Raupapa ISO 15118 – He paerewa mō ngā putanga teihana utu kāore e taea te wareware i ēnei rā

I roto i te tukanga hoahoa me te whakawhanake i ngā pou utu i te nuinga o ngā ahumahi pou ā-rohe, ka whakaarohia te utu o ngā pou utu, te hoahoa āhua o ngā pou utu, tae atu ki te hanganga (te tawhiti ahi/IP/haumaru), te mahi (te tika o te au me te ngaohiko), te hototahitanga (te urutau ki ngā kamupene motuka nui), ngā mahi tiaki (te aukati ohorere/te aukati hapa), me ētahi atu o ngā pou utu. Heoi, he iti noa ngā kaihanga e aro ana ki te tukanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pou me ngā waka, me te kore e kōrero mēnā e tutuki ana ki ngā paerewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e tika ana. Me taea noa te tīmata me te utu, kāore te toenga i te mea nui.

Mena kei te hokona noa te hua i roto i te motu, kāore he take e manukanuka ai. I roto i te tiwhikete 3C a Haina, ehara te GB/T27930 (Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Mamati i waenga i ngā Utauta Arataki me ngā Waka Hiko) i te whakaritenga ā-ture mō ngā teihana utu kia whiwhi tiwhikete.

E mārama ana te whakaritenga a ngā ture teihana utu hiko o Ūropi, IEC 61851-24 2014/2023, Apitihanga C, me tutuki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tere o ngā teihana utu hiko DC i ngā whakaritenga o te DIN SPEC 70121:2014, ISO 15118-2:2014 rānei. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki te tautoko i ngā mea e rua.

He motuhake ngā raina tohu CAN+ me CAN – o te pane pū i roto i te paerewa ā-motu, ā, ko te tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakamahia ana e te waka me te puranga he whakawhitiwhiti kōrero CAN. Kāore he raina CAN o te pane pū paerewa Pākehā, ā, ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero teitei i waenga i te teihana utu paerewa Pākehā me te waka ka tutuki mā te hono i ngā tohu auau-teitei ki ngā raina CP me te PE 12V, 1kHz. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero Power Line Carrier (PLC).

He nui ake te uauatanga o te whanaketanga o te kawa mō te teihana utu paerewa Pākehā e hangai ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti PLC i tērā o te whakawhitiwhiti CAN, ā, kāore i te maha ngā rauemi tuwhera e wātea ana i te mākete hei tohutoro. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene puranga ka hoko tika i ngā kōwae SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller) motuhake, ka tākai i ā rātou ake mōhiohio utu mā roto i ngā tohu CAN ka tukuna ki te kōwae SECC, kātahi ka whakawhitiwhiti ki te kōwae EVCC o te waka.

Heoi, ko te hoko i tētahi kōwae SECC motuhake ko te taahiraa tuatahi anake, ā, he whakapaunga nui te whakamatau kei te tutuki i tēnei kōwae ngā whakaritenga o te DIN SPEC 70121:2014, ISO 15118-2:2014 rānei me te puranga katoa.

Ko te utu mō te whakamātautau kotahi o te kawa DIN 70121, 15118 rānei e te rōpū tiwhikete he nui ake i te 100,000 yuan, me te wā whakamātautau kua whakaritea mō ētahi rā, ā, ka utua he utu tāpiri mō te hipa i te wā kua whakaritea. Ka nui ake te mahi mō te whakamātautau i te 15118 i tērā o te 70121, ā, ka tata ki te tekau mano te utu teitei ake. Ki te oti ngā mea e rua, ka rua te utu.

Ko ngā kamupene poupou o te whare anake ka taea te kanga i te tari tiwhikete mō te kore pono i te wā e utu moni ana, ā, ko te tiwhikete CE o Ūropi anake ka taea te whakaae. Ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene poupou ka tautoko noa i te DIN 70121 mō tētahi take māmā: he iti ake te utu i te 15118, ā, he iti ake te uaua o te whakamātautau, me te tūponotanga nui ake o te otinga i roto i te maha o ngā rā kua tohua.

