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Next, I will analyze the technical roadmap and application of V2G solutions in three phases.
Global V2G Market Explosion
In the past three years, V2G (Vehicle to Grid) has entered the early stages of commercialization from a laboratory concept. According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the number of global V2G pilot projects will exceed 120 in 2023, an increase of 300% compared to 2020, with the European Union accounting for over 60%.
The core driving force behind the development of global V2G comes from two aspects:
- ✔ The proportion of new energy grid connection has increased, and the demand for flexible regulation resources in the power grid has surged.
- ✔ The number of electric vehicles is growing rapidly, and the energy storage potential of power batteries is gradually being recognized by the industry.
The EU is currently the region with the fastest progress in V2G commercialization, driven by the mandatory requirement of the AFIR regulation: by 2025, European power grid companies will open up their ancillary service markets, allowing electric vehicle aggregators to participate in frequency and voltage regulation to earn profits. Starting from January 1, 2027, EU charging facilities must support the ISO 15118-20 standard.
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1、 Redefining V2G: From Energy Interaction to Distributed Frequency Modulation Resources
Many people’s understanding of V2G (Vehicle to Grid) remains at the surface level of “electric vehicles discharging into the grid”, and many companies still interpret V2G as a “functional upgrade”, which is currently the biggest misjudgment in the industry. It is also a typical cognitive misconception.
According to the ISO 15118-20:2022 international standard definition, V2G is a complete bidirectional energy flow+information flow interaction system, consisting of four levels:
- V1G (Ordered Charging): Unidirectional power regulation, adjusting charging time/power response to the grid, with minimal modification required
- V2B (Vehicle to Building): The vehicle supplies power to the building load, achieving peak valley arbitrage on the user side. A typical scenario is industrial parks
- V2G (Vehicle to Grid): Vehicles transmit electricity in reverse to the grid and participate in auxiliary services such as peak shaving and frequency regulation
- V2X (vehicle to everything): ubiquitous vehicle network interaction including V2H (home), V2G, V2B
The core technological value of V2G lies in its full spectrum flexibility covering from “millisecond level” to “hour level”, but its most protective commercial value does lie in its “second level” response.
2、 Why is 2026 the first year of true V2G commercialization? Three core turning points
3、 Technological route differentiation: deep differences between underlying communication and standard architecture
1. European route: end-to-end direct communication based on ISO 15118-20
The core of the European V2G technology roadmap is the direct interaction between vehicles and grid dispatch, based on CCS charging standards and ISO 15118-20 protocol stack.
2. China’s route: led by independent standards, compatible with international norms
The core of China’s V2G technology roadmap is centralized platform unified control, based on existing GB/T charging standards, to achieve V2G functionality through protocol conversion.
Future trend: From route differentiation to mutual recognition of standards
In the short term (3-5 years), the technology roadmap between China and Europe will continue to diverge. In the long run (over 10 years), mutual recognition of global standards is an inevitable trend.
V2G is not about discharging electricity from vehicles to the grid, but about transforming millions of electric vehicles into a mobile energy storage network.
Post time: Sep-20-2026
