Uchungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 - Indinganiso yeziteshi zokushaja ezingasakwazi ukunakwa

Enkambisweni yokuklama nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqwaba zokushaja ezimbonini eziningi zezinqwaba zasekhaya, izindleko zezinqwaba zokushaja, ukwakheka kokubukeka kwezinqwaba zokushaja, kanye nesakhiwo (umlilo/i-IP/ibanga lokuphepha), ukusebenza (ukunemba kwamandla kagesi kanye ne-voltage), ukuhambisana (ukuzivumelanisa nezinkampani ezinkulu zezimoto), imisebenzi yokuvikela (ukuma okuphuthumayo/ukuyeka iphutha), njll. kwezinqwaba zokushaja kuyacatshangelwa. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abakhiqizi abagxila enkambisweni yokuxhumana phakathi kwezinqwaba nezimoto, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ihambisana yini nezindinganiso zokuxhumana ezifanele. Vele ukwazi ukuqala nokushaja, okunye akubalulekile kangako.

Uma umkhiqizo uthengiswa ngaphakathi ezweni kuphela, asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka. Esiqinisekisweni se-3C saseShayina, i-GB/T27930 (Iphrothokholi Yokuxhumana Yedijithali phakathi Kwamashaja Ahambayo Angaphandle Kwebhodi kanye Nezimoto Zikagesi) akuyona imfuneko ephoqelekile yeziteshi zokushaja ukuze kutholakale isitifiketi.

Imithethonqubo yesiteshi sokushaja saseYurophu i-IEC 61851-24 2014/2023 Isithasiselo C sibeka ngokusobala ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphezulu kweziteshi zokushaja ze-DC kumele kuhambisane nezidingo ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma i-ISO 15118-2:2014. Vele, zombili zingasekelwa.

Ikhanda lesibhamu ezingeni likazwelonke linemigqa yesignali ye-CAN+ kanye ne-CAN ehlukene, futhi indlela yokuxhumana esetshenziswa yimoto kanye nenqwaba ukuxhumana kwe-CAN. Ikhanda lesibhamu elijwayelekile laseYurophu alinawo umugqa we-CAN, futhi ukuxhumana okuphezulu phakathi kwesiteshi sokushaja esijwayelekile saseYurophu kanye nemoto kufezwa ngokuhlanganisa amasignali emvamisa ephezulu emigqeni ye-12V, 1kHz CP kanye ne-PE. Le ndlela yokuxhumana ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana kwe-Power Line Carrier (PLC).

Ubunzima bokuthuthukiswa kwephrothokholi yesiteshi sokushaja esijwayelekile saseYurophu esisekelwe ekuxhumaneni kwe-PLC bukhulu kakhulu kunokuxhumana kwe-CAN, futhi azikho izinto eziningi ezivulekile ezitholakala emakethe ukuze zibhekwe. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zenqwaba zithenga ngqo amamojula ahlukene e-SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), zipakisha ulwazi lwazo lokushaja ngamasignali e-CAN bese ziluthumela kumojula we-SECC, ozobe usuxhumana nemojula ye-EVCC yemoto.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthenga imodyuli ehlukile ye-SECC kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje, futhi ukufakazela ukuthi le modyuli ihlangabezana nezidingo ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma i-ISO 15118-2:2014 kanye nenqwaba yonke kuyindleko enkulu.

Ikhotheshini yokuhlolwa okukodwa kwephrothokholi ye-DIN 70121 noma i-15118 yinhlangano yesitifiketi ngokuvamile ingaphezu kwama-yuan ayi-100000, nesikhathi sokuhlola esinqunyiwe sezinsuku ezimbalwa, kanye nemali eyengeziwe izokhokhiswa ngokweqa umkhawulo wesikhathi. Umsebenzi wokuhlola i-15118 uzoba mkhulu kancane kunoka-70121, futhi intengo izoba ngaphezulu kwamashumi ezinkulungwane. Uma kokubili kuqediwe, intengo izophindeka kabili.

Izinkampani zezinqwaba zasekhaya zingaqalekisa i-ejensi yesitifiketi ngokungaziphathi kahle ngenkathi zikhokha imali, futhi zingavuma kuphela isitifiketi se-European CE. Izinkampani eziningi zezinqwaba zikhetha ukusekela i-DIN 70121 kuphela ngesizathu esilula: ishibhile kune-15118, futhi ubunzima bokuhlola buphansi, kanye namathuba aphezulu okuqedwa ngaphakathi kwenani elibekiwe lezinsuku.