Ina hoki, i whiwhi moni kore tika te tari tiwhikete i whakamātautau i tēnei kawa. Ko te utu mō te whakamātautau i tēnei kawa – he pouaka rahi te rahi o te pouaka e honoa ana ki te rorohiko o runga – neke atu i te miriona yuan, e tata ana ki te utu o tētahi whare noho o te tāone tuarua, me te utu nui mō te tiaki pūmanawa me te whakapai ake i ia tau. Nā Ūropi i whakatū te whakaaetanga, ā, ko ā rātou mahere whakamātautau anake ka taea te hoko. E whakapae ana hoki te tinana tiwhikete i te kaihanga o te simulator mō te kore pono i te wā e utu ana, ki te kore, kāore i a rātou te kaha whakamātautau mō tēnei kaupapa.

Kāore he kōwhiringa a te katoa.

Heoi, he torutoru noa ngā tau i ngā rā pai.

I te marama o Hune 2025, i tukuna e te Kotahitanga o Europi te COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2025/656, e tāpiri ana, e whakahou ana hoki i te RESULTION (EU) 2023/1804 mō te utu ahokore, ngā pūnaha rori hiko, me te tuku hauwai mō ngā waka kawe rori. Ko te RESULTION (EU) 2023/1804, i tukuna i te tau 2023, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). He kaupapa here matua tēnei i whakaurua e te Kotahitanga o Europi hei whakateretere i te whakawhiti ki te kawe kore tukunga me te aro atu ki te take o te korenga o ngā hanganga mō ngā wahie rerekē pērā i te hiko me te hauwai. Ko tōna whāinga matua he akiaki i ngā whenua mema ki te whakapai ake i ā rātou whatunga hanganga mō te utu, te whakakī hinu, me ētahi atu ratonga mā te ture, te whakakore i te "manukanuka" a ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te tawhiti me te whakakī pūngao, me te tautoko i te rongonuitanga nui o ngā waka hiko (EV), ngā waka pūtau wahie hauwai (FCEV), me ngā taraka hiko taumaha.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te mea anake e hiahia ana koe kia mōhio kua tukuna e te EU tētahi putanga hou o te Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), he mana ture katoa tōna, ā, he whakaritenga ā-ture e pā tika ana ki ngā whenua mema katoa.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, me tutuki ngā pou hiko DC tūmatanui i muri i te tau 2026 i ngā whakaritenga o te EN ISO 15118-2:2016, ā, i muri i te tau 2027, me tutuki ngā pou hiko DC me ngā pou hiko aratau 3 katoa i te EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

I roto i te whānau puranga utu, ko te puranga utu aratau 2 AC anake kua ora. I Haina, ko tēnei puranga utu kawe (IC-CPD) e kiia ana ko te utu kawe, me te mana whānui o te 3.7 kW. Ko te whakamārama i homai i roto i te REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ko te whakamahi a ngā puranga aratau 2 AC i te PWM, he rawaka hei tautoko i te ISO 15118-2, i te -20 rānei, ā, e kore e hua mai he uara tāpiri ki te kaiwhakamahi whakamutunga.

Mō ngā kamupene poupou ā-rohe, ehara tēnei ture i te mea ngāwari. I muri tata mai i te whiwhinga i te tiwhikete DIN 70121, me tautoko te 15118, e hiahia ana kia tautokona te 15118-2 me te 15118-20. He maha ngā kamupene kāore pea i te mōhio ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā paerewa DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, me te ISO 15118-20, me te kaupapa o te tautoko i a rātou.

Me tīmata te kōrero mai i te tīmatanga.

I te tīmatanga o te tau 2010, ka tīmata te rōpū mahi tahi o te Komiti Hangarau IEC 69 ​​(TC69) me te Komiti Hangarau ISO 22 (TC22) ki te mahi tahi ki te whakawhanake i te raupapa paerewa ISO 15118, ko te whāinga he aro ki te take o te paerewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā waka hiko me ngā teihana utu.

Nā te nui rawa o te whakaaro o te rōpū mahi me te iti o te whai huatanga o te iwi Pākehā, kua oti te whakarite i ngā paerewa raupapa 15118, ā, kāore anō kia tukuna mana.

