange unyolo wogulitsa katundu wakomweko. Ndondomeko zothandizira zilipo kuti zilimbikitse ndalama zopangira komanso kugulitsa magalimoto amagetsi akomweko.

Mawonekedwe a msika wamkati
Indonesia ikugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti ikhazikitse kupezeka kodziwika bwino mumakampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi (EV), ndi cholinga chofikira ogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi okwana 2.5 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025.

Komabe, deta yamsika ikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa zizolowezi zamagalimoto kudzatenga nthawi. Magalimoto amagetsi amapanga zosakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a magalimoto omwe ali m'misewu ya Indonesia, malinga ndi lipoti la Ogasiti kuchokera ku Reuters. Chaka chatha, Indonesia idalemba malonda a magalimoto amagetsi 15,400 okha ndi malonda a njinga zamoto zamagetsi pafupifupi 32,000. Ngakhale ogwira ntchito zamataxi otchuka ngati Bluebird akuganizira zogula magalimoto amagetsi kuchokera kumakampani akuluakulu monga kampani yayikulu yamagalimoto yaku China ya BYD—malingaliro a boma la Indonesia adzafunika nthawi yochulukirapo kuti akwaniritsidwe.

Komabe, kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa malingaliro kukuoneka kuti kukuchitika. Ku West Jakarta, wogulitsa magalimoto PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil wawona chizolowezi chokwera pa malonda ake a EV. Malinga ndi woimira malonda wa kampaniyi polankhula ndi China Daily mu June chaka chino, makasitomala ku Indonesia akugula ndikugwiritsa ntchito Wuling Air EV ngati galimoto yachiwiri, pamodzi ndi magalimoto awo akale.

Kupanga zisankho kotereku kungagwirizane ndi nkhawa zokhudza zomangamanga zomwe zikubwera za kuyatsa magetsi a EV ndi ntchito zogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa komanso mitundu ya magetsi a EV, zomwe zikutanthauza mphamvu ya batri yomwe ikufunika kuti ifike komwe ikupita. Ponseponse, ndalama za magetsi a EV ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi mphamvu ya batri zitha kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi koyamba.

Komabe, zolinga za Indonesia sizikupitirira kulimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto opanda mphamvu. Dzikoli likuyesetsanso kudziika pamalo ofunikira kwambiri mkati mwa unyolo wopereka magalimoto amagetsi. Kupatula apo, Indonesia ndi msika waukulu kwambiri wamagalimoto ku Southeast Asia ndipo ili pamalo achiwiri pakukula kwa malo opangira magalimoto m'derali, kutsata Thailand.

M'magawo otsatira, tifufuza zinthu zazikulu zomwe zikuyendetsa galimoto yamagetsi iyi ndikukambirana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Indonesia ikhale malo abwino kwambiri oti anthu akunja aike ndalama m'gawoli.

Ndondomeko ndi njira zothandizira boma
Boma la Joko Widodo laphatikiza kupanga magalimoto amagetsi mu ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 ndipo lafotokoza za chitukuko cha zomangamanga zamagetsi amagetsi mu Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (National Medium-Term Plan 2020-2024).

Pansi pa Ndondomeko ya 2020-24, chitukuko cha mafakitale mdziko muno chidzayang'ana kwambiri madera awiri ofunikira: (1) kupanga zinthu zaulimi, mankhwala, ndi zitsulo, ndi (2) kupanga zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera phindu ndi mpikisano. Zinthuzi zikuphatikizapo magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magalimoto amagetsi. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa dongosololi kudzathandizidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa mfundo m'magawo oyambira, achiwiri, ndi achitatu.
Mu Ogasiti chaka chino, Indonesia idalengeza kuwonjezeredwa kwa zaka ziwiri kwa opanga magalimoto kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zoyenerera kulandira zolimbikitsira zamagalimoto zamagetsi. Ndi malamulo atsopano okhazikitsa ndalama, opanga magalimoto akhoza kulonjeza kupanga zida zosachepera 40 peresenti za EV ku Indonesia pofika chaka cha 2026 kuti akhale oyenerera kulandira zolimbikitsira. Malonjezano akuluakulu oyika ndalama apangidwa kale ndi kampani ya Neta EV yaku China ndi Mitsubishi Motors yaku Japan. Pakadali pano, PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia idayambitsa EV yake yoyamba yopangidwa mdziko muno mu Epulo 2022.