Eqinisweni, i-ejensi yezitifiketi eyahlola le protocol nayo yenze inzuzo ngokungafanele. I-simulator yokuhlola le protocol - ibhokisi elingangedrowa elihambisana nekhompyutha ephezulu - ibiza ngaphezu kwesigidi sama-yuan, isondela ezindlekweni zefulethi lesibili ledolobha, kanye nemali enkulu yokugcinwa kwesofthiwe yonyaka kanye nemali yokuthuthukisa. Isivumelwano sasungulwa yiYurophu futhi izinhlelo zabo zokuhlola kuphela ezingathengwa. Inhlangano yezitifiketi iphinde isole umenzi we-simulator ngokungathembeki ngenkathi ekhokha, ngaphandle kwalokho bebengeke babe nekhono lokuhlola lale phrojekthi.

Wonke umuntu akanayo inketho.

Kodwa-ke, izinsuku ezinhle zibe yiminyaka embalwa nje.

I-European Union ikhiphe uMthethonqubo Odluliselwe Ku-COMMISSION (EU) 2025/656 ngoJuni 2025, onezela futhi ubuyekeze uMthethonqubo (EU) 2023/1804 mayelana nokushaja okungenantambo, izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi, kanye nokunikezwa kwe-hydrogen kwezimoto zokuthutha emgwaqweni. UMthethonqubo (EU) 2023/1804, owakhishwa ngo-2023, waziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uMthethonqubo Wengqalasizinda Ye-Alternative Fuel (AFIR). Kuyinqubomgomo ebalulekile eyethulwe yi-European Union ukusheshisa ukushintshela ekuthuthweni okungekho ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokubhekana nenkinga yengqalasizinda enganele yamafutha ahlukile njengogesi kanye ne-hydrogen. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuphoqa amazwe angamalungu ukuthi athuthukise amanethiwekhi awo engqalasizinda yokushaja, ukugcwalisa uphethiloli, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ngomthetho, asuse "ukukhathazeka" kwabasebenzisi mayelana nobubanzi kanye nokugcwaliswa kabusha kwamandla, futhi asekele ukuthandwa okukhulu kwezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV), izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen (ama-FCEV), kanye namaloli kagesi anzima.

Kalula nje, udinga ukwazi ukuthi i-EU ikhiphe inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), esebenza ngokugcwele ngokomthetho futhi iyimfuneko ephoqelekile esebenza ngqo kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu.

Ngamafuphi, ama-DC pile omphakathi ngemva kuka-2026 kumele ahambisane nezidingo ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016, futhi ngemva kuka-2027, wonke ama-DC pile kanye nama-mode 3 AC pile kumele ahambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Emndenini wezinqwaba zokushaja, okuwukuphela kwayo okusindisiwe yinqwaba yokushaja ye-mode 2 AC. EShayina, le nqwaba yokushaja ephathekayo (IC-CPD) ibizwa ngokuthi ukushaja okuphathekayo, ngamandla ajwayelekile angu-3.7 kW. Incazelo enikezwe ku-REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ukuthi izinqwaba ze-mode 2 AC zisebenzisa i-PWM, eyanele ukusekela i-ISO 15118-2 noma i--20, futhi ngeke ilethe noma yiliphi inani elengeziwe kumsebenzisi wokugcina.

Ezinkampanini zasekhaya ezinezinqwaba, lo mthetho awulula. Ngemva nje kokuthola isitifiketi se-DIN 70121, kuyimpoqo ukusekela i-15118, okudinga ukusekelwa kokubili i-15118-2 kanye ne-15118-20. Izinkampani eziningi zingase zingazi umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso ze-DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, kanye ne-ISO 15118-20, kanye nenhloso yokuzisekela.

Indaba idinga ukuqala kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, iqembu elihlangene leKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-IEC 69 ​​(TC69) kanye neKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-ISO 22 (TC22) laqala ukubambisana ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-ISO 15118, lihlose ukubhekana nenkinga yokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto zikagesi neziteshi zokushaja,.

Ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kakhulu yiqembu elisebenzayo kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphansi kwabantu baseYurophu, amazinga ochungechunge lwe-15118 abeselungiswa futhi awakakhishwa ngokusemthethweni okwamanje.