Engari kāore e taea e te mākete te tatari roa atu. Ina koa ko ngā kamupene waka nui o Tiamana, e tumanako ana rātou kia tere te utu i ā rātou waka hiko, kia whiwhi hoki i ngā painga o te mākete. Nō reira, i hono tahi ngā kamupene ahumahi nui o Tiamana, ā, i roto i te anga o te DIN, i tangohia ētahi o ngā ihirangi kua pakeke ake i kōrerotia i roto i te ISO 15118, ā, i whakawhanakehia he paerewa ā-motu o Tiamana ka taea te whakatinana tonu. I tukuna te DIN 70121 i te tau 2012, ā, i whakahoutia i te tau 2014. Ko te DIN 70122:2018 he paerewa whakamātautau e mahi ana ki te DIN 70121:2014.

Heoi, i tae mai te paerewa 15118 i muri tata mai, ā, i tukuna mana tōna putanga tuatahi i te tau 2013. I tukuna mārire ngā paerewa paparanga tono me ngā paerewa whakamātautau motuhake i te tau 2014 me te tau 2018. E rima katoa ngā pukapuka i roto i te raupapa ISO 15118, ā, ko ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā pukapuka e rima koia ēnei:

Nō reira, ka taea te kī ko te DIN 70121:2014 he putanga māmā ake o te paerewa ISO 15118. Ko te DIN 70121 anake e tautoko ana i te utunga DC, ko ngā paerewa ISO 15118-1-5 ia ka taea te tautoko i te utunga AC me te DC, tae atu ki te whakamunatanga TLS, te mahi Plug&Charge, me te utunga atamai.

I te tau 2022, i tukuna e te ISO 15118 te reanga tuarua o ngā paerewa utu, arā, ko te ISO 15118-20:2022 e ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei. Ki te whakatauritea ki te 15118-2, ka tautokohia hoki e ia ngā mahi whakamunatanga TLS1.3, VG (te tuku hiko ki te whatunga), WPT (te utu ahokore), me te ACD (pūrere hononga aunoa) i runga i te pūtake taketake. Kei a ia anō ngā paerewa whakamātautau e rite ana:

Ko te whānautanga o te DIN SPEC 70121 i te tīmatanga he otinga whakawhiti hei whakarite i te mahi noa o te mākete i mua i te tukunga o te ISO 15118. Engari, i roto i te tukanga whiriwhiri whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te pou me te waka, ahakoa e tautoko ana te waka me te pou i te 70121 me te 15118, 90% o ngā āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki tonu ana ki te DIN 70121.

Haunga te painga o te DIN 70121, mō te nuinga o ngā waka me ngā pou, kāore e hiahiatia he mahi matatau (TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, me ētahi atu), me utu noa iho.

He whakaaro anō tā te Komihana o Ūropi.

I whakaputaina tuatahitia te Aratohu 2014/94/EU mō te whakatinanatanga o ngā hanganga wahie rerekē i te tau 2014, i te wā kāore anō kia waiho hei ture, engari he aratohu kē.

He rerekē te Ture Whakahau i ngā whakaritenga ture ā-ture, e tohu ana i ngā hua e tika ana kia tutuki, engari ka waiho te huarahi me te āhua o te whakatutuki i ngā hua ki te whakaaro o ngā kāwanatanga o ngā whenua mema. Kāore te ture whakahau e whai mana tika ana, ā, me whakamāori e ngā whenua mema ngā ihirangi o te ture whakahau ki roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Hei tauira, ko te Ture Whakahau a te EU mō ngā Hua Kirihou Whakakore/EU 2023/814 e kī ana kia whakahaeretia e ngā whenua mema te kai o ētahi hua kirihou whakakore, engari ko te whakatau mēnā me whakatakoto taake, aukati, me ētahi atu tikanga rānei, kei ngā whenua mema.

I whakaurua hoki ki te Ture Whakakapinga Hanganga Wahie o te tau 2014 ngā whakaritenga mō ngā wāhi utu, ngā teihana whakakī hinu hauwai, ngā teihana whakakī hinu, me ētahi atu mea hei whakatutuki i te tau 2020 me te tau 2025, engari he tino koretake, me te kī noa me "he tika te kiato o te kapinga" me te kore he uara whāinga mārama. Kāore i te kore, i hoatu e tēnei ki ngā whenua mema o Ūropi he nui te wā ārai me te herekoretanga, engari kāore i tino pai ngā hua. I te wā e whakatakoto ana i ngā anga kaupapa here ā-motu, he rerekē ngā whāinga me ngā mehua o ngā whenua, ka hua ake he whanaketanga hanganga pakaru me te kore taurite i roto i te EU. Ko ngā whenua he pai te whanaketanga me te rongonui o ngā waka hiko e hiahia ana ki te haumi, ko ngā whenua he toharite te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko kāore e hiahia ki te hanga. He tino koretake te whakapau moni a ngā kaipupuri takoha o tō ake whenua ki te hanga kakahu marena mō ētahi atu.

