Isoko rya Indoneziya ritanga amahirwe yo kugurisha no gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki

Indoneziya irimo guhangana n'ibihugu nka Tayilande n'Ubuhinde mu guteza imbere inganda zayo z'ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi, no gutanga ubundi buryo bushoboka bwo gusimbura Ubushinwa, igihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora imodoka za EV. Igihugu cyizeye ko kubona ibikoresho fatizo n'ubushobozi bw'inganda bizatuma kiba ishingiro ry'abakora imodoka za EV kandi kibemerera kubaka urunigi rw'ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu. Hari politiki zishyigikira ishoramari mu gukora ndetse no kugurisha imodoka za EV mu gihugu.

Icyerekezo cy'isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu
Indoneziya irimo gukora cyane kugira ngo ishyireho urwego rugaragara mu nganda zikora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EV), hagamijwe kugera ku bakoresha imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi miliyoni 2.5 bitarenze umwaka wa 2025.

Nyamara, amakuru aturuka ku isoko agaragaza ko impinduka mu mikorere y'imodoka zizatwara igihe. Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zigize munsi ya kimwe ku ijana by'imodoka ziri mu mihanda ya Indoneziya, nk'uko raporo ya Kanama ya Reuters yabitangaje. Umwaka ushize, Indoneziya yaguze imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi 15.400 gusa na moto zikoresha amashanyarazi zigera ku 32.000. Nubwo abakora tagisi bazwi nka Bluebird batekereza kugura imodoka za EV mu bigo bikomeye nka BYD y'Abashinwa—ibiteganijwe na guverinoma ya Indoneziya bizakenera igihe kinini kugira ngo bibe impamo.

Ariko, bigaragara ko hari impinduka mu myumvire. I Burengerazuba bwa Jakarta, ikigo cy’ubucuruzi bw’imodoka PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil cyabonye ko hari iterambere rigaragara mu kugurisha imodoka za EV. Nk’uko byatangajwe n’uhagarariye ikigo mu kugurisha imodoka aganira na China Daily muri Kamena uyu mwaka, abakiriya bo muri Indoneziya barimo kugura no gukoresha imodoka ya Wuling Air EV nk’imodoka y’inyongera, hamwe n’izindi zisanzwe.

Ubu buryo bwo gufata ibyemezo bushobora kuba bufitanye isano n'impungenge zijyanye n'ibikorwa remezo bishya byo gusharija amashanyarazi ya EV na serivisi zo gucuruza nyuma yo kugurisha ndetse n'urwego rwa EV, bivuze gusharija bateri ikenewe kugira ngo igere aho igana. Muri rusange, ibiciro bya EV n'impungenge zijyanye n'ingufu za bateri bishobora kubangamira ikoreshwa ryabyo mu ntangiriro.

Ariko, intego za Indoneziya ntizigarukira gusa mu gushishikariza abaguzi gukoresha imodoka zikoresha ingufu zisukuye. Igihugu kirimo kandi kwihatira kuba ihuriro rikomeye mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bya EV. N'ubundi kandi, Indoneziya ni isoko rinini ry'imodoka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya kandi iri ku mwanya wa kabiri mu ruganda rukora imodoka mu karere, nyuma ya Tayilande.

Mu bice bikurikira, turasuzuma ibintu by'ingenzi bituma iyi gahunda yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ihinduka, tunaganire ku cyatuma Indoneziya iba ahantu heza ho gushora imari mu mahanga muri iki gice.

Ingamba za politiki n'inkunga za leta
Guverinoma ya Joko Widodo yashyize umusaruro w’amashanyarazi mu igenamigambi rya ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Kwihutisha no Kwagura Iterambere ry’Ubukungu rya Indoneziya 2011-2025, inagaragaza iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi mu igenamigambi rya Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (Gahunda y’Igihugu y’Igihe Giciriritse 2020-2024).

Muri gahunda ya 2020-24, inganda mu gihugu zizibanda cyane cyane ku bice bibiri by'ingenzi: (1) umusaruro w'ibikomoka ku buhinzi, imiti n'ibyuma, na (2) gukora ibicuruzwa byongera agaciro n'ipiganwa. Ibi bicuruzwa bikubiyemo inzego zitandukanye, harimo n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'iyi gahunda rizashyigikirwa no guhuza politiki mu nzego z'ibanze, iz'inyongera, n'iz'icyiciro cya gatatu.
Muri Kanama uyu mwaka, Indoneziya yatangaje ko yongereye imyaka ibiri abakora imodoka kugira ngo buzuze ibisabwa kugira ngo bahabwe inkunga y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Hamwe n’amategeko mashya y’ishoramari, abakora imodoka bashobora kwiyemeza gukora nibura ibice bya EV muri Indoneziya bitarenze 40% mu 2026 kugira ngo babe bemerewe guhabwa inkunga. Ishoramari rikomeye ryamaze gukorwa n’ikirango cya Neta EV cyo mu Bushinwa na Mitsubishi Motors yo mu Buyapani. Hagati aho, PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yatangije EV yayo ya mbere ikorerwa mu gihugu muri Mata 2022.