Kodwa imakethe ayisakwazi ukulinda isikhathi eside. Ikakhulukazi izinkampani ezinkulu zezimoto zaseJalimane, zinethemba lokuthola ukushaja okuvamile kwezimoto zazo zikagesi ngokushesha okukhulu futhi zithole izinzuzo zemakethe. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezinkulu zaseJalimane zahlangana futhi, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-DIN, zakhipha okunye kokuqukethwe okuvuthiwe okuxoxwe ngakho ku-ISO 15118, futhi zakha indinganiso kazwelonke yaseJalimane engasetshenziswa ngokushesha. I-DIN 70121 yakhishwa ngo-2012 futhi yabuyekezwa ngo-2014. I-DIN 70122:2018 indinganiso yokuhlola ekhonza i-DIN 70121:2014.

Kodwa-ke, indinganiso ka-15118 yafika sekwephuzile futhi yakhipha ngokusemthethweni inguqulo yayo yokuqala ngo-2013. Izindinganiso zayo ezithile zesendlalelo sokusetshenziswa kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola zakhishwa kancane kancane ngo-2014 nango-2018. Kunezincwadi ezinhlanu eziphelele ochungechungeni lwe-ISO 15118, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezincwadi ezinhlanu bumi kanje:

Ngakho-ke, i-DIN 70121:2014 ingabonakala njengenguqulo elula ye-ISO 15118 standard. I-DIN 70121 isekela kuphela ukushaja kwe-DC, kuyilapho amazinga e-ISO 15118-1-5 angasekela kokubili ukushaja kwe-AC ne-DC, kanye nokubethela kwe-TLS, ukusebenza kwe-Plug&Charge, kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile.

Ngo-2022, i-ISO 15118 yakhipha isizukulwane sesibili sezindinganiso zokushaja, okungukuthi i-ISO 15118-20:2022 njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-15118-2, isekela futhi ukubethela kwe-TLS1.3, i-VG (ukudlulisa amandla kugridi), i-WPT (ukushaja okungenantambo), kanye nemisebenzi ye-ACD (idivayisi yokuxhuma okuzenzakalelayo) ngokwesisekelo sokuqala. Iphinde ibe nezindinganiso zokuhlola ezihambisanayo:

Ukuzalwa kwe-DIN SPEC 70121 ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe njengesixazululo sesikhashana sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwemakethe ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-ISO 15118. Ngeshwa, enkambisweni yokukhetha ukuxhumana kwangempela phakathi kwenqwaba nemoto, noma ngabe kokubili imoto nenqwaba kusekela i-70121 ne-15118, ama-90% ezimo asathembele ku-DIN 70121.

Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yokuqala yokuhamba ye-DIN 70121, ezimotweni eziningi kanye nama-pile, azidingi noma yimiphi imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe (i-TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, njll.), zifuna ukukhokhiswa kalula nje.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inezinqumo zayo.

Isiqondiso sika-2014/94/EU mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile sakhishwa okokuqala ngo-2014, ngesikhathi singakabi ngumthethonqubo, kodwa kunalokho sasingumyalelo.

Isiqondiso sihlukile ezidingweni zomthetho eziphoqelekile, sichaza kuphela imiphumela okudingeka ifinyelelwe, kodwa sishiya indlela kanye nesimo sokufeza imiphumela ngokubona kohulumeni bamazwe angamalungu. Isiqondiso asisebenzi ngqo futhi sidinga amazwe angamalungu ukuba ahumushe okuqukethwe yisiqondiso sibe ngumthetho zingakapheli isikhathi esithile. Isibonelo, isiqondiso se-EU mayelana nemikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwayo/i-EU 2023/814 sidinga amazwe angamalungu ukuthi alawule ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ethile yepulasitiki elahlwayo, kodwa ukuthi kufanele kubekwe intela, ukuvinjelwa, noma ezinye izinyathelo kuxhomeke emazweni angamalungu ukuthi anqume.

Isiqondiso Sengqalasizinda Yokushintsha Uphethiloli sika-2014 sasihlanganisa nezidingo zezindawo zokushaja, iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, iziteshi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli, njll. okumele zihlangatshezwe ngo-2020 no-2025, kodwa zazingaqondakali kahle, zithi kuphela kufanele kube "nobuningi bokumboza obufanele" ngaphandle kwenani elicacile lomgomo. Akungabazeki ukuthi lokhu kwanika amazwe angamalungu aseYurophu isikhathi esiningi kanye nenkululeko, kodwa imiphumela yayingafanele. Lapho kwakhiwa izinhlaka zenqubomgomo kazwelonke, amazwe anemigomo nezilinganiso ezahlukene, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ehlukene futhi engalingani ngaphakathi kwe-EU. Amazwe anentuthuko enhle kanye nokuthandwa okuphezulu kwezimoto zikagesi azimisele ngokwemvelo ukutshala imali, kuyilapho amazwe anentuthuko evamile yezimoto zikagesi engazimisele ukwakha. Ukusebenzisa imali yabakhokhi bentela bezwe lakho ukwenza izingubo zomshado zabanye akudingeki ngempela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezintsha zikagesi ezisebenzisa amandla kube ngokushesha, kanti iShayina ihola phambili. Izinga lokungena kwezimoto zikagesi (ama-tram, ama-plug-in hybrid tram, kanye nama-tram asebenzisa ibanga elide) lidlule u-50%. IYurophu ngokusobala isalele emuva ngenani elikhulu, futhi isizathu esiqondile kakhulu ingqalasizinda ebuthaka, izimo zokushaja eziphelelwe yisikhathi, kanye nemisebenzi yokushaja eyinkimbinkimbi, okuthinta kakhulu ulwazi lokuhamba kwabantu.