Heoi anō, i ngā tau tata nei, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko pūngao hou, ā, ko Haina te kaiārahi. Neke atu i te 50% te tere urunga o ngā waka hiko (ngā tereina, ngā tereina ranu mono-roto, me ngā tereina whānui). He mārama kei te whakaroa a Ūropi i muri, ā, ko te take tino tika ko te ngoikore o ngā hanganga, ngā tikanga utu tawhito, me ngā mahi utu uaua, e tino pāngia ai te wheako haere o te tangata.

He tohu mārama te mea ko te DIN 70121, hei tikanga whakawhiti i whakahuatia i mua ake nei, kua kiia tonutia ko te kaupapa matua o te utu hiko.

Nō reira, i roto i tēnei horopaki, kua kite te Komihana o Ūropi kāore e taea te whakaroa i ngā hanganga pūngao hou. Ki te kore, ehara i te mea ka kore e tutuki i a tātou te whāinga whakaiti waro 2050, engari ka hinga katoa tātou i muri i a Haina. Nō reira, i te tau 2023, i whakahoutia te ture 2014/94/EU, ā, i whakapai ake kia rite ki te whakaritenga o te Ture (EU) 2023/1804. Kua mārama te whakarārangi i ngā tohu i roto i te Tuhinga 3, me te whatunga matua TEN-T:

Hei whakarāpopototanga, me whai teihana utu hiko ngā huarahi matua o te EU, inā koa ngā teihana utu tere kaha-teitei.

Whai muri i te whakarārangi i te maha me te kaha o ngā teihana utu taipitopito i roto i te ture 2023, i whakaaro te Komihana o Ūropi kāore i te rawaka. Ko ngā teihana utu hiko anake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā waka hiko, ā, me whai teihana utu ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ngāwari ki te whakamahi, me te mārama hoki.

Whakaarohia te taraiwa i tō waka hiko hou me te harikoa i Ūropi, te utunga maeneene i Parani me te utu waehere QR watea, te tere utu tere, me ngā pire mārama.. Engari i muri i taku haerenga ki Kariki, i kitea e au he tawhito te atanga tinana o te pane pū, ā, kāore i hototahi ki tō waka hou. I kopikopiko ahau i roto i ētahi teihana utu engari kāore i kitea he pū utu e tika ana. Nō reira, i haere koe ki Bulgaria, he whenua tata ki Kariki, ka taea e koe te whakauru i tētahi pū, engari me whakamahi koe i tētahi mīhini POS hei swipe i tō kāri, ā, kāore e tautoko i te utu waehere QR. I tino matekiri koe nā te mea kāore koe i mau kāri peeke me koe, ā, ko te maero pākahiko e toe ana o te waka he iti iho i te 20 kiromita. He wheako kino rawa atu.

Hei whakatau i tēnei āhuatanga, me whakakotahi te atanga ā-tinana me te kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te teihana utu.

I roto i te Ture (EU) 2025/656 mō ngā hanganga whakakapinga wahie, ko te arotahi ko te tohu me tutuki ngā atanga ā-tinana o ngā teihana utu hou kua tāutahia, kua whakahoutia rānei ki ngā whakaritenga o te IEC 62196-2:2022 me te IEC 62196-3:2022, ā, whai muri ko ngā whakaritenga o te ISO 15118-2:2016 me te ISO 15118-20:2022 e ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei.

Ehara i te mea uaua ki te matapae te take i kore ai e whakamahia te DIN 70121 hei paerewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

He tino māmā rawa te DIN 70121, kāore he whakamunatanga haumaru i te wā e whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ana, ā, kāore e tautoko i te mahi PNC (mono me te purei), ka nui ake te taumahatanga ki ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga, ā, kāore i te tino watea. Ā, mā te mahi PNC, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te mahi me te kore whakaaro, te mono i te pū, me te kore e manukanuka ki tetahi mea - kāore he take ki te swipe i te kāri, kāore he take ki te matawai i te waehere, kāore he take ki te pāwhiri i te mata. I muri i te utunga, ka tukuna aunoatia e te kaiwhakahaere ngā taipitopito pire ki a koe.

