Hasashen Kasuwar Indonesia game da Tallace-tallace da Masana'antu na EV

Indonesia na fafatawa da ƙasashe kamar Thailand da Indiya don haɓaka masana'antar kera motocin lantarki, da kuma samar da madadin da ya dace ga China, babbar mai samar da EV a duniya. Kasar na fatan samun damar amfani da kayan aiki da ƙarfin masana'antu zai ba ta damar zama tushen gasa ga masu kera EV kuma ya ba ta damar gina sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta gida. Ana aiwatar da manufofi masu tallafi don ƙarfafa saka hannun jari a samar da kayayyaki da kuma sayar da EV a cikin gida.

Hasashen kasuwar cikin gida
Indonesia na aiki tukuru don kafa wani muhimmin matsayi a masana'antar motocin lantarki (EV), tare da burin isa ga masu amfani da motocin lantarki miliyan 2.5 nan da shekarar 2025.

Duk da haka, bayanan kasuwa sun nuna cewa sauyi a halayen masu amfani da motoci zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci. Motocin lantarki ba su kai kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na motocin da ke kan titunan Indonesia ba, a cewar wani rahoto na watan Agusta daga Reuters. A bara, Indonesia ta sami tallace-tallacen motocin lantarki 15,400 kacal da kuma tallace-tallacen babura masu amfani da wutar lantarki kusan 32,000. Ko da yake fitattun masu tasi kamar Bluebird suna tunanin sayen jiragen EV daga manyan kamfanoni kamar babban kamfanin kera motoci na China BYD—hasashe na gwamnatin Indonesia zai buƙaci ƙarin lokaci don ya zama gaskiya.

Duk da haka, da alama ana ci gaba da samun sauyi a hankali a ra'ayoyi. A Yammacin Jakarta, dillalin motoci PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil ya lura da karuwar tallace-tallacen EV. A cewar wani wakilin tallace-tallace na kamfanin da ke magana da China Daily a watan Yunin wannan shekarar, abokan ciniki a Indonesia suna siye da amfani da Wuling Air EV a matsayin babbar mota, tare da na gargajiya da suke da su.

Wannan nau'in yanke shawara na iya alaƙa da damuwa game da sabbin abubuwan more rayuwa don cajin EV da ayyukan bayan siyarwa da kuma kewayon EV, wanda ke nufin cajin batirin da ake buƙata don isa inda ake so. Gabaɗaya, farashin EV da damuwa game da ƙarfin baturi na iya kawo cikas ga fara amfani da shi.

Duk da haka, burin Indonesiya ya wuce ƙarfafa masu amfani da motocin makamashi mai tsabta. Ƙasar tana kuma ƙoƙarin sanya kanta a matsayin cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki mai mahimmanci a cikin sarkar samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan haka, Indonesiya ita ce babbar kasuwar motoci a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma ita ce cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi girma a yankin, bayan Thailand.

A cikin sassan da ke tafe, za mu binciki muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan canjin wutar lantarki kuma mu tattauna abin da ya sa Indonesia ta zama wurin da aka fi so ga masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje a wannan ɓangaren.

Manufofin gwamnati da matakan tallafi
Gwamnatin Joko Widodo ta haɗa samar da EV a cikin Shirin ASEAN_Indonesia_Master na Haɓakawa da Faɗaɗa Ci gaban Tattalin Arzikin Indonesia 2011-2025 kuma ta bayyana ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa na EV a cikin Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (Shirin Tsakiyar Zamani na Ƙasa na 2020-2024).

A ƙarƙashin Tsarin 2020-24, masana'antu a ƙasar za su fi mai da hankali kan muhimman fannoni guda biyu: (1) samar da kayayyakin noma, sinadarai, da ƙarfe a sama, da kuma (2) ƙera kayayyakin da ke ƙara ƙima da gasa. Waɗannan kayayyaki sun ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da motocin lantarki. Za a tallafa wa aiwatar da shirin ta hanyar daidaita manufofi a fannoni na farko, sakandare, da sakandare.
A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Indonesia ta sanar da tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu ga masu kera motoci don cika sharuddan cancantar samun kyaututtukan motocin lantarki. Tare da sabbin ka'idojin saka hannun jari masu sassauci, masu kera motoci za su iya yin alƙawarin samar da aƙalla kashi 40 cikin 100 na kayan aikin EV a Indonesia nan da shekarar 2026 don samun kyaututtuka. An riga an yi muhimman alkawuran saka hannun jari daga kamfanin Neta EV na China da kuma kamfanin Mitsubishi na Japan. A halin yanzu, kamfanin PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia ya gabatar da EV na farko da aka samar a cikin gida a watan Afrilun 2022.