Iqiniso lokuthi i-DIN 70121, njengephrothokholi yesikhashana okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili, ibilokhu ibhekwa njengento eyinhloko yokushaja kuwubufakazi obucacile.

Ngakho-ke, kulo mongo, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iqaphele ukuthi ingqalasizinda entsha yamandla ngeke isabambezeleka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke nje kuphela sehluleke ukufeza umgomo wokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050, kodwa sizophinde siwele ngemuva kweShayina ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke ngo-2023, isiqondiso sika-2014/94/EU sabuyekezwa futhi sathuthukiswa saba yimfuneko yoMthethonqubo (EU) 2023/1804. Amathegi achazwe ngokucacile ku-Athikili 3, kanye nakunethiwekhi eyinhloko ye-TEN-T:

Ngamafuphi, imigwaqo emikhulu e-EU idinga iziteshi zokushaja, ikakhulukazi iziteshi zokushaja ezisheshayo ezinamandla amakhulu.

Ngemva kokucacisa inani namandla eziteshi zokushaja ezinemininingwane kumthethonqubo ka-2023, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yabona ukuthi akwanele. Izimoto zikagesi zidinga kuphela iziteshi zokushaja ezinamandla aphezulu, futhi kunesidingo seziteshi zokushaja ezilula ukuzisebenzisa, ezilula ukuzisebenzisa, nezisobala.

Cabanga ushayela imoto yakho yakamuva kagesi ngenjabulo eYurophu, ushaja kahle eFrance ngokukhokha okulula kwekhodi ye-QR, isivinini sokushaja okusheshayo, kanye nezikweletu ezicacile. Kodwa ngemva kokuya eGrisi, ngathola ukuthi ukuhlangana komzimba kwekhanda lesibhamu kwakudala futhi akuhambisani nemoto yakho yakamuva. Ngazulazula eziteshini eziningana zokushaja kodwa angikwazanga ukuthola isibhamu sokushaja esifanele. Ngakho waya eBulgaria, izwe elingumakhelwane laseGrisi, lapho ungafaka khona isibhamu, kodwa udinga ukusebenzisa umshini we-POS ukuze uswayiphe ikhadi lakho futhi awusekeli ukukhokha kwekhodi ye-QR. Ubuphelelwe yithemba ngoba awuphathanga ikhadi lasebhange futhi ibanga elisele lebhethri lemoto lalingaphansi kwamakhilomitha angama-20. Yeka isipiliyoni esibi kakhulu.

Ukuze kuxazululwe lesi simo, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa isikhombikubona esibonakalayo kanye nephrothokholi yokuxhumana yesiteshi sokushaja.

KuMthethonqubo (i-EU) 2025/656 mayelana nengqalasizinda yokushintsha uphethiloli, kugxilwe ekucaciseni ukuthi izindawo zokuxhumanisa ezibonakalayo zeziteshi zokushaja ezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe kumele zihambisane nezidingo ze-IEC 62196-2:2022 kanye ne-IEC 62196-3:2022, kulandelwe izidingo ze-ISO 15118-2:2016 kanye ne-ISO 15118-20:2022 njengoba kushiwo ngenhla.

Isizathu sokukhetha ukungasebenzisi i-DIN 70121 njengendlela yokuxhumana akunzima ukusiqagela.

I-DIN 70121 ilula kakhulu, ayinakho ukubethela okuphephile ngesikhathi sokuxhumana, futhi ayisekeli umsebenzi we-PNC (ukuxhuma nokudlala), okwandisa umthwalo kubasebenzisi bokugcina futhi akulula kakhulu. Futhi ngomsebenzi we-PNC, abasebenzisi bangasebenza cishe ngaphandle kokucabanga, baxhume isibhamu futhi bangakhathazeki ngalutho - asikho isidingo sokuswayipha ikhadi, asikho isidingo sokuskena ikhodi, asikho isidingo sokuchofoza esikrinini. Ngemva kokushaja, umqhubi uzokuthumela ngokuzenzakalelayo imininingwane yebhili.