Ā, i te tau 2027, ka tautokona e ngā pou AC me DC katoa te 15118-20 (te nuinga he mahi VG), ko te nuinga mō te tahora whānui o te whatunga hiko. Kāore pea he raruraru nui mō tētahi waka hiko pūngao hou kotahi, engari ki te 100,000, tae atu ki te miriona o ngā waka, he nui te pūngao kua rongoatia. Mēnā i te wā e pau ana te hiko, ka whakahokia tētahi wāhanga o te pūngao hiko o te motuka ki te whatunga hiko, ka taea te whakaiti i te taumahatanga ki runga i te whatunga hiko me te kore e hiahiatia te whakatū i te maha o ngā kaihanga hiko. I te awaawa hiko, ka taea te tuku i te pūngao taikaha mai i te whatunga hiko ki ngā motuka me te kore e moumou hiko. He mea nui ngā teihana utu me te kaha hononga whatunga hiko i ētahi wāhi tūmatanui o Ūropi, kei reira ngā tikanga whakaputa hiko matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hau me te pūngao o te rā. He wā-poto ēnei pūtake pūngao, ā, me rongoa, ki te kore ka moumou.

I roto i ngā kupu poto, mai i ngā ture whakahou mō ngā hanganga whakakapinga wahie i tukuna i te tau 2025, ka kitea mārama te kaha me te hihiri o Ūropi ki te whakatinana i ngā whakaurunga hiko hou. Ki te kore, kāore e hiahiatia kia whakatinanahia i te tīmatanga o te tau 2026, e ono marama i muri i tōna tukunga.

I te mea he whakaritenga ture tēnei, ehara i te mea whakamataku ki te katoa, engari he tono pono. Kei te paetukutuku aroturuki a Ūropi mō ngā hanganga whakakapinga wahie, kua whakarārangihia ngā raraunga taipitopito, kia mārama ai, kia mārama ai hoki te ahunga whakamua o te hanganga o ia whenua.

I muri i te tukunga o ngā ture, kua tīmata ngā whenua mema o Ūropi ki te urupare kaha. I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2025 i panuitia e Wīwī ka whakaratohia he tautoko taiao mō te hoko waka hiko tūmataiti; I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2025, i tukuna e Tiamana he mahere matua mō ngā hanganga utu i te tau 2030, e hangai katoa ana ki te Ture a te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (AFIR) 2023/1804; I Itari, me ngā tautoko tīkitipati, ka piki ake te wāhi mākete o ngā waka hiko parakore mā te 12.2% i te tau 2025. I te Hakihea 2025, kei te whakarite te motu moutere iti tawhiti o Kaiperu i Ūropi ki te tohatoha i te 4.5 miriona euros hei whakatairanga i te nekenekehanga hiko.

Kua tīmata hoki ngā kamupene waka nui ki te whakarewa i ngā tauira e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga 15118-20. Ko te tauira 2026 o te kamupene waka tawhito BMW iX3 e tautoko katoa ana i te mahi a VG; ko te Hyundai IONIQ, kāore i te tino hokona i Haina, kei te whakamahere hoki ki te mahi tahi me te whakarewa i te tauira 15118-20 i te tau 2026; kei te whakamaheretia hoki te EQS a Mercedes Benz me te raupapa ID a Volkswagen.

Mō ngā umanga puranga ā-rohe e mahi ana i te pakihi kaweake, ahakoa e pai ana koe, kāore rānei, ā, ahakoa kei a koe te kaha ki te whakawhanake takitahi i ngā kōwae SECC, ko te ISO 15118-2 me te 15118-20 he paerewa e kore e taea te karo mō te kaweake ki Ūropi.

I tēnei wā, e ai ki te māramatanga o te kaituhi, he torutoru noa ngā umanga puranga kei te mākete e tautoko ana i te utu mono-ā-ringa ISO 15118-2 (aratau PNC), ā, kāore rawa he mahi utu ā-taha e tautoko ana i te ISO 15118-20.

Engari i te tatari me te mātakitaki, he pai ake te whakatakoto wawe me te hopu i ngā whai wāhitanga mākete. Pērā i te DIN 70121 i kōrerotia i mua ake nei, i whakamahia whānuitia i ētahi tau kua pahure.