Uthotho lwe-ISO 15118 - Umgangatho weendawo zokutshaja izikhululo ezingasayi kutyeshelwa

Kwinkqubo yoyilo nophuhliso lwee-charging piles kumashishini amaninzi ee-piles zasekhaya, iindleko zee-charging piles, uyilo lwembonakalo yee-charging piles, kunye nolwakhiwo (umlilo/i-IP/umgama wokhuseleko), ukusebenza (ukuchaneka kwamandla ombane kunye nombane), ukuhambelana (ukuziqhelanisa neenkampani ezinkulu zeemoto), imisebenzi yokukhusela (ukuma okungxamisekileyo/ukuma kwempazamo), njl. zee-charging piles ziyaqwalaselwa. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abavelisi abagxila kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwee-piles kunye nezithuthi, ingasathethwa ke ngokuba iyahambelana na nemigangatho yonxibelelwano efanelekileyo. Ukukwazi nje ukuqala nokutshaja, okuseleyo akubalulekanga kangako.

Ukuba imveliso ithengiswa apha ekhaya kuphela, akukho mfuneko yokukhathazeka. Kwisiqinisekiso se-3C saseTshayina, i-GB/T27930 (iDigital Communication Protocol phakathi kwee-Off Board Conductive Chargers kunye nee-Electric Vehicles) ayilomfuneko inyanzelekileyo kwizikhululo zokutshaja ukuze kufunyanwe isatifikethi.

Imigaqo yezikhululo zokutshaja zaseYurophu i-IEC 61851-24 2014/2023 Isihlomelo C sicacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba unxibelelwano oluphezulu lwezikhululo zokutshaja ze-DC kufuneka luhambelane neemfuno ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 okanye i-ISO 15118-2:2014. Kakade ke, zombini zinokuxhaswa.

Intloko yesibhamu kumgangatho wesizwe inemigca yesignali ye-CAN+ kunye ne-CAN eyahlukileyo, kwaye indlela yonxibelelwano esetyenziswa sisithuthi kunye nenqwaba yi-CAN communication. Intloko yesibhamu esemgangathweni yaseYurophu ayinayo i-CAN line, kwaye unxibelelwano oluphezulu phakathi kwesikhululo sokutshaja esisemgangathweni saseYurophu kunye nesithuthi lufezekiswa ngokuqhagamshela imiqondiso ye-frequency ephezulu kwimigca ye-12V, 1kHz CP kunye ne-PE. Le ndlela yonxibelelwano ibizwa ngokuba yi-Power Line Carrier (PLC) communication.

Ubunzima bophuhliso lweprotocol yesikhululo sokutshaja esisemgangathweni saseYurophu esisekelwe kunxibelelwano lwe-PLC bukhulu kakhulu kunolo lonxibelelwano lwe-CAN, kwaye azikho izinto ezininzi ezivulelekileyo ezifumanekayo kwimarike ukuze zisetyenziswe. Ke ngoko, uninzi lweenkampani eziqokelelayo zithenga ngokuthe ngqo iimodyuli ezahlukeneyo ze-SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), zipakisha ulwazi lwazo lokutshaja ngeesignali ze-CAN kwaye ziluthumele kwimodyuli ye-SECC, ethi emva koko inxibelelane nemodyuli ye-EVCC yesithuthi.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuthenga imodyuli eyahlukileyo ye-SECC linyathelo lokuqala nje kuphela, kwaye ukubonisa ukuba le modyuli iyahlangabezana neemfuno ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 okanye i-ISO 15118-2:2014 kunye nenqwaba yonke yindleko enkulu.