Mbere yaho, Indoneziya yari yatangaje ko igamije kugabanya imisoro y’ibitumizwa mu mahanga kuva kuri 50% ikagera kuri zeru ku nganda zikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ziteganya gushora imari muri icyo gihugu.

Mu 2019, guverinoma ya Indoneziya yari yarashyizeho uburyo butandukanye bwo gushishikariza abakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibigo bikora ubwikorezi n'abaguzi. Ubu buryo bwo gushishikariza bwari bukubiyemo kugabanya imisoro ku bicuruzwa byinjizwa mu mashini n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora amashanyarazi, kandi bwatanze inyungu ku biruhuko by'imisoro mu gihe kitarenze imyaka 10 ku bakora amashanyarazi bashora nibura tiriyari 5 z'amarupiya (angana na miliyoni 346 z'amadolari ya Amerika) mu gihugu.

Guverinoma ya Indoneziya kandi yagabanyije cyane umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ku modoka za EV uva kuri 11% ugera kuri 1% gusa. Iki gikorwa cyagabanyije cyane igiciro cyo gutangira imodoka ya Hyundai Ioniq 5 ihendutse cyane, kiva kuri arenga 51.000$ US$ kigera munsi ya 45.000$ US$. Iki ni cyo giciro cy'igiciro ku mukoresha usanzwe w'imodoka wo muri Indoneziya; imodoka ihendutse cyane ikoresha lisansi muri Indoneziya, Daihatsu Ayla, itangirira munsi ya 9.000$ US$.

Impamvu zituma inganda zikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki zikura
Impamvu nyamukuru yatumye habaho iterambere ry’ikorwa ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ni ububiko bw’ibikoresho fatizo byinshi byo mu gihugu cya Indoneziya.

Iki gihugu ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora nikeli, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukora bateri za lithiamu-ion, ari na zo zikunze kugaragara mu gupakira bateri za EV. Nikeli yo muri Indoneziya ingana na 22-24% by'umubare w'isi yose. Byongeye kandi, iki gihugu gifite cobalt, yongera igihe cyo kubaho cya bateri za EV, na bauxite, ikoreshwa mu gukora aluminiyumu, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu nganda za EV. Uku kubona ibikoresho fatizo bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro ku kigero kinini.

Mu gihe kizaza, iterambere ry’ubushobozi bwo gukora imodoka za EV muri Indoneziya rishobora kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga mu karere, mu gihe ibihugu by’abaturanyi bizaba byiyongera mu gukenera imodoka za EV. Guverinoma ifite intego yo gukora imodoka zigera ku 600.000 zikoresha amashanyarazi bitarenze umwaka wa 2030.

Uretse ibikorwa byo gushishikariza umusaruro n'ibicuruzwa, Indoneziya irimo gushaka kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku byoherezwa mu mahanga mu mahanga no kuzamuka mu mahanga ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye. Mu by'ukuri, Indoneziya yahagaritse kohereza hanze amabuye y'agaciro ya nikeli muri Mutarama 2020, yongera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushongesha ibikoresho fatizo, gukora bateri za EV, no gukora EV.

Mu Gushyingo 2022, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) na PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) bashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubufatanye (MoU) agamije kwemeza ko habaho aluminium ihoraho kugira ngo ihuze n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’imodoka. Ubu bufatanye bugamije gushyiraho uburyo bwuzuye bw’ubufatanye mu bijyanye n’umusaruro n’itangwa rya aluminium bufashwa na AMI, ku bufatanye n’ishami ryayo rishinzwe ikoranabuhanga, PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Nkuko byavuzwe mu itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara n’isosiyete, Hyundai Motor Company yatangiye ibikorwa byayo mu nganda zikora imodoka muri Indoneziya kandi ikorana na Indoneziya mu nzego zitandukanye, igamije kureba uburyo bwo guhuza imodoka mu gihe kizaza. Ibi birimo gushakisha ishoramari mu mishinga ihuriweho mu gukora bateri. Byongeye kandi, aluminiyumu y’icyatsi kibisi yo muri Indoneziya, irangwa no gukoresha ingufu nke zikomoka ku mazi, zitanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi, isoko y’ingufu zitangiza ibidukikije, ijyanye na politiki ya HMC yo kudakoresha karuboni. Iyi aluminiyumu y’icyatsi kibisi yitezweho guhaza ikenerwa ryinshi ku isi mu bakora imodoka.
Indi ntego y'ingenzi ni intego za Indoneziya zo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ingamba z'igihugu zo gukoresha amashanyarazi ya EV zigira uruhare mu guharanira kugera ku ntego za Net-Zero zo gusohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Indoneziya iherutse kwihutisha intego zayo zo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ubu ikaba igamije kugabanya 32 ku ijana (ivuye kuri 29 ku ijana) mu 2030. Imodoka zitwara abagenzi n'iz'ubucuruzi zigize 19.2 ku ijana by'imyuka yose ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku modoka zo mu muhanda, kandi impinduka ikomeye ku gukoresha amashanyarazi ya EV no kuyakoresha byagabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere muri rusange.

Ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro ntabwo biri ku rutonde rw’abashoramari beza baherutse gusohoka muri Indoneziya, bivuze ko bifunguye ku banyagihugu 100 ku ijana.

Ariko, ni ngombwa ko abashoramari b'abanyamahanga bamenya amabwiriza ya Leta No. 23 yo mu 2020 n'itegeko No. 4 ryo mu 2009 (ryavuguruwe). Aya mabwiriza avuga ko amasosiyete y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro y'abanyamahanga agomba kugabanya byibuze 51% by'imigabane yabo ku banyamigabane bo muri Indoneziya mu myaka 10 ya mbere uhereye igihe batangiriye gukora ubucuruzi.

Ishoramari ry'amahanga mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bya EV
Mu myaka mike ishize, Indoneziya yakuruye ishoramari ry’abanyamahanga rinini mu nganda zayo za nikeli, ryibanze cyane cyane ku ikorwa rya bateri z’amashanyarazi n’iterambere rijyanye n’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho.

Ibintu by'ingenzi bizwi birimo:

Mitsubishi Motors yashyize mu bikorwa amadolari y'Amerika agera kuri miliyoni 375 kugira ngo yongere umusaruro, harimo n'imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ya Minicab-MiEV, hamwe n'iteganya gutangira gukora imodoka za EV mu Kuboza.
Neta, ishami rya Hozon New Energy Automobile yo mu Bushinwa, yatangiye gahunda yo kwakira amadosiye ya Neta V EV kandi iri kwitegura gukora mu gihugu muri 2024.
Inganda ebyiri, Wuling Motors na Hyundai, zimuriye bimwe mu bikorwa byazo byo gukora muri Indoneziya kugira ngo zihabwe inyungu zuzuye. Izo sosiyete zombi zifite inganda hanze ya Jakarta kandi ni zo zihanganye ku isoko ry’imodoka za elektroniki mu bijyanye no kugurisha.
Abashoramari b’Abashinwa bakora ibikorwa bibiri bikomeye byo gucukura no gushongesha amabuye y’agaciro ya nikeli biherereye muri Sulawesi, ikirwa kizwiho ububiko bunini bwa nikeli. Iyi mishinga ifitanye isano n’ibigo bicuruza ibicuruzwa bya rubanda bya Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park na Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Mu 2020, Minisiteri y'Ishoramari muri Indoneziya na LG bashyize umukono ku masezerano y'ubufatanye ya miliyari 9.8 z'amadolari y'Amerika yo gushora imari muri LG Energy Solution mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bya EV.
Mu 2021, LG Energy na Hyundai Motor Group batangiye iterambere ry’uruganda rwa mbere rw’amashanyarazi rwo muri Indoneziya rufite agaciro ka miliyari 1.1 z’amadolari y’Amerika, rugenewe gutanga ingufu za 10 GWh.
Mu 2022, Minisiteri y’Ishoramari yo muri Indoneziya yagiranye amasezerano y’ubufatanye na Foxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, na Indika Energy, akubiyemo inganda zikora bateri, e-mobility, n’izindi nganda zifitanye isano.
Isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro ya leta ya Indoneziya, Aneka Tambang, yagiranye ubufatanye na CATL Group yo mu Bushinwa mu masezerano yo gukora ibikoresho bya EV, kongera gukoresha bateri, no gucukura nikeli.
LG Energy irimo kubaka ikimashini gishongesha icyuma kingana na miliyari 3.5 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu ntara ya Java yo hagati gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 150.000 za nickel sulfate buri mwaka.
Vale Indonesia na Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt bafatanyije na Ford Motor gushinga uruganda rwa hydroxide precipitate (MHP) mu ntara ya Sulawesi y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, ruteganyijwe kuzatwara toni 120.000, hamwe n'uruganda rwa kabiri rwa MHP ruzatwara toni 60.000.