Futhi ngo-2027, wonke ama-AC kanye nama-DC pile azosekela i-15118-20 (ikakhulukazi umsebenzi we-VG), ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kwegridi iyonke. Imoto kagesi entsha eyodwa yamandla ingase ingabi yinto enkulu, kodwa uma kunezimoto eziyi-100000 noma ngisho nezigidi, amandla agciniwe aphezulu kakhulu. Uma ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphezulu, ingxenye yamandla kagesi emoto ibuyiselwa kugridi, inganciphisa kakhulu umthwalo kugridi ngaphandle kokufaka amajeneretha amaningi kangaka. Esigodini sikagesi, amandla amaningi avela kugridi yamandla angadluliselwa ezimotweni ngaphandle kokuchitha ugesi. Iziteshi zokushaja ezinekhono lokuxhuma igridi zibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ezikude zaseYurophu, lapho izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ugesi zithembele kumandla omoya kanye nelanga. Le mithombo yamandla ibucayi kakhulu esikhathini futhi kumele igcinwe, ngaphandle kwalokho izochithwa.

Ngamafuphi, kusukela emithethweni ebuyekeziwe mayelana nengqalasizinda yokushintsha uphethiloli eyakhishwa ngo-2025, ungazizwa ngokucacile ukuzimisela nokuphuthuma kweYurophu ezindaweni ezintsha zamandla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke kube yimpoqo ukuthi isetshenziswe ekuqaleni kuka-2026, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemva kokukhishwa kwayo.

Njengoba kuyisidingo somthetho, akuyona into ethusayo kuwo wonke umuntu, kodwa kuyisidingo sangempela. Kuwebhusayithi yokuqapha yaseYurophu yengqalasizinda yokushintsha uphethiloli, kubhalwe imininingwane eningiliziwe, ekuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokucacile nangokuqonda inqubekela phambili yokwakha yezwe ngalinye.

Ngemva kokukhishwa kwemithethonqubo, amazwe angamalungu aseYurophu aseqalile ukuphendula ngenkuthalo. IFrance yamemezela ngoNovemba 2025 ukuthi izohlinzeka ngezibonelelo zemvelo zokuthenga izimoto zikagesi ezizimele; ngoNovemba 2025, iJalimane yakhipha uhlelo oluyinhloko lokukhokhisa ingqalasizinda ngo-2030, oluhambisana ngokugcwele noMthethonqubo we-European Union (AFIR) 2023/1804; E-Italy, ngezibonelelo zekhuphoni, isabelo semakethe sezimoto zikagesi ezihlanzekile sizokhuphuka ngo-12.2% kuphela ngo-2025. NgoDisemba 2025, isizwe esincane esikude saseCyprus eYurophu silungiselela ukwaba ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-4.5 ukukhuthaza ukuhamba kukagesi.

Izinkampani ezinkulu zezimoto nazo seziqalile ukwethula amamodeli ahambisana no-15118-20. Imodeli ka-2026 yenkampani yezimoto endala iBMW iX3 isekela ngokugcwele umsebenzi we-VG; IHyundai IONIQ, engathengiswa kahle eShayina, ihlela futhi ukubambisana nokwethula imodeli ka-15118-20 ngo-2026; uchungechunge lwe-Mercedes Benz's EQS kanye ne-Volkswagen's ID nazo zihlelwe.

Kumabhizinisi asekhaya athengisa izinto eziningi abandakanyeka ebhizinisini lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzimisele noma cha, nokuthi unekhono lokuthuthukisa ngokuzimela amamojula e-SECC, i-ISO 15118-2 kanye ne-15118-20 yizindinganiso ezingenakwedlulwa ukuze kuthunyelwe eYurophu.

Njengamanje, ngokokuqonda kombhali, zimbalwa izinkampani ezisebenzisa inqwaba emakethe ezisekela ukushaja kwe-ISO 15118-2 plug and play (imodi ye-PNC), futhi cishe akukho msebenzi wokushaja we-bidirectional osekela i-ISO 15118-20.

Esikhundleni sokulinda nokubuka, kungcono ukubeka imali kusenesikhathi bese usebenzisa amathuba emakethe. Njengoba i-DIN 70121 ishiwo ngaphambili, yayisetshenziswa kabanzi eminyakeni embalwa edlule.