Ixabiso lovavanyo olunye lwe-DIN 70121 okanye i-15118 yiqumrhu lesatifikethi ngokubanzi lingaphezulu kwe-100000 yuan, kunye nexesha lovavanyo elimiselweyo leentsuku ezimbalwa, kwaye kuya kuhlawuliswa iifizi ezongezelelweyo ngokugqitha umda wexesha. Umthwalo womsebenzi wovavanyo lwe-15118 uya kuba mkhulu kancinci kunowe-70121, kwaye ixabiso liya kuba malunga namashumi amawaka aphezulu. Ukuba zombini zigqityiwe, ixabiso liya kuphinda kabini.

Iinkampani zemiqolo zasekhaya zinokuqalekisa iarhente yesatifikethi ngokungathembeki ngelixa ihlawula imali, kwaye zinokuvuma kuphela isatifikethi se-CE saseYurophu. Uninzi lweenkampani zemiqolo zikhetha ukuxhasa i-DIN 70121 kuphela ngesizathu esilula: ixabisa kancinci kune-15118, kwaye ubunzima bovavanyo buphantsi, kwaye amathuba aphezulu okugqitywa kwinani elichaziweyo leentsuku.

Enyanisweni, iarhente yesatifikethi eyavavanya le protocol nayo yenze inzuzo ngokungafanelekanga. I-simulator yokuvavanya le protocol - ibhokisi enobukhulu bedrowa edibene nekhompyutha ephezulu - ixabisa ngaphezulu kwesigidi seeyuan, isondela kwixabiso leflethi yesibini yesixeko, kunye nomrhumo omkhulu wonyaka wokugcinwa kwesoftware kunye nokuphuculwa. Isivumelwano samiselwa yiYurophu kwaye zizicwangciso zabo zovavanyo kuphela ezinokuthengwa. Iqumrhu lesatifikethi likwagxeka umenzi we-simulator ngokungathembeki ngelixa ehlawula, kungenjalo bebengenakho amandla okuvavanya le projekthi.

Wonke umntu akanalo ukhetho.

Nangona kunjalo, iintsuku ezimnandi beziyiminyaka embalwa nje kuphela.

I-European Union ikhuphe i-COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ngoJuni 2025, eyongeza kwaye ihlaziya i-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804 malunga nokutshaja ngaphandle kweengcingo, iinkqubo zombane zendlela, kunye nokunikezelwa kwe-hydrogen kwizithuthi zothutho lwendlela. I-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804, eyakhutshwa ngo-2023, yaziwa kakhulu njenge-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Ngumgaqo-nkqubo ophambili owaziswa yi-European Union ukukhawulezisa utshintsho oluya ekuthuthweni okungekho ngxolo kunye nokujongana nomba weziseko zophuhliso ezinganeleyo zamafutha angezinye ezifana nombane kunye ne-hydrogen. Injongo yayo ephambili kukunyanzela amazwe angamalungu ukuba aphucule uthungelwano lwawo lweziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja, ukugcwalisa ipetroli, kunye nezinye iinkonzo ngomthetho, ukususa "ixhala" labasebenzisi malunga nobubanzi kunye nokuzaliswa kwamandla, kunye nokuxhasa ukuthandwa okukhulu kwezithuthi zombane (ii-EV), izithuthi ze-hydrogen fuel cell (ii-FCEV), kunye neelori zombane ezinzima.

Ngamafutshane, kufuneka wazi kuphela ukuba i-EU ikhuphe inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ye-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), enempembelelo epheleleyo kwezomthetho kwaye iyimfuneko enyanzelekileyo esebenza ngokuthe ngqo kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu.

Ngamafutshane, iipile zeDC zikawonke-wonke emva kowama-2026 kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016, kwaye emva kowama-2027, zonke iipile zeDC kunye neepile ze-AC zemode 3 mazihambelane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Kusapho lweenqwaba zokutshaja, ekuphela kwayo eseleyo yinqwaba yokutshaja ye-mode 2 AC. ETshayina, le nqwaba yokutshaja ephathwayo (IC-CPD) ibizwa ngokuba yi-portable charging, enamandla aqhelekileyo e-3.7 kW. Ingcaciso enikwe kwi-REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 kukuba iinqwaba ze-mode 2 AC zisebenzisa i-PWM, eyaneleyo ukuxhasa i-ISO 15118-2 okanye i--20, kwaye ayizukuzisa naliphi na ixabiso elongezelelweyo kumsebenzisi wokugqibela.