A baya, Indonesia ta sanar da aniyarta na rage harajin shigo da kaya daga kashi 50 cikin 100 zuwa sifili ga masana'antun EV da ke tunanin zuba jari a kasar.

A shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta fitar da wasu shirye-shiryen karfafa gwiwa da suka shafi masana'antun motocin lantarki, kamfanonin sufuri, da masu amfani da su. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa sun haɗa da rage harajin shigo da kaya kan injuna da kayan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da na'urorin lantarki, kuma sun ba da fa'idodin hutun haraji na tsawon shekaru 10 ga masana'antun na'urorin lantarki da suka saka hannun jari aƙalla rupiah tiriliyan 5 (daidai da dala miliyan 346) a ƙasar.

Gwamnatin Indonesia ta kuma rage harajin ƙara darajar motoci daga kashi 11 cikin ɗari zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari kawai. Wannan matakin ya haifar da raguwar farashin farko na Hyundai Ioniq 5 mafi araha, wanda ya ragu daga sama da dala 51,000 zuwa ƙasa da dala 45,000. Wannan har yanzu babban zaɓi ne ga matsakaicin mai amfani da motocin Indonesiya; motar da ke amfani da mai mafi arha a Indonesia, Daihatsu Ayla, tana farawa ƙasa da dala 9,000.

Masu haɓaka haɓaka don kera EV
Babban abin da ke haifar da ƙera motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki shine tarin kayan amfanin gona da ake da su a cikin gida a Indonesia.

Kasar ita ce babbar mai samar da nickel a duniya, wani muhimmin sinadari wajen samar da batirin lithium-ion, wanda shine babban abin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da batirin EV. Tanadar nickel a Indonesiya ya kai kimanin kashi 22-24 cikin 100 na jimillar duniya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar tana da damar samun cobalt, wanda ke tsawaita rayuwar batirin EV, da kuma bauxite, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da aluminum, wani muhimmin abu a masana'antar EV. Wannan damar samun kayan aiki a shirye zai iya rage farashin samarwa da babban gibi.

Nan gaba kaɗan, haɓaka ƙarfin kera injinan lantarki na Indonesiya zai iya ƙarfafa fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje, idan tattalin arzikin maƙwabta ya fuskanci ƙaruwar buƙatar injinan lantarki na EV. Gwamnati na da niyyar ƙera motocin lantarki kusan 600,000 nan da shekarar 2030.

Baya ga ƙarfafawa kan samarwa da tallace-tallace, Indonesia na neman rage dogaro da fitar da kayan masarufi da kuma sauye-sauye zuwa fitar da kayayyaki masu daraja. A zahiri, Indonesia ta haramta fitar da ma'adinan nickel a watan Janairun 2020, tare da ƙara ƙarfinta na narkar da kayan, samar da batirin EV, da kuma samar da EV.

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2022, Kamfanin Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) da PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) da nufin tabbatar da samar da aluminum mai dorewa don biyan bukatar da ake da ita wajen kera motoci. Haɗin gwiwar yana da nufin samar da cikakken tsarin hadin gwiwa game da samarwa da samar da aluminum wanda AMI ke jagoranta, tare da hadin gwiwar reshenta, PT Kalimantan Aluminum Industry (KAI).