M'mbuyomu, Indonesia idalengeza cholinga chake chochepetsa msonkho wochokera kunja kuchokera pa 50 peresenti kufika pa zero kwa opanga magalimoto amagetsi omwe akuganiza zoyika ndalama mdzikolo.

Mu 2019, boma la Indonesia linapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira opanga magalimoto amagetsi, makampani oyendera, ndi ogula. Zolimbikitsazi zinaphatikizapo kuchepetsa mitengo yolowera kunja kwa makina ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalimoto amagetsi ndipo zinapereka maubwino a tchuthi cha msonkho kwa zaka zosachepera 10 kwa opanga magalimoto amagetsi omwe amaika ndalama zosachepera 5 thililiyoni rupiah (zofanana ndi US$346 miliyoni) mdzikolo.

Boma la Indonesia lachepetsanso kwambiri msonkho wowonjezera pa magalimoto a EV kuchoka pa 11 peresenti kufika pa 1 peresenti yokha. Izi zapangitsa kuti mtengo woyambira wa Hyundai Ioniq 5 wotsika mtengo kwambiri utsike, kuchoka pa US$51,000 kufika pa US$45,000. Iyi ikadali galimoto yapamwamba kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri aku Indonesia; galimoto yotsika mtengo kwambiri yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ku Indonesia, Daihatsu Ayla, imayamba pa US$9,000.

Zoyambitsa kukula kwa kupanga magalimoto amagetsi
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kukakamiza kupanga magalimoto amagetsi ndi malo ambiri osungiramo zinthu zopangira magetsi ku Indonesia.

Dzikoli ndi lomwe limapanga nickel kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion, omwe ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri pa mabatire a EV. Ndalama zomwe Indonesia imasunga ndi nickel zimakwana pafupifupi 22-24 peresenti ya ndalama zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, dzikolo lili ndi mwayi wopeza cobalt, yomwe imawonjezera nthawi ya moyo wa mabatire a EV, ndi bauxite, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga magetsi a EV. Kupeza zinthu zopangira kumeneku kungathe kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ndi ndalama zambiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chitukuko cha luso la Indonesia lopanga magalimoto amagetsi (EV) chingalimbikitse kutumiza kunja kwa dzikolo, ngati mayiko oyandikana nawo akukumana ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa magalimoto amagetsi. Boma likufuna kupanga magalimoto amagetsi pafupifupi 600,000 pofika chaka cha 2030.

Kupatula zolimbikitsa kupanga ndi kugulitsa, Indonesia ikufuna kuchepetsa kudalira kwake kutumiza zinthu zopangira ndikusintha kupita ku katundu wowonjezera mtengo. Ndipotu, Indonesia inaletsa kutumiza zinthu za nickel ore mu Januwale 2020, nthawi yomweyo ikuwonjezera mphamvu zake zosungunulira zinthu zopangira, kupanga mabatire a EV, ndi kupanga ma EV.

Mu Novembala 2022, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) ndi PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) adasaina Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti aluminiyamu ikupezeka nthawi zonse kuti ikwaniritse kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kupanga magalimoto. Mgwirizanowu cholinga chake ndi kupanga njira yogwirizana yokhudzana ndi kupanga ndi kupereka aluminiyamu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi AMI, mogwirizana ndi kampani yake yothandizira, PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Monga momwe zanenedwera mu lipoti la kampaniyo, Hyundai Motor Company yayambitsa ntchito ku fakitale yopanga zinthu ku Indonesia ndipo ikuchita nawo mgwirizano ndi Indonesia m'magawo angapo, ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano wamtsogolo mkati mwa makampani opanga magalimoto. Izi zikuphatikizapo kufufuza ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi popanga mabatire. Kuphatikiza apo, aluminiyamu yobiriwira ya ku Indonesia, yomwe imadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi, zomwe ndi gwero lamphamvu loteteza chilengedwe, zikugwirizana ndi mfundo za HMC zosagwiritsa ntchito kaboni. Aluminiyamu yobiriwira iyi ikuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwakukulu padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa opanga magalimoto.
Cholinga china chofunikira ndi zolinga za Indonesia zopititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa dzikolo. Njira ya dzikolo yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi amagetsi (EV) imathandizira kuti dziko la Indonesia likwaniritse zolinga zake zochepetsa mpweya woipa. Posachedwapa dziko la Indonesia lafulumizitsa zolinga zake zochepetsera mpweya woipa, zomwe tsopano zikufuna kuchepetsa ndi 32 peresenti (kuchokera pa 29 peresenti) pofika chaka cha 2030. Magalimoto okwera ndi amalonda ndi 19.2 peresenti ya mpweya wonse woipa womwe umapangidwa ndi magalimoto a pamsewu, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi amagetsi ndi magetsi amagetsi kungachepetse kwambiri mpweya wonse woipa.