Kwiinkampani zasekhaya ezineemfumba, lo mthetho awulula. Emva nje kokufumana isiqinisekiso se-DIN 70121, kuyanyanzeleka ukuxhasa i-15118, efuna inkxaso kuzo zombini i-15118-2 kunye ne-15118-20. Iinkampani ezininzi zisenokungazi umahluko phakathi kwemigangatho ye-DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, kunye ne-ISO 15118-20, kunye nenjongo yokuxhasa.

Ibali kufuneka liqale kwasekuqaleni.

Ekuqaleni kowama-2010, iqela elidibeneyo elisebenzayo leKomiti yoBugcisa ye-IEC 69 ​​(TC69) kunye neKomiti yoBugcisa ye-ISO 22 (TC22) laqala ukusebenzisana ukuphuhlisa uthotho lwemigangatho ye-ISO 15118, lijolise ekusombululeni umba wokubekwa kwemigangatho yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezithuthi zombane kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja,.

Ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kakhulu liqela elisebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwabantu baseYurophu, imigangatho yochungechunge lwe-15118 ibisalungiselelwa kwaye ayikakhutshwa ngokusemthethweni okwangoku.

Kodwa imakethi ayisakwazi kulinda. Ingakumbi iinkampani ezinkulu zeemoto zaseJamani, zinethemba lokufumana ukutshaja okufanayo kwizithuthi zazo zombane ngokukhawuleza kwaye zifumane iingenelo zemakethi. Ngoko ke, iinkampani ezinkulu zaseJamani zadibana, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-DIN, zakhupha ezinye zezinto ezivuthiweyo ezixutyushwe kwi-ISO 15118, zaza zaphuhlisa umgangatho wesizwe waseJamani onokusetyenziswa ngoko nangoko. I-DIN 70121 yakhutshwa ngo-2012 yaza yahlaziywa ngo-2014. I-DIN 70122:2018 ngumgangatho wovavanyo okhonza i-DIN 70121:2014.

Nangona kunjalo, umgangatho we-15118 ufike emva kwexesha kwaye wakhupha ngokusemthethweni inguqulelo yawo yokuqala ngo-2013. Imigangatho yawo ethile yokusetyenziswa kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo yakhutshwa kancinci kancinci ngo-2014 nango-2018. Kukho iincwadi ezintlanu zizonke kuthotho lwe-ISO 15118, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kweencwadi ezintlanu zezi zilandelayo:

Ngenxa yoko, i-DIN 70121:2014 inokubonwa njengenguqulelo elula yomgangatho we-ISO 15118. I-DIN 70121 ixhasa kuphela ukutshaja kwe-DC, ngelixa imigangatho ye-ISO 15118-1-5 inokuxhasa ukutshaja kwe-AC kunye ne-DC, kunye nokubethela kwe-TLS, ukusebenza kwe-Plug&Charge, kunye nokutshaja okukrelekrele.

Ngowama-2022, i-ISO 15118 yakhupha isizukulwana sesibini semigangatho yokutshaja, oko kukuthi i-ISO 15118-20:2022 njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-15118-2, ikwaxhasa imisebenzi ye-TLS1.3 encryption, i-VG (ukuhambisa amandla kwigridi), i-WPT (ukutshaja ngaphandle kwentambo), kunye nemisebenzi ye-ACD (isixhobo soqhagamshelo oluzenzekelayo) ngokwesiseko sokuqala. Ikwanayo nemigangatho yovavanyo ehambelanayo:

Ukuzalwa kwe-DIN SPEC 70121 ekuqaleni kwakujoliswe njengesisombululo sokutshintsha ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwemarike ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwe-ISO 15118. Ngelishwa, kwinkqubo yokukhetha unxibelelwano phakathi kwenqwaba kunye nesithuthi, nokuba zombini imoto kunye nenqwaba zixhasa i-70121 kunye ne-15118, i-90% yeemeko zisaxhomekeke kwi-DIN 70121.