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wata sanarwa da kamfanin ya fitar, Kamfanin Hyundai Motor Company ya fara aiki a wani kamfanin kera motoci a Indonesia kuma yana aiki tare da Indonesia a fannoni daban-daban, tare da lura da haɗin gwiwa a nan gaba a masana'antar kera motoci. Wannan ya haɗa da bincika saka hannun jari a cikin haɗin gwiwa don kera ƙwayoyin batir. Bugu da ƙari, aluminum kore na Indonesia, wanda aka san shi da amfani da ƙarancin carbon, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tushen makamashi mai lafiya ga muhalli, ya yi daidai da manufar HMC ta tsaka tsaki da carbon. Ana sa ran wannan aluminum kore zai biya buƙatun duniya da ke ƙaruwa tsakanin masu kera motoci.
Wata muhimmiyar manufa ita ce manufofin dorewar Indonesiya. Tsarin EV na ƙasar yana ba da gudummawa ga burin Indonesiya na cimma burin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kwanan nan Indonesiya ta hanzarta manufofin rage hayakin, inda yanzu take da niyyar rage kashi 32 cikin 100 (daga kashi 29 cikin 100) nan da shekarar 2030. Motocin fasinja da na kasuwanci sun kai kashi 19.2 cikin 100 na jimillar hayakin da motocin hanya ke samarwa, kuma sauyi mai ƙarfi zuwa ga amfani da EV zai rage hayakin gaba ɗaya.

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba su cikin Jerin Jarin da aka fi saka hannun jari a Indonesia kwanan nan, wanda ke nufin a zahiri suna buɗe ga mallakar ƙasashen waje 100%.

Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci ga masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje su san Dokar Gwamnati Mai Lamba 23 ta 2020 da Dokar Lamba 4 ta 2009 (wanda aka gyara). Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun tanadi cewa dole ne kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasashen waje su ci gaba da raba aƙalla kashi 51 cikin 100 na hannun jarinsu ga masu hannun jari na Indonesiya a cikin shekaru 10 na farko na fara samar da kayayyaki na kasuwanci.

Zuba jari na ƙasashen waje a cikin sarkar samar da wutar lantarki
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Indonesiya ta jawo hankalin masu zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje a masana'antar nickel, musamman ma kan samar da batura na lantarki da kuma ci gaban sarkar samar da kayayyaki.

Manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun haɗa da:

Kamfanin Mitsubishi Motors ya ware kimanin dala miliyan 375 don fadada samar da motoci, ciki har da motocin lantarki na Minicab-MiEV, tare da shirin fara samar da motocin lantarki a watan Disamba.
Kamfanin Neta, wani reshe na kamfanin Hozon New Energy Automobile na kasar Sin, ya fara aiwatar da karbar oda na kamfanin Neta V EV kuma yana shirin fara samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida a shekarar 2024.
Kamfanoni biyu, Wuling Motors da Hyundai, sun ƙaura da wasu daga cikin ayyukan samar da su zuwa Indonesia domin samun cikakken tallafi. Kamfanonin biyu suna kula da masana'antu a wajen Jakarta kuma su ne manyan masu fafatawa a kasuwar EV ta ƙasar dangane da tallace-tallace.
Masu zuba jari na kasar Sin suna gudanar da manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da hakar nickel guda biyu a Sulawesi, wani tsibiri da aka san shi da tarin albarkatun nickel. Waɗannan ayyukan suna da alaƙa da kamfanonin da ake ciniki da su a fili a Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park da Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
A shekarar 2020, Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari ta Indonesiya da LG sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta dala biliyan 9.8 don LG Energy Solution don saka hannun jari a cikin sarkar samar da wutar lantarki ta EV.
A shekarar 2021, kamfanin LG Energy da kamfanin Hyundai Motor Group suka fara aikin gina masana'antar samar da batir ta farko a Indonesiya, wacce darajarta ta kai dala biliyan 1.1, wanda aka tsara don samar da karfin wutar lantarki na GWh 10.
A shekarar 2022, Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari ta Indonesiya ta shiga yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya da Foxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, da Indika Energy, wadda ta kunshi kera batir, fasahar zamani, da kuma masana'antu masu alaka da ita.
Kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasar Indonesiya Aneka Tambang ya yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar CATL ta ƙasar Sin a wata yarjejeniya ta kera EV, sake amfani da batir, da kuma haƙar nickel.
Kamfanin LG Energy yana gina injin narkar da mai wanda zai iya samar da tan 150,000 na nickel sulfate a kowace shekara, wanda zai lakume dala biliyan 3.5 a lardin Java na tsakiya.
Kamfanin Vale Indonesia da Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt sun yi haɗin gwiwa da Ford Motor don kafa masana'antar hydroxide precipitate (MHP) a lardin kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi, wanda aka tsara don ɗaukar tan 120,000, tare da wani kamfanin MHP na biyu mai ɗaukar tan 60,000.