Ntchito zamigodi sizikupezeka mu Mndandanda waposachedwa wa Positive Investment ku Indonesia, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zili ndi umwini wa 100 peresenti wa mayiko akunja.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti amalonda akunja adziwe za Lamulo la Boma Nambala 23 la 2020 ndi Lamulo Nambala 4 la 2009 (losinthidwa). Malamulowa amanena kuti makampani amigodi omwe ali ndi akunja ayenera kupereka magawo awo osachepera 51 peresenti kwa omwe ali ndi magawo aku Indonesia mkati mwa zaka 10 zoyambirira kuyambira atayamba kupanga malonda.

Ndalama zakunja mu unyolo woperekera magetsi
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, Indonesia yakhala ikukopa ndalama zambiri zakunja mumakampani ake a nickel, makamaka zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mabatire amagetsi ndi chitukuko chokhudzana ndi unyolo woperekera zinthu.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:

Kampani ya Mitsubishi Motors yapereka ndalama zokwana US$375 miliyoni kuti iwonjezere kupanga magalimoto, kuphatikizapo galimoto yamagetsi ya Minicab-MiEV, ndipo ikukonzekera kuyamba kupanga magalimoto a EV mu Disembala.
Neta, kampani yothandizidwa ndi kampani ya Hozon New Energy Automobile ku China, yayamba njira yolandirira maoda a Neta V EV ndipo ikukonzekera kupanga magalimoto am'deralo mu 2024.
Opanga awiri, Wuling Motors ndi Hyundai, asamutsa zina mwa ntchito zawo zopangira ku Indonesia kuti akalandire chilimbikitso chokwanira. Makampani onsewa ali ndi mafakitale kunja kwa Jakarta ndipo ndi omwe akupikisana kwambiri pamsika wamagetsi mdzikolo pankhani yogulitsa.
Amalonda aku China akuchita nawo ntchito ziwiri zazikulu zofukula ndi kusungunula nickel zomwe zili ku Sulawesi, chilumba chodziwika ndi malo ake akuluakulu osungira nickel. Mapulojekitiwa akugwirizana ndi mabungwe ogulitsa pagulu monga Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park ndi Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Mu 2020, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Indonesia ndi LG adasaina MoU ya US$9.8 biliyoni ya LG Energy Solution kuti aike ndalama mu unyolo wonse wamagetsi.
Mu 2021, LG Energy ndi Hyundai Motor Group zinayamba ntchito yomanga fakitale yoyamba ya batri ku Indonesia yokhala ndi ndalama zokwana US$1.1 biliyoni, zomwe zinapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu ya 10 GWh.
Mu 2022, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Indonesia unasaina Chigwirizano ndi Foxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, ndi Indika Energy, kuphatikizapo kupanga mabatire, e-mobility, ndi mafakitale ena ofanana.
Kampani ya migodi ya boma la Indonesia, Aneka Tambang, yagwirizana ndi CATL Group yaku China pa mgwirizano wopanga magetsi a EV, kubwezeretsanso mabatire, komanso migodi ya nickel.
Kampani ya LG Energy ikupanga chosungunula cha US$3.5 biliyoni ku Central Java chomwe chingathe kupanga matani 150,000 a nickel sulfate pachaka.
Vale Indonesia ndi Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt agwirizana ndi Ford Motor kuti akhazikitse fakitale ya hydroxide precipitate (MHP) m'chigawo cha Southeast Sulawesi, yomwe ikukonzekera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya matani 120,000, pamodzi ndi fakitale yachiwiri ya MHP yokhala ndi mphamvu ya matani 60,000.