Ukongeza kwinzuzo yokuqala yokufuduka kwe-DIN 70121, kwiimoto ezininzi kunye neepali, azifuni misebenzi iphambili (TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, njl.njl.), zifuna ukuhlawuliswa nje kuphela.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inezimvo zayo.

Umyalelo ka-2014/94/EU wokusetyenziswa kweziseko zophuhliso zepetroli ezizezinye wakhutshwa okokuqala ngo-2014, xa wawungekabi ngummiselo, kodwa wawungumyalelo.

Imiyalelo yahlukile kwiimfuno ezinyanzelekileyo zemigaqo, ichaza kuphela iziphumo ekufuneka zifezekiswe, kodwa ishiya indlela kunye nohlobo lokufezekisa iziphumo ngokwembono yoorhulumente bamazwe angamalungu. Imiyalelo ayisebenzi ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ifuna amazwe angamalungu ukuba aguqule umxholo wemiyalelo ube ngumthetho kwixesha elithile. Umzekelo, i-EU's Directive on Disposable Plastic Products/EU 2023/814 ifuna amazwe angamalungu ukuba alawule ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezithile zeplastiki ezilahlwayo, kodwa ukuba kufuneka kubekwe irhafu, kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa, okanye eminye imiqathango kuxhomekeke kumazwe angamalungu ukuba agqibe.

ISikhokelo seZiseko zoTshintsho lweFuel sika-2014 sikwaquka neemfuno zeendawo zokutshaja, izitishi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, izitishi zokugcwalisa igesi, njl.njl. ekufuneka zifezekiswe ngo-2020 nango-2025, kodwa zazingaqondakali kakuhle, zisithi kuphela kufuneka kubekho "ubuninzi obufanelekileyo bokugubungela" ngaphandle kwexabiso elicacileyo ekujoliswe kulo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, oku kunike amazwe angamalungu aseYurophu ixesha elininzi kunye nenkululeko, kodwa iziphumo bezingalunganga. Xa kuqulunqwa izakhelo zomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe, amazwe aneenjongo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kuphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso eziqhekekileyo nezingafaniyo ngaphakathi kwe-EU. Amazwe anophuhliso oluhle kunye nokuthandwa okuphezulu kwezithuthi zombane azimisele ngokwemvelo ukutyala imali, ngelixa amazwe anophuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwezithuthi zombane ngokuqinisekileyo akafuni ukwakha. Ukuchitha imali yabahlawuli berhafu belizwe lakho ukwenza iilokhwe zomtshato zabanye akuyomfuneko ngokwenene.

Ngaphezu koko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwezithuthi ezintsha zombane ezisebenzisa amandla luye lwakhawuleza, iTshayina ikhokela. Izinga lokungena kwezithuthi zombane (iitram, iitram ze-hybrid ezifakelweyo, kunye neetram zomgama omde) lidlule kuma-50%. IYurophu ngokucacileyo isemva kakhulu, kwaye isizathu esithe ngqo ziziseko ezibuthathaka, iimeko zokutshaja eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye nemisebenzi yokutshaja enzima, echaphazela kakhulu amava abantu okuhamba.

Inyaniso yokuba i-DIN 70121, njengeprotokholi yotshintsho ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili, ibisoloko ithathwa njengeyona nto iphambili yokutshaja bubungqina obucacileyo.

Ngoko ke, kule meko, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iqaphele ukuba iziseko ezintsha zamandla azinakulibaziseka. Ngaphandle koko, asiyi kusilela nje ekufezekiseni usukelo lokunciphisa ikhabhoni ngo-2050, kodwa siya kuba semva ngokupheleleyo kweTshayina. Ngoko ke ngo-2023, umyalelo ka-2014/94/EU wahlaziywa kwaye waphuculwa ukuya kwimfuneko yoMgaqo (EU) 2023/1804. Iithegi zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwiNqaku lesi-3, nakwinethiwekhi ephambili ye-TEN-T:

Ngamafutshane, iindlela eziphambili kwi-EU zifuna izikhululo zokutshaja, ingakumbi izikhululo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo ezinamandla aphezulu.

Emva kokucacisa inani kunye namandla ezitishi zokutshaja ezineenkcukacha kumgaqo ka-2023, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yavakalelwa kukuba akwanelanga. Izithuthi zombane zifuna kuphela izitishi zokutshaja ezinamandla aphezulu, kwaye kukwakho nesidingo sezitishi zokutshaja ezilula ukuzisebenzisa, ezilula ukuzisebenzisa, nezicacileyo.

Khawuthelekelele uqhuba imoto yakho yamva nje yombane ngovuyo eYurophu, utshaja kakuhle eFransi ngentlawulo yekhowudi ye-QR elula, isantya sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, kunye neebhili ezicacileyo. Kodwa emva kokuya eGrisi, ndifumanise ukuba ujongano olubonakalayo lwentloko yesibhamu lwaludala kwaye aluhambelani nemoto yakho yamva nje. Ndizulazule kwiindawo ezininzi zokutshaja kodwa andifumananga sibhamu sokutshaja esifanelekileyo. Ngoko ke uye eBulgaria, ilizwe eliselumelwaneni laseGrisi, apho unokufaka khona umpu, kodwa kufuneka usebenzise umatshini wePOS ukuswayipha ikhadi lakho kwaye awuxhasi intlawulo yekhowudi ye-QR. Ubuphelelwe lithemba kuba awuphathanga ikhadi lebhanki kwaye ibhetri eseleyo yemoto yayingaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-20. Hayi indlela ebendiyiva ngayo loo nto.

Ukusombulula le meko, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa ujongano olubonakalayo kunye neprotocol yonxibelelwano yesikhululo sokutshaja.

KwiMimiselo (i-EU) ka-2025/656 malunga neziseko zotshintsho lwepetroli, ingqwalasela ikukubalula ukuba iindawo zokudibanisa ezisetyenziswayo zezikhululo zokutshaja ezisandula ukufakwa okanye ezihlaziyiweyo kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno ze-IEC 62196-2:2022 kunye ne-IEC 62196-3:2022, kulandele iimfuno ze-ISO 15118-2:2016 kunye ne-ISO 15118-20:2022 njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla.

Isizathu sokukhetha ukungasebenzisi i-DIN 70121 njengomgangatho wonxibelelwano akunzima ukusiqikelela.

I-DIN 70121 ilula kakhulu, ayinayo i-encryption ekhuselekileyo ngexesha lonxibelelwano, kwaye ayixhasi umsebenzi we-PNC (iplagi kunye nokudlala), nto leyo eyonyusa umthwalo kubasebenzisi bokugqibela kwaye ayilula kangako. Kwaye ngomsebenzi we-PNC, abasebenzisi banokusebenza phantse ngaphandle kokucinga, bafake umpu kwaye bangakhathazeki nganto - akukho mfuneko yokuswayipha ikhadi, akukho mfuneko yokuskena ikhowudi, akukho mfuneko yokucofa isikrini. Emva kokutshaja, umqhubi uza kukuthumelela ngokuzenzekelayo iinkcukacha zebhili.

Kwaye ngo-2027, zonke ii-AC kunye nee-DC piles ziya kuxhasa i-15118-20 (ngokuyintloko umsebenzi we-VG), ngakumbi kuyilo lwegridi iyonke. Isithuthi esinye esitsha sombane samandla sisenokungabi yinto enkulu, kodwa ukuba kukho i-100000 okanye izigidi zezithuthi, amandla agciniweyo anokuba makhulu. Ukuba ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kombane okuphezulu, inxalenye yamandla ombane emoto ibuyiselwa kwigridi, inokunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo kwigridi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iijenereyitha ezininzi. Kwintlambo yombane, amandla agqithisileyo avela kwigridi yamandla anokudluliselwa kwiimoto ngaphandle kokuchitha umbane. Izitishi zokutshaja ezine-grid connection power zibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye iindawo ezikude zaseYurophu, apho iindlela eziphambili zokuvelisa umbane zixhomekeke kumandla omoya kunye nelanga. Le mithombo yamandla ixhomekeke kwixesha kwaye kufuneka igcinwe, kungenjalo iya kuchithwa.

Ngamafutshane, kwimigaqo ehlaziyiweyo malunga neziseko zophuhliso zokutshintshwa kwepetroli eyakhutshwa ngo-2025, ungaziva ngokucacileyo ukuzimisela nokungxamiseka kweYurophu kwizibonelelo zamandla amatsha. Ngaphandle koko, akuyi kuba yimfuneko ukuqalisa ekuqaleni kuka-2026, kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokukhutshwa kwayo.

Ekubeni iyimfuneko yomthetho, ayikoyikisi wonke umntu, kodwa yimfuno yokwenyani. Kwiwebhusayithi yaseYurophu yokubeka esweni iziseko zophuhliso zokutshintshwa kwepetroli, kudweliswe idatha eneenkcukacha, ekuvumela ukuba ubone ngokucacileyo nangokuqonda inkqubela yokwakha yelizwe ngalinye.

Emva kokuba ikhutshwe le mithetho, amazwe angamalungu aseYurophu aqalise ukuphendula ngenkuthalo. IFrance yabhengeza ngoNovemba ka-2025 ukuba iza kubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ye-ecological yokuthenga izithuthi zombane zabucala; ngoNovemba ka-2025, iJamani yakhupha isicwangciso esiphambili sokutshaja iziseko zophuhliso ngo-2030, esihambelana ngokupheleleyo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-European Union (AFIR) ka-2023/1804; E-Itali, ngenkxaso-mali yekhuphoni, isabelo semarike sezithuthi zombane ezicocekileyo siya kunyuka nge-12.2% kuphela ngo-2025. NgoDisemba ka-2025, ilizwe elikwisiqithi esincinci saseCyprus eYurophu lilungiselela ukwabela i-4.5 yezigidi zeerandi ukukhuthaza ukuhambahamba kombane.

Iinkampani ezinkulu zeemoto nazo ziqalile ukuqalisa iimodeli ezihambelana ne-15118-20. Imodeli ka-2026 yenkampani endala yeemoto iBMW iX3 ixhasa ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi weVG; IHyundai IONIQ, engathengiswa kakuhle eTshayina, ikwaceba ukusebenzisana kwaye iqalise imodeli ka-15118-20 ngo-2026; uthotho lwee-EQS zeMercedes Benz kunye neVolkswagen's ID nazo zicwangcisiwe.

Kumashishini asekhaya athengisa izinto ezininzi abandakanyeka kushishino lokuthumela ngaphandle, nokuba uzimisele okanye awuvumi, kwaye nokuba unako na ukuphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo iimodyuli ze-SECC, i-ISO 15118-2 kunye ne-15118-20 yimigangatho engenakudlula xa kuthunyelwa eYurophu.

Okwangoku, ngokokuqonda kombhali, zimbalwa iinkampani ezikwimarike ezixhasa i-ISO 15118-2 plug and play charging (imo ye-PNC), kwaye phantse akukho msebenzi wokutshaja oxhasa i-ISO 15118-20.

Endaweni yokulinda nokubukela, kungcono ukubeka izinto kwangethuba kwaye usebenzise amathuba emarike. Njengoko i-DIN 70121 ibikhankanyiwe ngaphambili, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo.